Verisign

File:VeriSign.svg

Verisign was founded in 1995 as a spin-off of the RSA Security certification services business. The new company received licenses to key cryptographic patents held by RSA (set to expire in 2000) and a time-limited non-compete agreement. The new company served as a certificate authority (CA) and its initial mission was "providing trust for the Internet and Electronic Commerce through our Digital Authentication services and products". Prior to selling its certificate business to Symantec in 2010, Verisign had more than 3 million certificates in operation for everything from military to financial services and retail applications, making it the largest CA in the world.

In 2000, Verisign acquired Network Solutions for $21billion,{{cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/2000/03/07/deals/verisign/|title=Verisign acquires Network Solutions for $21B - Mar. 7, 2000|website=money.cnn.com|access-date=April 12, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412050645/http://money.cnn.com/2000/03/07/deals/verisign/|archive-date=April 12, 2011|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}} which operated the {{mono|.com}}, {{mono|.net}} and {{mono|.org}} TLDs under agreements with the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) and the United States Department of Commerce. Those core registry functions formed the basis for Verisign's naming division, which by then had become the company's largest and most significant business unit.{{Cite news |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/verisign-boosts-profit-23-on-revenue-margins-2013-07-25 |title=VeriSign boosts profit 23% on revenue, margins |last=Kell |first=John |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=25 July 2013 |access-date=August 24, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130801002719/http://www.marketwatch.com/story/verisign-boosts-profit-23-on-revenue-margins-2013-07-25 |archive-date=August 1, 2013 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }} In 2002, Verisign was charged with violation of the Securities Exchange Act.{{cite press release |url=http://globenewswire.com/news-release/2002/05/16/287348/27557/en/The-Emerson-Firm-Announces-Class-Action-Lawsuit-Against-VeriSign-Inc-on-Behalf-of-Investors-VRSN.html |title=The Emerson Firm Announces Class Action Lawsuit Against VeriSign Inc. on Behalf of Investors — VRSN |date=May 16, 2002 |access-date=Jul 19, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807092458/http://globenewswire.com/news-release/2002/05/16/287348/27557/en/The-Emerson-Firm-Announces-Class-Action-Lawsuit-Against-VeriSign-Inc-on-Behalf-of-Investors-VRSN.html |archive-date=August 7, 2014 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }} Verisign divested the Network Solutions retail (domain name registrar) business in 2003 for $100million, retaining the domain name registry (wholesale) function as its core Internet addressing business.{{cite web|url=http://www.technewsworld.com/story/commerce/31890.html?wlc=1302619669|title=VeriSign To Sell Network Solutions, Exit Registrar Business - News - TechNewsWorld|website=www.technewsworld.com|date=October 17, 2003 |access-date=April 12, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318100747/http://www.technewsworld.com/story/commerce/31890.html?wlc=1302619669|archive-date=March 18, 2012|url-status=live}}

For the year ended December 31, 2010, Verisign reported revenue of $681 million, up 10% from $616 million in 2009.{{cite web|url=https://investor.verisign.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=546077|title=VERISIGN REPORTS 10% YEAR-OVER-YEAR REVENUE GROWTH IN 2010|access-date=April 12, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102032454/https://investor.verisign.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=546077|archive-date=November 2, 2011|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}} Verisign operates two businesses, Naming Services, which encompasses the operation of top-level domains and critical Internet infrastructure, and Network Intelligence and Availability (NIA) Services, which encompasses DDoS mitigation, managed DNS and threat intelligence.

On August 9, 2010, Symantec completed its approximately $1.28 billion acquisition of Verisign's authentication business, including the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) Certificate Services, the Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) Services, the Verisign Trust Services, the Verisign Identity Protection (VIP) Authentication Service, and the majority stake in Verisign Japan. The deal capped a multi-year effort by Verisign to narrow its focus to its core infrastructure and security business units.{{cite web|url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2010/08/10/symantec-acquires-verisign-for-1-28-billion/|title=Symantec Acquires VeriSign for $1.28 Billion|last=Dealbook|date=August 10, 2010 |access-date=March 5, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302044741/https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2010/08/10/symantec-acquires-verisign-for-1-28-billion/|archive-date=March 2, 2018|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}} Following ongoing controversies regarding Symantec's handling of certificate validation, which culminated in Google untrusting Symantec-issued certificates in its Chrome web browser, Symantec sold this unit to DigiCert in 2017 for $950 Million.{{cite news |last1=Raymond |first1=Art |title=Lehi's DigiCert swallows web security competitor in $1 billion deal |url=https://www.deseretnews.com/article/865686081/Lehis-DigiCert-swallows-web-security-competitor-in-1-billion-deal.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804015937/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865686081/Lehis-DigiCert-swallows-web-security-competitor-in-1-billion-deal.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 4, 2017 |access-date=21 May 2020 |work=Deseret News |date=3 August 2017}}

On 14 December 2021, the Ministry of Justice, Communication and Foreign Affairs of the Tuvalu Government announced on Facebook that they have selected GoDaddy Registry as the new registry service provider for the domain after Verisign did not participate in the renewal process.{{Cite web |last=Allemann |first=Andrew |date=2021-12-14 |title=GoDaddy wins contract to run .TV, Verisign didn't bid for renewal |url=https://domainnamewire.com/2021/12/14/godaddy-wins-contract-to-run-tv-verisign-didnt-bid-for-renewal/ |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=Domain Name Wire {{!}} Domain Name News |language=en-US}}

In 2011, Verisign was selected by the General Services Administration (GSA) to operate the registry services for the {{mono|.gov}} top-level domain.{{cite news |last1=Lipowicz |first1=Alice |title=GSA selects VeriSign to manage .gov domain name registry |url=https://gcn.com/cloud-infrastructure/2011/02/gsa-selects-verisign-to-manage-gov-domain-name-registry/283030/ |access-date=16 January 2023 |work=GCN |date=3 February 2011}} They continued to operate {{mono|.gov}} service until 2023, when Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) chose Cloudflare to replace Verisign as the .gov operator.{{cite news |last1=Murphy |first1=Kevin |title=Verisign loses prestige .gov contract to Cloudflare |url=https://domainincite.com/28517-verisign-loses-prestige-gov-contract-to-cloudflare |access-date=16 January 2023 |work=DomainIncite |date=16 January 2023}}

Verisign's share price tumbled in early 2014, hastened by the U.S. government's announcement that it would "relinquish oversight of the Internet's domain-naming system to a non-government entity".{{cite web |url=http://www.rttnews.com/2287346/verisign-inc-vrsn-pulled-back-after-government-transition.aspx |title=VeriSign Inc. (VRSN) Pulled Back After Government Transition |date=18 March 2014 |access-date=12 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150402/http://www.rttnews.com/2287346/verisign-inc-vrsn-pulled-back-after-government-transition.aspx |archive-date=April 13, 2014 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }} Ultimately ICANN chose to continue VeriSign's role as the root zone maintainer and the two entered into a new contract in 2016.

File:Token Verisign.JPG produced by Verisign]]

Verisign's core business is its naming services division. The division operates the authoritative domain name registries for two of the Internet's most important top-level domains, {{mono|.com}} and {{mono|.net}}, and .name. It is the primary technical subcontractor for the {{mono|.edu}} and {{mono|.jobs}} top-level domains for their respective registry operators, which are non-profit organizations; in this role Verisign maintains the zone files for these particular domains and hosts the domains from their domain servers. In addition, Verisign is also the contracted registry operator for the country code top-level domain {{mono|.cc}} (Cocos Islands).{{cite web|url=https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/registries/registries-agreements-en|title=Registry Agreements|publisher=ICANN|access-date=November 30, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106100106/https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/registries/registries-agreements-en|archive-date=November 6, 2015|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}} Registry operators are the "wholesalers" of Internet domain names, while domain name registrars act as the “retailers”, working directly with consumers to register a domain name address. It formerly was the contracted registry for .gov top-level domains as well as for the country code top-level domain .tv (Tuvalu).

Verisign also operates two of the Internet's thirteen "root servers" which are identified by the letters A-M (Verisign operates the “A” and “J” root servers). The root servers form the top of the hierarchical Domain Name System that supports most modern Internet communication. Verisign also generates the globally recognized root zone file and is also responsible for processing changes to that file once they are ordered by ICANN via IANA and approved by the U.S. Department of Commerce. Changes to the root zone were originally distributed via the A root server, but now they are distributed to all thirteen servers via a separate distribution system which Verisign maintains. Verisign is the only one of the 12 root server operators to operate more than one of the thirteen root nameservers. The A and J root servers are "anycasted” and are no longer operated from any of the company's own datacenters as a means to increase redundancy and availability and mitigate the threat of a single point of failure. In 2016, the Department of Commerce ended its role in managing the Internet's DNS and transferred full control to ICANN. While this initially negatively impacted VeriSign's stock, ICANN eventually chose to contract with Verisign to continue its role as the root zone maintainer.

VeriSign's naming services division dates back to 1993 when Network Solutions was awarded a contract by the National Science Foundation to manage and operate the civilian side of the Internet's domain name registrations.National Science Foundation {{cite web|url=https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/cyber/internet.jsp|title=A Brief History of NSF and the Internet|publisher=nsf.gov|access-date=November 30, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127171235/http://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/cyber/internet.jsp|archive-date=November 27, 2015|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}} Network Solutions was the sole registrar for all of the Internet's non-governmental generic top-level domains until 1998 when ICANN was established and the new system of competitive registrars was implemented. As a result of these new policies, Network Solutions divided itself into two divisions. The NSI Registry division was established to manage the authoritative registries that the company would still operate, and was separated from the customer-facing registrar business that would have to compete with other registrars. The divisions were even geographically split with the NSI Registry moving from the corporate headquarters in Herndon, Virginia, to nearby Dulles, Virginia. In 2000, VeriSign purchased Network Solutions taking over its role in the Internet's DNS. The NSI Registry division eventually became VeriSign's naming services division while the remainder of Network Solutions was later sold by Verisign in 2003 to Pivotal Equity Group.

{{unreferenced section|date=August 2013}}

Following the sale of its authentication services division in 2010, Verisign relocated from its former headquarters in Mountain View, California, to the headquarters of the naming division in Sterling, Virginia (originally NSI Registry's headquarters). Verisign began shopping that year for a new permanent home shortly after moving. They signed a lease for 12061 Bluemont Way in Reston, the former Sallie Mae headquarters, in 2010 and decided to purchase the building in September 2011. They have since terminated their lease of their current space in two buildings at Lakeside@Loudoun Technology Center.{{Cite web |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/washington/blog/2010/09/verisign_inc_terminates_loudoun_lease_for_reston_move.html |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=Washington Business Journal}} The company completed its move at the end of November 2011. The new headquarters is located in the Reston Town Center development which has become a major commercial and business hub for the region.{{Cite web |title=VeriSign Acquires Reston Office for $118M |url=https://www.globest.com/2011/09/08/verisign-acquires-reston-office-for-118m/?slreturn=2024110640622 |access-date=2024-11-06 |website=benefitspro.com |language=en}} In addition to its Reston headquarters, Verisign owns three data center properties. One at 22340 Dresden Street in Dulles, Virginia, not far from its corporate headquarters (within the large Broad Run Technology Park), one at 21 Boulden Circle in New Castle, Delaware, and a third in Fribourg, Switzerland. Their three data centers are mirrored so that a disaster at one data center has a minimal impact on operations. Verisign also leases an office suite in downtown Washington, D.C., on K street where its government relations office is located. It also has leased server space in numerous internet data centers around the world where the DNS constellation resolution sites are located, mostly at major internet peering facilities. One such facility is at the Equinix Ashburn Datacenter in Ashburn, Virginia, one of the world's largest datacenters and internet transit hubs.

In January 2001, Verisign mistakenly issued two Class 3 code signing certificates to an individual claiming to be an employee of Microsoft.{{cite web|url=https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/security-updates/securitybulletins/2001/ms01-017|title=Microsoft Security Bulletin MS01-017 - Critical: Erroneous VeriSign-Issued Digital Certificates Pose Spoofing Hazard|publisher=Microsoft|date=March 22, 2001|access-date=April 29, 2021}} The mistake was not discovered and the certificates were not revoked until two weeks later during a routine audit. Because Verisign code-signing certificates do not specify a Certificate Revocation List Distribution Point, there was no way for them to be automatically detected as having been revoked, placing Microsoft's customers at risk.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} Microsoft had to later release a special security patch in order to revoke the certificates and mark them as being fraudulent.{{cite web|url=http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=11288|title=Windows Security Update: Verisign Digital Certificates Spoofing Hazard|publisher=Microsoft|date=March 28, 2001|access-date=June 30, 2012}}

In 2002, Verisign was sued for domain slamming – transferring domains from other registrars to themselves by making the registrants believe they were merely renewing their domain name. Although they were found not to have broken the law, they were barred from suggesting that a domain was about to expire or claim that a transfer was actually a renewal.[https://www.theregister.co.uk/2003/09/25/verisign_slammed_for_domain_renewal TheRegister.co.uk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810091852/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2003/09/25/verisign_slammed_for_domain_renewal |date=August 10, 2017 }}: VeriSign slammed for domain renewal scam

In September 2003, Verisign introduced a service called Site Finder, which redirected Web browsers to a search service when users attempted to go to non-existent {{mono|.com}} or {{mono|.net}} domain names. ICANN asserted that Verisign had overstepped the terms of its contract with the U.S. Department of Commerce, which in essence grants Verisign the right to operate the DNS for {{mono|.com}} and {{mono|.net}}, and Verisign shut down the service. Subsequently, Verisign filed a lawsuit against ICANN in February 2004, seeking to gain clarity over what services it could offer in the context of its contract with ICANN. The claim was moved from federal to California state court in August 2004.{{cite web |url=http://icann.org/general/litigation-verisign.htm |title=Litigation Documents |access-date=August 21, 2007 |publisher=ICANN.org |date=March 26, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712200727/http://www.icann.org/general/litigation-verisign.htm |archive-date=July 12, 2007 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }} In late 2005, Verisign and ICANN announced a proposed settlement which defined a process for the introduction of new registry services in the {{mono|.com}} registry. The documents concerning these settlements are available at ICANN.org.{{cite web|url=http://www.icann.org/tlds/agreements/verisign/settlement-agreements.htm|title=ICANN|website=www.icann.org|access-date=February 3, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060207154104/http://www.icann.org/tlds/agreements/verisign/settlement-agreements.htm|archive-date=February 7, 2006|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}} The ICANN comments mailing list archive{{cite web|url=http://forum.icann.org/lists/settlement-comments/|title=ICANN Email Archives: [settlement-comments]|website=forum.icann.org|access-date=February 3, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218070510/http://forum.icann.org/lists/settlement-comments/|archive-date=February 18, 2006|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}} documents some of the criticisms that have been raised regarding the settlement.

In keeping with ICANN's charter to introduce competition to the domain name marketplace, Verisign agreed to give up its operation of {{mono|.org}} top-level domain in 2003 in exchange for a continuation of its contract to operate {{mono|.com}}, which, at the time had more than 34 million registered addresses.

In mid-2005, the existing contract for the operation of {{mono|.net}} expired and five companies, including Verisign, bid for management of it. Verisign enlisted numerous IT and telecom heavyweights including Microsoft, IBM, Sun Microsystems, MCI, and others, to assert that Verisign had a perfect record operating {{mono|.net}}. They proposed Verisign continue to manage the {{mono|.net}} DNS due to its critical importance as the domain underlying numerous "backbone" network services. Verisign was also aided by the fact that several of the other bidders were based outside the United States, which raised concerns in national security circles. On June 8, 2005, ICANN announced that Verisign had been approved to operate {{mono|.net}} until 2011. More information on the {{mono|.net}} bidding process is available at ICANN.{{cite web|url=http://icann.org/tlds/dotnet-reassignment/dotnet-general.htm|title=ICANN - Archives - General Information Regarding Designation of the Subsequent .net registry Operator|website=icann.org|access-date=December 4, 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204105517/http://icann.org/tlds/dotnet-reassignment/dotnet-general.htm|archive-date=December 4, 2004|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}} On July 1, 2011, ICANN announced that VeriSign's approval to operate .net was extended another six years, until 2017.{{Cite web|title = ICANN|url = https://www.icann.org/resources/unthemed-pages/net-2012-02-25-en|website = www.icann.org|access-date = 2015-10-01|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151003005044/https://www.icann.org/resources/unthemed-pages/net-2012-02-25-en|archive-date = October 3, 2015|url-status = live|df = mdy-all}}

In February 2012, Verisign revealed that their network security had been repeatedly breached in 2010. Verisign stated that the breach did not impact the Domain Name System (DNS) that they maintain, but would not provide details about the loss of data. Verisign was widely criticized for not disclosing the breach earlier and apparently attempting to hide the news in an October 2011 SEC filing.{{cite web |last=Bradley |first=Tony |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/249242/verisign_hacked_what_we_dont_know_might_hurt_us.html |title=VeriSign Hacked: What We Don't Know Might Hurt Us |publisher=PCWorld |date=2012-02-02 |access-date=July 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130611054417/http://www.pcworld.com/article/249242/verisign_hacked_what_we_dont_know_might_hurt_us.html |archive-date=June 11, 2013 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}{{cite web |last=Albanesius |first=Chloe |url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2399773,00.asp |title=VeriSign Hacked Multiple Times in 2010 | News & Opinion |publisher=PCMag.com |date=February 2, 2012 |access-date=July 13, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116083322/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2399773,00.asp |archive-date=January 16, 2013 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }}

Because of the lack of details provided by Verisign, it was not clear whether the breach impacted the certificate signing business, acquired by Symantec in late 2010. Some, such as Oliver Lavery, the Director of Security and Research for nCircle, doubted whether sites using Verisign SSL certificates could be trusted.

On November 29, 2010, the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (U.S. ICE) issued seizure orders against 82 web sites with {{mono|.com}} Internet addresses that were reported to be involved in the illegal sale and distribution of counterfeit goods.{{cite web

|url = http://www.ice.gov/news/releases/1011/101129washington.htm

|title = 82 Websites removed by DNS removal

|access-date = November 12, 2010

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101202160119/http://www.ice.gov/news/releases/1011/101129washington.htm

|archive-date = December 2, 2010

|url-status = dead

|df = mdy-all

}} As registry operator for {{mono|.com}}, Verisign performed the required takedowns of the 82 sites under order from law enforcement.{{cite web |url=http://domainincite.com/icann-had-no-role-in-seizing-torrent-domains/ |title=Verisign implicated in DNS annulment |access-date=November 12, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201183309/http://domainincite.com/icann-had-no-role-in-seizing-torrent-domains/ |archive-date=December 1, 2010 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all }} InformationWeek reported that "Verisign will say only that it received sealed court orders directing certain actions to be taken with respect to specific domain names".{{cite web

|url = http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=228500229

|title = Verisign acknowledges DNS removals

|access-date = November 12, 2010

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101206223747/http://www.informationweek.com/news/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=228500229

|archive-date = December 6, 2010

|url-status = live

|df = mdy-all

}} The removal of the 82 websites was cited as an impetus for the launch of "the Dot-P2P Project"{{cite web

|url=http://dot-p2p.org

|title=Peer-to-peer response to Verisign's DNS removals

|access-date=November 12, 2010

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328104132/http://dot-p2p.org/

|archive-date=March 28, 2018

|url-status=live

}} in order to create a decentralized DNS service without centralized registry operators. Following the disappearance of WikiLeaks during the following week{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/dec/07/wikileaks-under-attack-definitive-timeline|title=WikiLeaks under attack: the definitive timeline|first=Charles|last=Arthur|date=January 8, 2010|newspaper=the Guardian|access-date=December 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117220540/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/dec/07/wikileaks-under-attack-definitive-timeline|archive-date=January 17, 2017|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}} and its forced move to wikileaks.ch, a Swiss domain, the Electronic Frontier Foundation warned of the dangers of having key pieces of Internet infrastructure such as DNS name translation under corporate control.{{cite web |url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2010/12/amazon-and-wikileaks-first-amendment-only-strong |title=EFF warns of Internet chokepoints |access-date=November 12, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205043433/https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2010/12/amazon-and-wikileaks-first-amendment-only-strong |archive-date=December 5, 2010 |url-status=live }}

In March 2012, the U.S. government declared that it has the right to seize domains ending in {{mono|.com}}, {{mono|.net}}, {{mono|.cc}}, {{mono|.tv}}, {{mono|.name}}, and {{mono|.org}} if the companies administering the domains are based in the U.S. The U.S. government can seize the domains ending in {{mono|.com}}, {{mono|.net}}, {{mono|.cc}}, {{mono|.tv}}, and {{mono|.name}} by serving a court-order on Verisign, which manages those domains. The {{mono|.org}} domain is managed by the Virginia-based non-profit Public Interest Registry. In March 2012, Verisign shut down the sports-betting site Bodog.com after receiving a court order, even though the domain name was registered to a Canadian company.{{cite magazine |last1=Kravets |first1=David |title=Uncle Sam: If It Ends in .Com, It's .Seizable |url=https://www.wired.com/2012/03/feds-seize-foreign-sites/ |access-date=24 June 2021 |magazine=Wired |date=6 March 2012}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category}}

{{portal|Companies}}

• {{Official website|https://www.verisign.com/}}
• [https://www.websecurity.digicert.com/ssl-certificate/ Digicert SSL Certificates - formerly from Verisign]
• [http://purl.umn.edu/107117 Oral history interview with James Bidzos], Charles Babbage Institute University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Bidzos discusses his leadership of software security firm RSA Data Security as it sought to commercialize encryption technology as well as his role in creating the RSA Conference and founding Verisign. Oral history interview 2004, Mill Valley, California.

{{Finance links

| name = Verisign

| symbol = VRSN

| sec_cik = VRSN

| yahoo = VRSN

| google = VRSN

| stockrow = VRSN

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{{Authority control}}

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