Urup

Urup is essentially rectangular in shape, with a long axis of 120 kilometers (75 miles) and a narrow axis of about 20 kilometers (12 miles). It is the fourth largest of the Kuril Islands, with an area of {{convert|1,430|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=off}}. The highest point is Gora Ivao at {{convert|1426|m|ft}}. A number of tiny islets and rocks are scattered around the coast of Urup.

File:Urup Island.png

The strait between Urup and Iturup is known as the Vries Strait, after Dutch explorer Maarten Gerritsz Vries, the first recorded European to explore the area. The strait between Urup and Simushir is known as Bussol Strait, after the French word for "compass", which was the name of one of French naval officer La Pérouse's vessels. This French mariner explored the area of the Kuril Islands in 1787.

Urup consists of four major groups of active or dormant stratovolcanos:

• Kolokol Group ({{langx|ru|Группа Колокола|Gruppa Kolokola}}; {{langx|ja|得撫富士|Uruppu-Fuji}}), with a height of {{convert|1328|m|ft}} has erupted as recently as 1973.
• Rudakov ({{langx|ru|Рудаков}}; {{langx|ja|台場山|Daiba-zan}}), with a height of {{convert|524|m|ft}} has a {{convert|700|m|ft|abbr=off|adj=mid|-wide}}, funnel-like crater containing a {{convert|300|m|ft|abbr=off|adj=mid|-wide}} lake
• Tri Sestry ({{langx|ru|Три Сестры}}; {{langx|ja|硫黄山|Io-zan}}), with a height of {{convert|998|m|ft}} has flanks cut by deep ravines and has numerous hot springs.
• Ivao Group ({{langx|ru|Группа Ивао|Gruppa Ivao}}; {{langx|ja|白妙山|Shiratae-zan}}), with a height of {{convert|1426|m|ft|abbr=off}} is the highest point on the island. The southeast-most cone bisects a glacial valley, forming a lake.

Despite its temperate latitude, the cold Oyashio Current and powerful Aleutian Low combine to give Urup a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc), that is close to a polar climate (Köppen ET) with mild, foggy summers and cold, snowy winters. In reality the climate resembles the subpolar oceanic climate of the Aleutian Islands much more than the hypercontinental climate of Siberia proper or Manchuria, but the February mean of {{convert|−6.0|C|F|1}} is well below the limit of "oceanic" climates. Urup, like all the Kuril islands, experiences extremely strong seasonal lag, with the highest temperatures in August and September, the lowest in February and temperatures typically in fact warmer at the autumn equinox than at the summer solstice.

{{Weather box|width=auto

|location = Urup (1953-1997 normals and extremes)

|single line = Y

|metric first = y

|Jan record high C = 6.1

|Feb record high C = 8.9

|Mar record high C = 6.1

|Apr record high C = 16.2

|May record high C = 22.0

|Jun record high C = 26.1

|Jul record high C = 30.0

|Aug record high C = 28.1

|Sep record high C = 28.0

|Oct record high C = 21.8

|Nov record high C = 15.0

|Dec record high C = 12.0

|year record high C = 30.0

|Jan high C = -2.7

|Feb high C = -3.7

|Mar high C = -2.0

|Apr high C = 2.2

|May high C = 5.9

|Jun high C = 8.4

|Jul high C = 12.1

|Aug high C = 14.5

|Sep high C = 13.3

|Oct high C = 9.7

|Nov high C = 4.2

|Dec high C = 0.0

|year high C = 5.2

|Jan mean C = -5.0

|Feb mean C = -6.0

|Mar mean C = -4.3

|Apr mean C = -0.2

|May mean C = 2.9

|Jun mean C = 5.2

|Jul mean C = 8.6

|Aug mean C = 10.9

|Sep mean C = 10.0

|Oct mean C = 6.6

|Nov mean C = 1.7

|Dec mean C = -2.3

|year mean C = 2.3

|Jan low C = -7.3

|Feb low C = -8.4

|Mar low C = -6.6

|Apr low C = -2.6

|May low C = -0.1

|Jun low C = 2.1

|Jul low C = 5.1

|Aug low C = 7.3

|Sep low C = 6.6

|Oct low C = 3.6

|Nov low C = -0.9

|Dec low C = -4.6

|year low C = -0.5

|Jan record low C = -18.0

|Feb record low C = -19.0

|Mar record low C = -20.0

|Apr record low C = -11.5

|May record low C = -13.0

|Jun record low C = -3.5

|Jul record low C = -2.2

|Aug record low C = 0.0

|Sep record low C = -3.0

|Oct record low C = -2.2

|Nov record low C = -9.0

|Dec record low C = -14.0

|year record low C = -20.0

|precipitation colour=green

|Jan precipitation mm = 106.7

|Feb precipitation mm = 79.3

|Mar precipitation mm = 84.8

|Apr precipitation mm = 100.8

|May precipitation mm = 98.2

|Jun precipitation mm = 75.3

|Jul precipitation mm = 92.4

|Aug precipitation mm = 107.0

|Sep precipitation mm = 158.0

|Oct precipitation mm = 149.5

|Nov precipitation mm = 142.7

|Dec precipitation mm = 129.8

|year precipitation mm = 1324.6

|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 22.0

|Feb precipitation days = 18.1

|Mar precipitation days = 14.7

|Apr precipitation days = 11.5

|May precipitation days = 11.5

|Jun precipitation days = 10.3

|Jul precipitation days = 11.6

|Aug precipitation days = 13.3

|Sep precipitation days = 12.5

|Oct precipitation days = 14.1

|Nov precipitation days = 19.5

|Dec precipitation days = 21.9

|year precipitation days = 180.8

|source 1 = NOAA{{cite web

|url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=daily-summaries&stations=RSM00032186&startDate=1700-01-01&endDate=2024-12-31&dataTypes=TMAX,TMIN,PRCP

|title = Daily Summaries Station Details

|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

|accessdate = February 1, 2024

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240219053542/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=daily-summaries&stations=RSM00032186&startDate=1700-01-01&endDate=2024-12-31&dataTypes=TMAX,TMIN,PRCP

|archive-date = 2024-02-19}}

}}

In the spring and summer crested auklet, tufted puffin, and pigeon guillemot nest on the island; there is also a colony of black-legged kittiwake.Kondratyev, A. Y., Litvinenko, N. M., Shibaev, Y. V., Vyatkin, P. S., & Kondratyeva, L. F. (2000). [http://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection/CW69-15-4-2000E.pdf "The breeding seabirds of the Russian Far East"]. Seabirds of the Russian Far East, 37-81.

The first attested inhabitants of Urup are the Ainu, the indigenous people of the Kurils, southern Sakhalin, and Hokkaido.

{{anchor|Company Land|Terre de la Compagnie}}

File:Companies Land.jpeg in Japan ]]

The {{lang|nl|Castricum}} under Maarten Gerritsz Vries was the first recorded European vessel to reach this part of the Kurils, arriving in 1643{{Cite web |url=http://www.sakhalin.ru/Engl/Region/book/17th_18th.htm |title=THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURIES |access-date=25 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325002911/http://www.sakhalin.ru/Engl/Region/book/17th_18th.htm |archive-date=25 March 2008 |url-status=dead }} while exploring Hokkaido and the surrounding area for the Dutch East India Company (VOC).{{harvp|De Saint-Martin & al.|1895|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wiDuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA444 444–445]}}. Vries's garbled account of the islands during an era when longitude was difficult to calculate was the origin of the large phantom island Company Land ({{langx|nl|Companies Landt}}; {{langx|fr|Terre de la Compagnie}}) that subsequently appeared on European maps at various positions northeast of Honshu. Named in reference to the VOC, it was considered by Vries to be the northwesternmost projection of North America{{sfnp|Wroth|1944|p=210}} and its appearance on the maps of the respected cartographers Jan Janssonius,{{sfnp|Wroth|1944|pp=210-211}} Nicolas Sanson,{{sfnp|Wroth|1944|p=214}} and Guillaume Delisle spread it through other European maps for another century before more accurate surveys became generally accepted.{{sfnp|Wroth|1944|p=222}} The original location of Vries's landing is sometimes specifically located on Urup.{{citation |last=Huigen |first=Siegfried |author2=J. L. de Jong |author3=E. Kolfin |display-authors=1 |date=2010 |title=The Dutch Trading Companies as Knowledge Networks |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill }}.

Urup is first clearly shown on an official Japanese map of 1644, identifying it as part of the territories of the Matsumae clan, a feudal domain of Edo Japan.

The Matsumae clan holdings were officially confirmed by the Tokugawa shogunate in 1715 and administration of the island came under the Matsumae domain’s regional office location on Kunashir from 1756. Meanwhile, three voyages of Vitus Bering's lieutenant Martin Spanberg in 1738, 1739, and 1742 pointedly failed to find any evidence of Rica de Oro, Rica de Plata, Staten Island, or Company Land in any of the areas claimed for them.{{sfnp|Wroth|1944|p=220}}

Russian fur traders appeared in the late 18th century, hunting sea otter and seizing foreign ships in the area. There were clashes between the Russians and the Ainu in 1772, and the Russians left for a time, but soon returned. G.F. Muller’s Voyages & Découvertes faites par les Russes (Amsterdam, 1766) contained a list and description of the Kuril Islands, including Urup whose people were said to trade with the Japanese but were not under their control. A small Russian presence was established on Urup by the fur trader Ivan Chernyi in 1768, acting on instructions from the governor of Siberia. During the 1770s it was the base for attempts to establish trade with the Japanese on Yezo (Hokkaido) which came to an end when it was destroyed by a tsunami in June 1780.George A. Lensen, The Russian Push toward Japan:Russo-Japanese relations, 1697–1875, Princeton University Press, 1959, pp. 61–85; Valery O. Shubin, ‘Russian Settlements in the Kuril Islands in the 18th and 19th centuries’, Russia in North America: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Russian America, Kingston & Fairbanks, Limestone Press,1990, pp. 425–450.

During the decade following 1795, a party of 40 Russian men and women under Zvezdochetov established a colony they called "Slavorossiia" on Urup.John J. Stephan, The Kuril Islands, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1974, pp. 64. In 1801, the Japanese government officially claimed control of the island, incorporating it into Ezo Province (now Hokkaidō Prefecture). This led to a series of clashes with Imperial Russia over Urup and the other Kurils, and sovereignty initially passed to Russia under the terms of the Treaty of Shimoda in 1855. The same year, in an effort to find the Russian fleet in the Pacific Ocean during the Crimean War, a French-British naval force reached the port of Hakodate (open to British ships as a result of the Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty of 1854), and sailing further north, landed on Urup, taking official possession of the island as "l'Isle de l'Alliance" and nominating a local Aleut inhabitant as provisional governor. The Treaty of Paris restituted the island to Russian control.Thierry Mormanne : "La prise de possession de l'île d'Urup par la flotte anglo-française en 1855", Revue Cipango, "Cahiers d'études japonaises", No 11 hiver 2004 pp. 209–236.

Three whaleships have been wrecked near or on the island: one in 1853 and two in 1855. On the night of 27–28 April 1853, the ship Susan (349 tons), of Nantucket, was stove by ice and sank in Bussol Strait while attempting to enter the Sea of Okhotsk. Two men were lost, one drowning and the other perishing on the ice. The remaining twenty-five crew members crowded into two whaleboats and reached Urup on the afternoon of 29 April. Here they spent eight days before being rescued by the barque Black Warrior, of New London.The Friend, Honolulu, Vol. II, No. 10, Nov. 1, 1853, p. 93. On 14 May 1855, the ships King Fisher (425 tons), and Enterprise (291 tons), both of New Bedford, were wrecked on a reef on the northeast end of the island while attempting to pass through Bussol Strait into the Sea of Okhotsk. All hands were saved.Whalemen's Shipping List and Merchants' Transcript, November 27, 1855, Vol. XIII, No. 39, p. 306.{{cite book |last=Starbuck |first=Alexander |title=History of the American Whale Fishery from Its Earliest Inception to the year 1876 |year=1878 |publisher=Castle |isbn=1-55521-537-8 }}

Under the Treaty of Saint Petersburg of 1875, sovereignty passed to the Empire of Japan along with the rest of the Kuril islands. The island was formerly administered as part of Uruppu District of Nemuro Subprefecture of Hokkaido. The remaining local (mainly Aleut) inhabitants were transferred to Kamchatka, according to their will, and replaced by Japanese colonists.

For enthusiasts intrigued by unconventional historical occurrences, it is noteworthy that Great Britain and France once held territorial interests in the region.Stone, Ian R. (1992). The annexation of Urup, 1855. Polar Record, 28(164), 60–. doi:10.1017/S0032247400020301 In 1855, during the Crimean War (1853-56), both nations took the remarkable step of annexing Urup, one of the largest Kuril islands, as part of their aggressive policy against Russian settlements. This strategy involved attacking Russians wherever they could be found, and the Pacific Ocean served as a prominent theatre for these operations.

At the onset of the war, both sides were eager to secure their positions regarding Japan, leading to agreements with the Anglo-Japanese Convention of 14 October 1854. This agreement allowed British ships access to the ports of Nagasaki and Hakodate on Hokkaido for repairs, fresh water, provisions, and other supplies. This strategic advantage enabled the allies to use these ports as bases for launching attacks on Russian settlements in the northwest Pacific. This was particularly advantageous, given that their next nearest base was in Hong Kong.Beasley, W. G. 1951. Great Britain and the opening of Japan, 1834-1858. London, Luzac.

Simultaneously, the Russians sought rights in Japanese ports for their own ships and aimed to delineate the frontier between the two nations in the Kurils. The Treaty of Shimoda, signed on 7 February 1855, achieved this by establishing the boundary between the Japanese island of Iturup and the Russian island of Urup.Stephan, J. J. 1974. The Kuril Islands. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Rear-Admiral Sir J. Stirling, the naval Commander-in-Chief on the China Station, negotiated these agreements and became aware of the Treaty of Shimoda's conclusion. To avoid any embarrassing situations, he gathered intelligence on its provisions to plan operations on Russian settlements in the Kurils. Consequently, an attack on Urup was initiated, aiming to reduce a reported Russian settlement and establish a naval base more firmly under allied control than those accessible in Japan.

The island of Urup, at that time, was inhabited by Ainu, with a few Russian and Aleut residents working for the Russian-American company. This company, responsible for the Russian territory of Alaska and fur trading activities in the Kurils and Pacific coast of Siberia, shared a common interest with the Hudson's Bay Company. A meeting in London led both companies to persuade their respective governments to agree to a neutrality pact concerning their North American settlements, resulting in the British refraining from attacking Alaska during the Crimean War.Bancroft, H. H. 1886. History of Alaska, 1730-1885. San Francisco, A. L. Bancroft.

Allied naval operations in the Pacific during the Crimean War were characterized by inglorious and often farcical episodes, with the formal annexation of Urup standing out as a particularly curious incident. The main Russian settlement on the island was Tavano, where an Anglo-French force arrived in late August 1855, led by HMS Pique and the French Sybille. The decision to assign Captain F. W. E. Nicolson to this mission was potentially unfortunate, considering his role in the previous year's Franco-British assault on Petropavlovsk, Kamchatka.Stone, I. R. and Crampton, R. J. 1985. A disastrous affair; the Franco-British attack on Petropavlovsk, 1854. Polar Record. 22 (141): 629-41.

Upon reaching Urup on 26 August, the ships were delayed in making port due to thick fog and changeable winds. Nicolson, finding the harbor too small, anchored just outside and described the village as consisting of wooden houses and storehouses used by Russians, along with huts occupied by natives. Despite the absence of Russians, local residents assured Nicolson of their departure before the allies' arrival, deduced from cemetery crosses indicating prior Russian presence.Nicolson, F. W. E. 1855b. Remarks relative to the island of Ouroup and Port Tavano. Public Record Office. In ADM 1/5657, Enclosure No. 6.

Nicolson, energetic and thorough, initiated a hydrographic survey, ordered topographic observations, and named prominent points. The central event during their stay at Urup was the annexation on 2 September 1855. Details of the proceedings, preserved in Nicolson's dispatch, highlighted the allies' declaration of Russia being deprived of its rights and the solemn possession-taking of Urup, an island ceded by Japan to the Russian Emperor in the last treaty between the two nations.

The annexation ceremony involved presentations of arms, hoisting flags, and salutes, with storehouses burnt and the battery destroyed afterward. The allies left Urup the next day due to fog, concluding their operations in the Pacific during the 1855 season. The Treaty of Paris in 1856 restored all occupied territories to the Russians, ending Urup's brief period as part of the British and French colonial empires.Stephan, J. J. 1969. The Crimean War in the far east. Modern Asian Studies. 3 (3): 257-77.

Reflecting on this historical episode, it is conceivable that Stirling's insistence on actual annexation was unnecessary, given the overwhelming allied sea power. However, he might have sought concrete accomplishments to deflect blame for failures in other 1855 operations. While the annexation was met with criticism in the Admiralty, Parliament, and the press, detailed reconnaissance and the removal of Russian presence were sensible operations in preparation for possible plans in 1856. Stirling's instruction to take possession might have been misinterpreted by the headstrong Nicolson, leading to a ceremony that, while Gilbertian and possibly morale-boosting, achieved little beyond providing entertainment for locals (Stephan, cit. opt.).

During World War II, all civilian inhabitants of the island were relocated to the Japanese home islands, and towards the end of the war, the Imperial Japanese Army stationed approximately 6,000 troops on Urup, including the IJA 129th Independent Mixed Brigade, 5th Independent Tank Company, 23rd Independent AA Company, 80th Airfield Battalion and 6th Disembarkation Unit. During the Invasion of the Kuril Islands by the Soviet Union after the end of World War II, Japanese forces on Urup surrendered without resistance.

In 1952, upon signing the Treaty of San Francisco, Japan renounced its claim to the island.{{Cite web |url=http://www.fortunecity.com/olympia/ince/698/rurik/kuril.html |title=History of the Kuril Islands |access-date=2001-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011114062024/http://www.fortunecity.com/olympia/ince/698/rurik/kuril.html |archive-date=2001-11-14 |url-status=dead }} Soviet Border Troops occupied the former Japanese military facilities. As early as the 1950s, a P-14 radar "Tall King" VHF air defense radar existed on the far northeastern tip of Urup Island.[https://web.archive.org/web/20170121154241/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP78T04759A009600010004-8.pdf ANALYSIS OF SELECTED SOVIET AIR WARNING RADAR FACILITIES, 1970, Central Intelligence Agency, CIA-RDP78T04759A009600010004-8.] The troops were withdrawn upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the co-located airfield was turned into a bombing range.

The island is now uninhabited and is administered as part of the Sakhalin Oblast of the Russian Federation.

• List of islands of Russia

{{reflist|30em}}

• {{citation |editor-last=De Saint-Martin |editor-first=Vivien |editor2=Louis Rousselet |display-editors=1 |ref={{harvp|De Saint-Martin & al.|1895}} |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wiDuAAAAMAAJ |title=Nouveau Dictionnaire de Géographie Universelle |volume=7 |location=Paris |publisher=Librairie Hachette & Co. |date=1895 |lang=fr |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wiDuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA441 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wiDuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA441 441–445] |contribution=Yèso }}.
• {{citation |last=Wroth |first=Lawrence C. |contribution-url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24301919 |contribution=The Early Cartography of the Pacific |title=The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America |location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press |volume=38 |issue=2 |date=1944 |pages=87–231 & 233–268 |jstor=24301919 }}.

• Gorshkov, G. S. Volcanism and the Upper Mantle Investigations in the Kurile Island Arc. Monographs in geoscience. New York: Plenum Press, 1970. {{ISBN|0-306-30407-4}}
• Krasheninnikov, Stepan Petrovich, and James Greive. The History of Kamtschatka and the Kurilski Islands, with the Countries Adjacent. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1963.
• Rees, David. The Soviet Seizure of the Kuriles. New York: Praeger, 1985. {{ISBN|0-03-002552-4}}
• Stephan, John J., The Kuril Islands, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1974.
• Takahashi, Hideki, and Masahiro Ōhara. Biodiversity and Biogeography of the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin. Bulletin of the Hokkaido University Museum, no. 2-. Sapporo, Japan: Hokkaido University Museum, 2004.
• [http://worldmaps.web.infoseek.co.jp/russia_guide.htm Location]
• [http://land.worldcitydb.com/ostrov_urup_4241843.html Geographic data]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
• [http://www.globosapiens.net/jorgesanchez/picture-quiet-landscape-in-the-kuril-islands-32844.html Picture]

{{Kuril Islands}}

{{Sea of Okhotsk Islands}}

Category:Islands of the Kuril Islands

Category:Islands of the Sea of Okhotsk

Category:Islands of the Russian Far East

Category:Volcanoes of the Kuril Islands

Category:Uninhabited islands of Russia

Category:Uninhabited islands of the Pacific Ocean