Viacom (1952–2005)#2005 split and re-merger of CBS and Viacom

{{ViacomCBS evolution}}

Viacom originated on March 16, 1952 — when CBS founded its broadcast syndication division, CBS Television Film Sales.{{cite web|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1952/BC-1952-01-14.pdf|title=Broadcasting Magazine, January 14, 1952 (page 94)}}{{cite web|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1952/BC-1952-03-17.pdf|title=Broadcasting Magazine, March 17, 1952 (page 88)}}{{cite web|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Broadcasting-IDX/1952-Broadcasting/1952-06-23-Broadcasting-Page-0080.pdf|title=Broadcasting Magazine, June 23, 1952 (page 80)}} It renamed as CBS Films in October 1958.{{cite web|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1958/1958-09-22-BC.pdf|title=Broadcasting Magazine, September 22, 1958 (pages 31-33)}}{{cite web|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1958/1958-10-13-BC.pdf|title=Broadcasting Magazine, October 13, 1958 (page 49)}} On December 1, 1967, it again renamed as CBS Enterprises Inc..{{cite web|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/67-OCR/1967-12-04-BC-OCR-Page-0009.pdf#search=%22cbs%20enterprises%20inc%22|title=Name change at CBS|date=December 4, 1967}}{{cite web|url=http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1968/1968-01-29-BC.pdf|title=Broadcasting Magazine, January 29, 1968 (page 8)}} On July 6, 1970, it announced that CBS Enterprises would be spun out from its parent company,{{cite web|url= https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1970/1970-07-06-BC.pdf|title=Broadcasting Magazine, July 6, 1970 (page 19)}} and the same month the division was incorporated as Viacom,[https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1970/1970-07-27-BC.pdf CBS transfers CATV to new public firm (page 50)] at Broadcasting History[https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/70-OCR/1970-11-23-BC-OCR-Page-0010.pdf#search=%22cbs%20viacom%20international%22 Viacom goes on big board] at Broadcasting History[https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/70-OCR/1970-12-07-BC-OCR-Page-0054.pdf#search=%22viacom%22 NYSE now trading Viacom shares] at Broadcasting History[https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/70-OCR/1970-10-26-BC-OCR-Page-0035.pdf#search=%22viacom%22 CBS Enterprises will sell time for Yankees] at Broadcasting History{{cite book |title=International Directory of Company Histories |date=2005 |publisher=St. James Press |via=FundingUniverse |url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/viacom-inc-history/ |access-date=August 16, 2018 |language=en |chapter=History of Viacom Inc.}} and spun off on January 1, 1971,[https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/71-OCR/1971-01-11-BC-OCR-Page-0030.pdf#search=%22viacom%20international%22 Sudden halt to Viacom spin-off] at Broadcasting History amid new FCC rules forbidding television networks from owning syndication companies (the rules were later repealed).

Viacom expanded its activities throughout the decade with a launch of a production unit, and later acquired the rights to various features from various studios.{{Cite news |date=July 17, 1972 |title=Viacom heats up |pages=46 |work=Broadcasting |url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/72-OCR/1972-07-17-BC-OCR-Page-0046.pdf |access-date=October 28, 2023}}{{Cite news |date=August 18, 1972 |title=Viacom acquires rights to package of features |pages=44 |work=Broadcasting |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/72-OCR/1972-08-14-BC-OCR-Page-0044.pdf |access-date=October 28, 2023}} File:Viacom Pinball Logo.svg

In addition to CBS TV series syndication rights, Viacom also held cable systems with 90,000 cable subscribers, at that time the largest in the US. In 1976, Viacom launched Showtime, a pay movie channel, with Warner-Amex taking a half-share ownership. The company went into original programming production starting in the late 1970s until the early 1980s with middling results. The company expanded in 1977 to launch a unit for program acquisitions and prime-time network programming.{{Cite news |date=February 21, 1977 |title=Viacom sets up group for prime-time shows |pages=47 |work=Broadcasting Magazine |url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/77-OCR/BC-1977-02-21-OCR-Page-0047.pdf |access-date=November 2, 2023}}

Viacom's first broadcast station acquisition came in 1978 when the company purchased WHNB-TV in New Britain, Connecticut, changing its call letters to WVIT.{{cite news|title=Viacom gets into station ownership. |url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/77-OCR/BC-1977-06-20-OCR-Page-0028.pdf |periodical=Broadcasting |page=28 |date=June 20, 1977 |access-date=December 30, 2018}} Two years later Viacom added the Sonderling Broadcasting chain, giving it radio stations in New York City, Washington, D.C., Houston, and San Francisco, and one television station, WAST (now WNYT) in Albany, New York."Viacom, Sonderling propose marriage." Broadcasting, March 20, 1978, pp. 33-34. Accessed January 8, 2019. [http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/78-OCR/1978-03-20-BC-OCR-Page-0033.pdf][http://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/78-OCR/1978-03-20-BC-OCR-Page-0034.pdf]

File:Viacom's logo from 1976-1990.svg

In 1983, Viacom purchased KSLA in Shreveport, Louisiana,{{cite news|title=In brief. |url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/83-OCR/BC-1983-01-17-OCR-Page-0144.pdf |periodical=Broadcasting |page=144 |date=January 17, 1983 |access-date=January 15, 2019 }}{{cite news|title=Changing hands–Proposed. |url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/83-OCR/BC-1983-01-24-OCR-Page-0074.pdf |periodical=Broadcasting |page=74 |date=January 24, 1983 |access-date=January 15, 2019 }} and WHEC-TV in Rochester, New York,{{cite news|title=Changing hands–Proposed. |url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/83-OCR/BC-1983-07-25-OCR-Page-0086.pdf |periodical=Broadcasting |page=86 |date=July 25, 1983 |access-date=January 15, 2019 }} in separate transactions. This was followed in 1986 with CBS-owned KMOX-TV in St. Louis; with the purchase, that station's call letters were changed to KMOV.{{cite news|title=In brief. |url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/85-OCR/BC-1985-12-09-OCR-Page-0120.pdf |periodical=Broadcasting |page=120 |date=December 9, 1985 |access-date=January 15, 2019 }}{{cite news|title=Call letters–Grants–Existing TV's. |url=https://www.americanradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/86-OCR/BC-1986-06-30-OCR-Page-0062.pdf |periodical=Broadcasting |page=64 |date=June 30, 1986 |access-date=January 15, 2019 }}

Also in 1983, Viacom reacquired its premium channel Showtime, and later merged it with Warner-Amex's The Movie Channel forming Showtime/The Movie Channel, Inc. Between the late 1980s and the early 1990s, Viacom syndicated several shows produced by Carsey-Werner Productions, namely The Cosby Show, A Different World and Roseanne.{{Cite news|date=October 20, 1986|title=Cosby in syndication: cash plus barter|page=29|work=Broadcasting|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/86-OCR/BC-1986-10-20-OCR-Page-0029.pdf|access-date=January 6, 2022}}

In 1985, Viacom acquired Showtime/The Movie Channel, Inc. from Warner-Amex, ending the joint venture. Around the same time, Viacom bought MTV Networks, which owned MTV, VH-1, and Nickelodeon.{{Cite news|last=Fabrikant|first=Geraldine|date=September 17, 1986|title=VIACOM CHIEF LEADS GROUP'S BUYOUT BID (Published 1986)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/17/business/viacom-chief-leads-group-s-buyout-bid.html|access-date=January 23, 2021|issn=0362-4331|quote=In November 1985, Viacom acquired MTV for $326 million in cash and warrants. One-third of MTV was publicly owned; the rest was owned by Warner Communications and the American Express Company. At the same time, Viacom bought the 50 percent of Showtime, the pay television service, that it did not already own for $184 million.}} This led to Viacom becoming a mass media company rather than simply a distribution company, and completed in 1986.

In 1987, Viacom sought to expand its horizons by launching the new Viacom Network Enterprises division, which was led by Ronald C. Bernard, in order to develop and exploit properties outside of the core cable business and the company would ride herd on diverse enterprises as Viacom's pay-per-view venture, Viewer's Choice, Satellite Direct, Inc. and SMA TV, and handle strategic planning and new business development for Viacom Networks Group, and would develop merchandising, licensing and home video business around the two Viacom subsidiaries it was currently operating, Showtime-The Movie Channel, Inc. and MTV Networks.{{Cite news|date=February 11, 1987|title=Viacom Establishes Enterprise Division|pages=49, 70|work=Variety}}

In 1989, the company had set up its own division Viacom Pictures, to produce its feature films for television, most notably Showtime.{{Cite news |date=July 24, 1989 |title=It's showtime for Viacom |pages=70 |work=Broadcasting |url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/hd2/IDX-Business/Magazines/Archive-BC-IDX/89-OCR/BC-1989-07-24-OCR-Page-0070.pdf |access-date=November 2, 2023}}

Sumner Redstone, via his theater chain operator National Amusements, acquired a controlling interest in Viacom on June 10, 1987. Redstone made a string of large acquisitions in the early 1990s, announcing plans to merge with Paramount Communications (formerly Gulf+Western), parent of Paramount Pictures, in 1993, and buying the Blockbuster Video chain in 1994. The acquisition of Paramount Communications on July 7, 1994, made Viacom one of the world's largest entertainment companies.{{cite magazine|title=75 Power Players: The Outsiders|magazine=Next Generation|issue=11|publisher=Imagine Media|date=November 1995|page=61 |quote=Viacom completed acquisition of Paramount Communications in July 1994, creating one of the world's largest entertainment companies.}} Also in 1993, WTXX entered into a part-time local marketing agreement with Viacom's NBC station WVIT.{{Cite news|last=Lender|first=Jon|date=June 11, 1993|title=WVIT Leases Time on WTXX as WTIC Protests|work=Hartford Courant|url=https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-1993-06-11-0000100900-story.html|access-date=October 27, 2021}}

The Paramount and Blockbuster acquisitions gave Viacom access to large television holdings: An archive of programming controlled by Aaron Spelling's company which included, along with his own productions, the pre-1973 ABC and NBC libraries under Worldvision Enterprises and Republic Pictures; and an expanded group of television stations which merged Viacom's five existing outlets into Paramount's seven-station group. Viacom used some of these stations to launch the UPN network, which started operations in January 1995 as a joint venture with Chris-Craft Industries. Shortly afterward, Viacom/Paramount spent the next two years selling off its non-UPN affiliated stations to various owners. In 1997, Viacom exited the broadcast radio business, albeit temporarily, when it sold the majority of its stations to Chancellor Media, a predecessor company of iHeartMedia.

On September 7, 1999, Viacom announced their acquisition of CBS Corporation in a $35.9 billion deal. In addition to being the largest media merger in history at the time, the purchase effectively reunited Viacom with its former parent, CBS.{{Cite news |date=September 8, 1999 |title=$35.9-billion merger links TV, radio, ad, film outlets |pages=1F–[https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-359-billion-merger/134139131/ 2F] |newspaper=Detroit Free Press |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-359-billion-merger/134138887/ |url-status=live |access-date=October 27, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027021424/https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-359-billion-merger/134138887/ |archive-date=October 27, 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2019/08/why-viacom-and-cbs-had-merge-survive/596338/|title=Why Viacom and CBS Had to Merge to Survive|last=Sims|first=David|date=August 19, 2019|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US|access-date=December 18, 2019}} The merger was completed in May 2000, bringing CBS's cable channels TNN (now Paramount Network) and Country Music Television (CMT) under Viacom's MTV Networks wing, as well as CBS's production and distribution units Eyemark Entertainment (formerly Group W Productions) and King World under the main wing.{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cbs-and-viacom-complete-merger/|title=CBS And Viacom Complete Merger|website=CBS News|language=en-US|access-date=December 18, 2019}} The merger also folded Viacom's broadcast group, now consisting entirely of UPN stations, into CBS's owned-stations division.{{Cite news |last=Smyntek |first=John |date=September 8, 1999 |title=Viacom to buy CBS in record media deal: It might have impact on 2 stations in metro area |pages=1F–[https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-viacom-to-buy-cbs-in/134138291/ 2F] |newspaper=Detroit Free Press |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-viacom-to-buy-cbs-in/134138272/ |url-status=live |access-date=October 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027021424/https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-viacom-to-buy-cbs-in/134138272/ |archive-date=October 27, 2023 |via=Newspapers.com}}{{Cite news |last=Smyntek |first=John |date=September 15, 1999 |title=Viacom can have 2 area stations |page=1E |newspaper=Detroit Free Press |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93300634/viacom-can-have-2-area-stations/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129191113/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/93300634/viacom-can-have-2-area-stations/ |archive-date=January 29, 2022 |via=Newspapers.com}}

In 2001, Viacom completed its purchase of BET Holdings, the owners of the Black Entertainment Television (BET) network.{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-jan-24-fi-16227-story.html|title=Viacom Completes BET Acquisition|agency=Reuters|date=January 24, 2001|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=August 14, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035}} As with CBS Cable, it was immediately integrated into MTV Networks, causing some outcry among BET workers in the Washington, D.C., area (where BET was based before the merger). As a result, BET was separated from MTV Networks, into a division known as BET Networks.

Although a majority economic interest in Viacom was held by independent shareholders, the Redstone family maintained 71-percent voting control of the company through National Amusements' holdings of Viacom's stock.

In 2002, Viacom's MTV Networks International bought independently run Dutch music video channel TMF, which at the time was broadcasting in Belgium and the Netherlands. In June 2004, MTVNI bought VIVA Media AG, the German equivalent to MTV. The same month, plans were announced to dispose of Viacom's interest in Blockbuster later that year by means of an exchange offer; the spinoff of Blockbuster was completed in October.

Also in 2002, Viacom acquired the remaining shares of Infinity Broadcasting radio chain, which resulted in Viacom's return to operating radio stations after it originally exited the broadcast radio business in 1997. In April 2003, Viacom acquired the remaining ownership shares of Comedy Central from then-AOL Time Warner, integrating Comedy Central into MTV Networks.

From its formation until 1995, Viacom operated several cable television systems generally located in the Dayton, San Francisco, Nashville and Seattle metropolitan areas.{{Cite news|title=Viacom Expected To Sell Cable Franchises – TCI Group Would Gain 1.1 Million Subscribers|last=Taylor|first=Chuck|date=December 29, 1994|work=The Seattle Times}} Several of these were originally independent systems that CBS acquired in the 1960s. The division was known as Viacom Cablevision until the early 1990s, when it was renamed to Viacom Cable. By 1995, Viacom Cable had about 1.1 million subscribers. Viacom sold the division to TCI in 1995.{{Cite news|title=Cable Execs To Visit Viacom Sites In Seattle Area – Intermedia Partners Optimistic As They Face Regulatory Hurdles, Tax Scrutiny By Congress|last=Taylor|first=Chuck|date=January 22, 1995|work=The Seattle Times}} Viacom's cable assets are now part of Comcast.

{{Main|Split of CBS Corporation and Viacom}}

File:CBS Corporation (Gold).svg

In March 2005, Viacom announced that it would split into two companies – one would contain Viacom's "slow-growth" assets; the other would consist of the company's "high-growth" divisions{{Cite news |last=Teather |first=David |date=2005-11-02 |title=Two-speed Viacom growth rates justify split |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2005/nov/02/citynews.business1 |access-date=2023-11-16 |issn=0261-3077}} – under National Amusements' control because of a stagnating stock price. The internal rivalry between CBS chairman Les Moonves and MTV Networks chief executive officer Tom Freston, and the controversy of the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show were also seen as factors. After the departure of Mel Karmazin in 2004, Redstone, who served as chairman and CEO, decided to split the offices of president and chief operating officer between Moonves and Freston. Redstone was set to retire in the near future, and a split would be a creative solution to the matter of replacing him.{{Cite web |last=Friedman |first=Wayne |date=June 15, 2005 |title=Viacom, CBS Set To Split--Again |url=https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/31178/viacom-cbs-set-to-split-again.html |access-date=March 5, 2023 |website=MediaPost |language=en}}

File:Viacom logo.svg

The existing Viacom would become the second CBS Corporation as it was headed by Moonves and kept CBS, Simon & Schuster,{{Cite news |last=Lauer |first=Douglas |last2=Busvine |first2=Klaus |date=November 25, 2020 |title=Bertelsmann buys Simon & Schuster for $2.2 billion in U.S. publishing play |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-viacomcbs-m-a-bertelsmann-idUSKBN2851E6 |access-date=November 25, 2020}} and Paramount Network Television (now known as CBS Studios), among other assets; while MTV Networks, BET Networks, and Paramount Pictures would spin-off to a sister company headed by Freston under the Viacom name. The split was approved by Viacom's board on June 14, 2005,{{Cite web |last=Consoli |first=John |date=June 14, 2005 |title=Viacom Board Approves Split |url=https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/viacom-board-approves-split-80080/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212015435/https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/viacom-board-approves-split-80080/ |archive-date=December 12, 2018 |access-date=May 24, 2023 |website=Adweek |language=en-US}} and took effect on December 31. The second iterations of CBS Corporation and Viacom began trading on January 3, 2006.{{Cite web |last=Alfano |first=Sean |date=January 3, 2006 |title=CBS, Viacom Formally Split |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cbs-viacom-formally-split/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310124526/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cbs-viacom-formally-split/ |archive-date=March 10, 2014 |access-date=March 5, 2023 |website=CBS News |language=en-US}}

File:ViacomCBS.svg

On August 13, 2019, CBS and Viacom officially announced their re-merger deal; the combined company would be called ViacomCBS, with Bob Bakish as president and CEO and Shari Redstone as the chairwoman of the new company.{{cite web|url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/media/cbs-viacom-merger-agreement|title=CBS, Viacom agree to merge, forming a $28B entertainment firm|last1=Gasparino|first1=Charles|last2=Moynihan|first2=Lydia|work=Fox Business|date=August 13, 2019|access-date=August 13, 2019}}{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/cbs-viacom-strike-deal-recombine-1075545|title=CBS, Viacom Strike Deal to Recombine|publisher=The Hollywood Reporter|date=August 13, 2019|access-date=August 15, 2019|first1=George|last1=Szalai|first2=Paul|last2=Bond|first3=Etan|last3=Vlessing}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbscorporation.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/ViacomCBS-Press-Release-FINAL.pdf|title=CBS and Viacom To Combine|work=CBS|date=August 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813190148/https://www.cbscorporation.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/ViacomCBS-Press-Release-FINAL.pdf|archive-date=August 13, 2019|url-status=dead}} The deal was closed on December 4.{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/viacom-cbs-merger-stock-companies-are-officially-back-together-again/|title=Viacom and CBS Corp. are officially back together again|work=CBS News|date=December 4, 2019}}

Despite ViacomCBS renaming itself to Paramount Global on February 16, 2022,{{Cite web |last=Goldsmith |first=Jill |date=February 15, 2022 |title=ViacomCBS To Rebrand As Paramount Global |url=https://deadline.com/2022/02/viacomcbs-rebrand-paramount-shari-redstone-bob-bakish-1234934244/ |access-date=April 27, 2023 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}} several Paramount retired the Viacom name by assets for 52 years.

Stations are arranged alphabetically by state and community of license.

Notes:

• Two boldface asterisks appearing following a station's call letters (**) indicate a station that was purchased from Sonderling Broadcasting in 1980, which initiated Viacom's entry into radio station ownership (WAST television in Albany was also purchased through the Sonderling deal);
• This list does not include stations owned by CBS Radio and its predecessors, Westinghouse Broadcasting and Infinity Broadcasting which were acquired by Viacom through its merger with CBS in 2000.

: This list does not include other stations owned by Paramount Stations Group which were acquired by Viacom through its acquisition of Paramount Pictures in 1994, nor any other station purchased by Viacom/Paramount following the Paramount acquisition and prior to its merger with CBS in 2000.

• ¹ WTXX was owned by Counterpoint Communications, but Viacom operated the station through a part-time local marketing agreement.

Viacom International Inc. was established in 1971, just a year after Viacom spun out from the CBS TV network and became Viacom's parent company. The company is responsible for copyrights and trademarks associated with its corporate websites, applications and cable networks, specifically its Media Networks division. The division also licenses the product rights for their various properties and the dissemination of visual and textual television programs on a subscription/fee basis.

Viacom International also served as the licensee name and division for its group of television stations for FCC purposes before the 1995 Westinghouse/CBS merger. Former Viacom station WVIT in New Britain, Connecticut (serving Hartford and New Haven), which it owned from 1978 until 1997, took its call letters from the initials of Viacom International, and retains them to the present day under NBC ownership.

In 2006, Viacom International was renamed to CBS Operations, Inc., and its copyrights related to Viacom's cable networks were transferred to a new Viacom International company and become in name-only unit of Viacom. The new Viacom International company to cease operations and CBS Operations, Inc. folded into CBS after Viacom and CBS merged to create ViacomCBS in 2019 and ViacomCBS rebranded as the current Paramount Global in 2022. ViacomCBS International Inc. was used as an alternate trade name for the new company during the 2020–21 television season.

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