Vindelici

They are mentioned as {{Lang|la|Vindĕlĭcī}} by Horace (1st c. BC),Horace. Carm., 4:4:17–18, 14:7–9. as {{Lang|grc-latn|Ouindolikoì}} ({{Lang|grc|Οὐινδολικοὶ}}; var. {{Lang|grc|Οὐι(ν)δολίγοι}}) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD),Strabo. Geōgraphiká, 4:3:3. as {{Lang|la|Vindelici}} and {{Lang|la|Vindelicorum}} (var. {{Lang|la|uendili-}}, {{Lang|la|uidelicino-}}, {{Lang|la|uideliquo-}}) by Pliny (1st c. AD),Pliny. Naturalis Historia, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/pliny_elder-natural_history/1938/pb_LCL352.103.xml 3:20]. as {{Lang|la|Vindelicorumque}} by Tacitus (early 2nd c. AD),Tacitus. Annal., 2:17. and as {{Lang|la|Vindelicorum}} and {{Lang|la|Vindolici}} on inscriptions.CIL 3:1343, 3:3562, 5:4910, 9:30:44, 13:6495, 13:5905, 13:6821, 13:7573, etc.{{Harvnb|Falileyev|2010}}, s.v. Vindelici.

The ethnonym {{Lang|la|Vindelicī}} a latinized form of Gaulish {{Lang|xtg|*Uindelicoi}} (sing. {{Lang|xtg|*Uindelicos}}). It derives from the stem {{Lang|xtg|*uindo-}} ('clear, white, bright'), probably after the name of an unattested river {{Lang|xtg|*Uindelis}} or {{Lang|xtg|*Uindelos}}.{{Sfn|Delamarre|2003|p=320}}{{Sfn|Schumacher|Dietz|Zanier|2007}} A hydronym {{Lang|la|Vindelicus}} is mentioned by Florus as an alternative name of the Soulgas (Sorgue), in southeastern France. Alternatively, Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel has proposed to translate the name as 'those from the white rocks', by deriving the second element from Gaulish {{Lang|xtg|lica}} ('flat stone').{{Sfn|de Bernardo Stempel|2015|p=89}}

File:Römische Provinzen im Alpenraum ca 14 n Chr.pngThe Vindelici lived on the Upper Bavarian-Upper Swabian plateau, probably also in Vorarlberg and Tyrol, in a land stretching from the southern slopes of the Alps up to the Danube river.{{Sfn|Waldherr|2006}}{{Sfn|Wilkes|Drinkwater|2015}} They later occupied the eastern part of the province of Raetia, in a region known by Ptolemy as Vindelicia.{{Sfn|Kruta|2000|p=862}}{{Sfn|Wilkes|Drinkwater|2015}} Their territory was located west of the Catenates, south of the Raetovarii, north of the Licates.{{harvnb|Talbert|2000}}, Map 12: Mogontiacum-Reginum-Lauriacum.

Their chief town during the Roman period was known as Augusta Vindelicum or Aelia Augusta (modern Augsburg).{{Sfn|Kiernan|2012}} A first Roman military camp was occupied from 10 BC up until ca. 15 AD, when it was probably destroyed by flooding and relocated to the south. The second fort, abandoned in the 70–80s, was rapidly covered by the expanding civilian settlement. Augusta Vindelicum served at a time as the capital of Raetia and the residence of the provincial governor. It obtained the status of municipium under the emperor Hadrian (117–138 AD). From the reign of Diocletian (284–305), the city became the capital of Raetia secunda.{{Sfn|Kiernan|2012}}

In the narrow sense, the Vindelician people comprised four sub-tribes, listed on the Tropaeum Alpium: the Cosuanetes, Rucinates, Licates and Catenates.{{Sfn|Schumacher|Dietz|Zanier|2007}}

In a broader sense, they included, as counted by Strabo, the Licates, Clautenatii, Vennones, Estiones, and Brigantii,{{Sfn|Waldherr|2006}} although this classification has been criticized as doubtful by some scholars.{{Sfn|Schumacher|Dietz|Zanier|2007}} Rather than sub-tribes, they may have rather been pagi or clients of the Vindelici.{{Sfn|Kruta|2000|p=862}}

Despite the proximity of Augusta Vindelicum, the Vindelici were only partially Romanized.{{Sfn|Wilkes|Drinkwater|2015}}

They are mentioned by Pliny the Elder as one of the Alpine tribes conquered by Rome in 16–15 BC, and whose name was engraved on the Tropaeum Alpium.

Later on, the Vindelici served as auxiliary soldiers in the Roman army, in the {{Lang|la|cohortes Raetorum et Vindelicorum}}.{{Sfn|Schumacher|Dietz|Zanier|2007}}

• Oppidum of Manching
• Pfostenschlitzmauer
• Viereckschanze

{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{Cite book|last=Pliny|title=Natural History|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1938|isbn=978-0674993648|series=Loeb Classical Library|translator-last=Rackham|translator-first=H.|author-link=Pliny the Elder}}
• {{Cite book|last=Strabo|title=Geography|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1923|isbn=978-0674990562|series=Loeb Classical Library|translator-last=Jones|translator-first=Horace L.|author-link=Strabo}}
• {{Cite book|last=Tacitus|title=Histories|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1925|isbn=978-0674991231|series=Loeb Classical Library|translator-last=Moore|translator-first=Clifford H.|author-link=Tacitus}}

{{refend}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{Cite book|last=de Bernardo Stempel|first=Patrizia|title=Der obere Donauraum 50 v. bis 50 n. Chr.|publisher=Frank & Timme|year=2015|isbn=978-3-7329-0143-2|editor-last=Lohner-Urban|editor-first=Ute|chapter=Zu den keltisch benannten Stämmen im Umfeld des oberen Donauraums|author-link=Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel|editor-last2=Scherrer|editor-first2=Peter}}
• {{Cite book|last=Delamarre|first=Xavier|title=Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental|year=2003|publisher=Errance|isbn=9782877723695|author-link=Xavier Delamarre}}
• {{Cite book|last=Falileyev|first=Alexander|title=Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-names: A Celtic Companion to the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World|publisher=CMCS|year=2010|isbn=978-0955718236}}
• {{Cite encyclopedia|last=Kiernan|first=Philip|chapter=Augusta Vindelicum (Augsburg)|year=2012|title=The Encyclopedia of Ancient History|editor-last=Bagnall|editor-first=Roger S|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|isbn=978-1-4443-3838-6}}
• {{Cite book|last=Kruta|first=Venceslas|title=Les Celtes, histoire et dictionnaire : des origines à la romanisation et au christianisme|publisher=Robert Laffont|year=2000|isbn=2-221-05690-6|author-link=Venceslas Kruta}}
• {{Cite book|last=Schumacher|first=Stefan|title=Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde|last2=Dietz|first2=Karlheinz|last3=Zanier|first3=Werner|publisher=De Gruyter|year=2007|isbn=978-3110187847|editor-last=Beck|editor-first=Heinrich|edition=2|volume=35|chapter=Vindeliker}}
• {{Cite book|last=Talbert|first=Richard J. A.|title=Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0691031699|author-link=Richard Talbert}}
• {{Cite journal|last=Waldherr|first=Gerhard H.|date=2006|title=Vindelici|journal=Brill's New Pauly|doi=10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e12204900}}
• {{Cite journal|last1=Wilkes|first1=John|last2=Drinkwater|first2=John Frederick|year=2015|title=Vindelici|journal=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.6814|isbn=978-0-19-938113-5}}

{{refend}}

{{Gallic peoples}}

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Category:Historical Celtic peoples

Category:Germany in the Roman era

Category:Gauls

Category:History of Bavaria

Category:Tribes conquered by Rome

Category:History of Swabia

Category:History of Augsburg