User:Amir Ghandi/Siyah Pushan

At the onset of the 16th century, Astarabad was a zone of contention between fighting armies and raiding brigands.{{Sfn|Reid|2009|p=37}} The main contesters over the region were the Uzbeks of Central Asia, the Turkmen tribes that had immigrated into the region as early as the 15th century, and the newly risen Safavid dynasty.{{Sfn|Neyestani|2002}}{{Sfn|Çınar|2020|p=12}} In 1507, the city came under the control of Muhammad Shaybani, ruler of the Uzbeks of Bukhara; but Ismail I, founder of the Safavid empire, drove the Uzbeks out of Astarabad and eastern Iran in 1510.{{Sfn|Çınar|2020|p=25}}

In the Mongol administration, {{Transl|chg|bitikchi|}} was a title for scribes.{{sfn|Aigle|2008|p=73}} Khwaja Sayf al-Din Mozzafar Bitikchi was a scribe in the service of the last Timurid rulers.{{Sfn|Ardalan Far|2015|p=7}} When Khorasan was overrun by Muhammad Shaybani, many bureaucrats including him fled westwards to central Iran.{{Sfn|Mitchell|2003|p=497}} In 1508, Shaybani, , entered Astarabad and appointed him as his representative in the region.{{Sfn|Çınar|2020|p=25}}

In 1510, Ismail I, during his expedition to drive the Uzbeks out of Khorasan, camped outside of Astarabad. Mozzafar went to his encampment. giving him numerous gifts and offering his loyalty. In return, Ismail appointed him as the governor of Astarabad.{{Sfn|Çınar|2020|p=25}} The incorporation of the Bitikchi family was an important step for Ismail, because they were the most distinguished administrative family of Astarabad, and their services were coveted by anyone controlling western Khorasan.{{Sfn|Mitchell|2009|p=48}} Mozzafar continued his rule over Astarabad until his death in 1533.{{Sfn|Ardalan Far|2015|p=7}} He was a powerful landowner and had his own personal seal.{{Sfn|Abisaab|2015|p=474}}{{Sfn|Matufi|1995|p=193}}

Th leader of the Siyah Pushan, Mohammad Saleh Bitikchi, was a son (or a nephew) of Sayf al-Din Mozzafar and held the governorship of Astarabad.{{Sfn|Abisaab|2015|p=475}}

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• {{cite journal| last=Abisaab| first=Rula Jurdi|title=Peasant Uprisings in Astarabad: the Siyāh Pūshān (wearers of black), the Sayyids, and the Safavid State|date=2015|journal=Iranian Studies|publisher=Routledge|publication-place=London|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00210862.2015.1004836|doi=10.1080/00210862.2015.1004836|issn=1475-4819|oclc=1367762903|pages=471-492|volume=49|issue=3}}
• {{cite journal|title=Iran under Mongol domination: The effectiveness and failings of a dual administrative system| last=Aigle|first=Denise|jstor=41608609|journal=Bulletin d'études orientales|publisher=Institut français du Proche-Orient|publication-place=France|doi=10.4000/beo.159|oclc=938929419|issn=2077-4079|date=2008|url=https://journals.openedition.org/beo/159|pages=65-78|volume=57}}
• {{cite journal| last=Alzaviri|first=Mahjub|title=سیاه پوشان، شورشیان ناشناخته صفوی|trans-title=Siyah Pushan, Untknown Rebels of Safavid Era|date=2003|journal=History and Geography Book of the Month|publisher=Khānah-i Kitāb|publication-place=Tehran|issue=70/71|pages=50-54|isbn=6005505963|oclc=777364040|url=http://noo.rs/9W5vZ|language=fa}}
• {{cite journal| last=Ardalan Far|first=Neda|title=مروری بر وقفنامه خواجه مظفر بتکچی؛ نخستین نقشه جغرافیایی استرآباد |trans-title=An overview of Khawaja Mozaffar Betekchi's waqf-nameh; The first geographical map of Astarabad|issn=2588-5243|journal=Mirdamad Quarterly|publisher=Mirdamad Cultural Institute|publication-place=Gorgan|date=2015|volume=1|issue=3|pages=6-18|url=http://noo.rs/l1R9k|language=fa}}
• {{cite journal|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/avrasyad/issue/56783/732519| last=Çınar|first=Gülay Karadağ|title=Esterâbâd’da Safevî Hâkimiyetini Tehdit Eden Unsurlar: Siyah-Puşan Ve Sayın Hanî Türkmenleri|trans-title=Threats to Safavid Dominance in Estarabad: Siyah Pushan and Sayin Khan Turkmens|language=tr|journal=Avrasya Uluslararası Araştırmalar Dergisi|date=2020|issn=2147-2610|publisher=Kürşat Öncül|publication-place=Turkey|doi=10.33692/avrasyad.732519|volume=8|issue=23|pages=108-132}}
• {{cite book| last=Matufi|first=Asad Allah|title=استراباد و گرگان در بستر تاريخ ايران : نگاهى به ٥٠٠٠ سال تاريخ منطقه|trans-title=Astarabad and Gorgan in the history of Iran: a look at 5000 years of history of the region|publisher=Intishārāt-i Darakhshish|publication-place=Mashhad|year=1995|oclc=39896191}}
• {{cite book|last=Mitchell|first=Colin P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=APcBAwAAQBAJ&q=false|title=The Practice of Politics in Safavid Iran: Power, Religion and Rhetoric|publisher=I.B.Tauris|year=2009|isbn=978-0857715883|location=New York}}
• {{cite journal|last=Mitchell|first=Colin P.|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4311579|doi=10.1080/021086032000139195|title=To Preserve and Protect: Husayn Va'iz-i Kashifi and Perso-Islamic Chancellery Culture|volume=36|number=4|pages=485-507|journal=Iranian Studies|publisher=Routledge|publication-place=London|issn=1475-4819|oclc=1367762903|date=2003}}
• {{Encyclopædia Iranica Online|url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gorgan-vii|title=Gorgān vii. History from the Safavids to the end of the Pahlavi era|first=Jawad|last=Neyestani|year=2002|access-date=11 November 2024}}
• {{cite journal|last=Reid|first=James J.|date=2009|title=Rebellion and Social Change in Astarābād, 1537-1744|jstor=163286|volume=13|issue=1|pages=35-53|journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies|doi=10.1017/S0020743800055069|publisher=Cambridge University Press|publication-place=New York|issn=0020-7438}}

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