Vittarioideae

The subfamily includes two distinct groups of ferns: the adiantoids, consisting of the single genus Adiantum, and the vittarioids, several genera, including Vittaria, which typically have highly reduced leaves, usually entire, and an epiphytic habit. The ferns historically considered as Adiantum include both petrophilic and terrestrial plants. The vittarioid ferns are primarily epiphytic in tropical regions and all have simple leaves with sori that follow the veins and lack true indusia; the sori are most often marginal with a false indusium formed from the reflexed leaf margin. The family also includes a species, Vittaria appalachiana, that is highly unusual in that the sporophyte stage of the life cycle is absent. This species consists solely of photosynthetic gametophytes that reproduce asexually.{{cn|date=January 2023}}

Molecular phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the vittarioid ferns were nested within the genus Adiantum as it was originally circumscribed, making that genus paraphyletic. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family is treated as the subfamily Vittarioideae] of the family Pteridaceae.

The following diagram shows a likely phylogenetic relationship between the Vittarioideae and other subfamilies of the Pteridaceae.[http://www.pryerlab.net/publication/fichier1109.pdf Schuettpelz & Pryer (2008) "Fern phylogeny" in Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ed. Tom A. Ranker and Christopher H. Haufler. Cambridge University Press 2008[http://www.pryerlab.net/publication/fichier1047.pdf Schuettpelz et al. (2007)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820183832/http://www.pryerlab.net/publication/fichier1047.pdf |date=2008-08-20 }} Eric Schuettpelz, Harald Schneider, Layne Huiet, Michael D. Windham, Kathleen M. Pryer: "A molecular phylogeny of the fern family Pteridaceae: Assessing overall relationships and the affinities of previously unsampled genera." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 44 (2007) 1172–1185

{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:100%

|label1 = Pteridaceae

|1={{clade

|1=Cryptogrammoideae

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Parkerioideae (syn. Ceratopteridoideae)

|2=Pteridoideae}}

|2={{clade

|1=Cheilanthoideae

|2=Vittarioideae}}

}}

}}

}}

The first suprageneric classification based on Vittaria was made by Carl Borivoj Presl in 1836, who erected the tribe Vittariaceae to contain the genera Vittaria and Prosaptia, the latter now included in the grammitid ferns. He invented the new genus Haplopteris to accommodate another group of simple-leaved ferns separated from Pteris, but placed it in tribe Adiantaceae instead, due to the location of its sori just behind the leaf margin.{{cite book | last=Presl | first=Carl Borivoj | authorlink=Carl Borivoj Presl | title=Tentamen Pteridologiae | year=1836 | publisher=Filiorum Theophili Haase | location=Prague | pages=141, 164 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32643995}}

In his 1911 treatment of the tribe, Ralph Benedict adopted a circumscription similar to modern treatments, within which he recognized the genera Ananthacorus, Anetium, Antrophyum, Hecistopteris, Monogramma, Polytaenium, and Vittaria. He described Radiovittaria as a subgenus of Vittaria, subsumed Scoliosorus within Polytaenium as doubtfully worthy of subgeneric rank, while Rheopteris had not yet been discovered.{{cite journal | last=Benedict | first=Ralph C. | title=The genera of the fern tribe Vittarieae | journal=Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club | volume=38 | issue=4 | year=1911 | pages=153–190 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12617283| doi=10.2307/2479298 | jstor=2479298 | hdl=2027/nnc1.cu56099444 | hdl-access=free }} Haplopteris he explicitly synonymized with Vittaria in 1914.{{cite journal | last=Benedict | first=Ralph C. | title=A revision of the genus Vittaria J. E. Smith | journal=Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club | volume=41 | issue=8 | year=1914 | pages=391–410 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12697291| doi=10.2307/2479721 | jstor=2479721 }}

Carl Christensen used the name "Vittarioideae" in Verdoorn's Manual of Pteridology in 1938, but did not include a description, leaving it nomenclaturally invalid. Ren-Chang Ching raised Vittariaceae to the rank of a family in 1940.{{cite journal | last=Ching | first=Ren-Chang | title=On natural classification of the family Polypodiaceae | journal=Sunyatsenia | volume=5 | year=1940 | page=232}}

The first well-sampled molecular phylogenetic study of the vittarioids was based on the chloroplast gene rbcL. In this study, it was found that the type species of Monogramma is embedded in Haplopteris; the segregation of Vaginularia from Monogramma was also supported, as members of Vaginularia formed a clade sister to Rheopteris and distant from Monogramma sensu stricto.Bradley Ruhfel, Stuart Lindsay, and Charles C. Davis. 2008. "Phylogenetic Placement of Rheopteris and the Polyphyly of Monogramma (Pteridaceae s.l.): Evidence from rbcL Sequence Data". Systematic Botany 33(1):37-43, {{doi|10.1600/036364408783887410}} A later molecular phylogeny, published in 2016, established the genus Antrophyopsis (formerly a subgenus of Antrophyum) for three species placed in Scoliosorus but more distant from the type of that genus than Antrophyum. This treatment also sank Anetium into Polytaenium and Monogramma into Haplopteris.{{cite journal |last1=Schuettpelz |first1=Eric |last2=Chen |first2=Cheng-Wei |last3=Kessler |first3=Michael |last4=Pinson |first4=Jerald B. |last5=Johnson |first5=Gabriel |last6=Davila |first6=Alex |last7=Cochran |first7=Alyssa T. |last8=Huiet |first8=Layne |last9=Pryer |first9=Kathleen M. |title=A revised generic classification of vittarioid ferns (Pteridaceae) based on molecular, micromorphological, and geographic data |journal=Taxon |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=708–722 |date=August 2016 |doi=10.12705/654.2 |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/125839/1/Taxon_2016_708-722.pdf }} Since the name Monogramma has taxonomic priority over Haplopteris, a proposal to reject Monogramma in favor of Haplopteris has been put forth to conserve the name and comparatively stable circumscription of Haplopteris.{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Cheng Wei |last2=Schuettpelz |first2=Eric |last3=Lindsay |first3=Stuart |last4=Middleton |first4=David J.|title=Proposal to conserve the name Haplopteris against Monogramma (Pteridaceae)

|journal=Taxon |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=884–885 |date=August 2016|doi=10.12705/654.19 |doi-access=free }}

The following genera are recognized in the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I):

• Adiantum L.
• Ananthacorus Underw. & Maxon
• Antrophyopsis (Benedict) Schuettp.
• Antrophyum Kaulf.
• Haplopteris C.Presl
• Hecistopteris J.Sm.
• Polytaenium Desv.
• Radiovittaria (Benedict) E.H.Crane
• Rheopteris Alston
• Scoliosorus T.Moore
• Vaginularia Fée
• Vittaria Sm.

The following phylogeny for the currently recognized genera of the subfamily was presented by Schuettpelz et al.:

{{clade|style=line-height:100%

|label1 = Vittarioideae

|1={{clade

|1=Adiantum

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Rheopteris

|2=Vaginularia}}

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Hecistopteris

|2=Radiovittaria}}

|2=Haplopteris (including Monogramma s.s.)}}

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Antrophyopsis

|2=Antrophyum}}

|2={{clade

|1=Polytaenium

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Scoliosorus

|2=Ananthacorus}}

|2=Vittaria}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

{{Reflist|refs=

{{citation |mode=cs1|author=PPG I |year=2016 |title=A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=563–603 |doi=10.1111/jse.12229|doi-access=free }}

{{cite journal

|first1=Alan R. |last1=Smith |first2=Kathleen M. |last2=Pryer |first3=Eric |last3=Schuettpelz |first4=Petra |last4=Korall |first5=Harald |last5=Schneider |first6=Paul G. |last6=Wolf

|year=2006

|title=A classification for extant ferns

|journal=Taxon|volume=55|issue=3|pages=705–731 | doi = 10.2307/25065646

|url=http://www.pryerlab.net/publication/fichier749.pdf|jstor=25065646 }}

{{cite journal

|first1=Maarten J. M. |last1=Christenhusz |authorlink1=Maarten J. M. Christenhusz |first2=Xian-Chun |last2=Zhang |first3=Harald |last3=Schneider

|year=2011

|title=A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns

|journal=Phytotaxa|volume=19|pages=7–54

|url=http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2011/f/pt00019p054.pdf|doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2 }}

}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q5873935|from2=Q19387804|from3=Q3735428}}

Category:Pteridaceae

Category:Plant subfamilies