Voiced labial–palatal approximant

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɥ⟩ in IPA}}

{{for|consonants followed by superscript ᶣ|Labio-palatalization}}

{{Infobox IPA

|above=Voiced labial–palatal approximant

|ipa symbol=ɥ

|ipa number=171

|decimal1=613

|x-sampa=H

|kirshenbaum=j<rnd>

|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0265.svg

|imagesize=150px

|braille=256

|braille2=h

|soundfile = LL-Q150 (fra)-WikiLucas00-IPA ɥ.wav

}}{{Infobox IPA

| above = Non-syllabic close central rounded vowel

| ipa symbol = y̑

| ipa number =

| decimal1 =

| x-sampa =

| kirshenbaum =

| imagefile =

| imagesize =

| braille =

| braille2 =

| soundfile =

}}

The voiced labial–palatal (or labio-palatal) approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages, for example, French {{lang|fr|huitième}}, read as [ɥitjɛm]. It has two constrictions in the vocal tract: with the tongue on the palate, and rounded at the lips. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ɥ}}, a turned h, or occasionally {{angbr IPA|jʷ}}, which indicates {{IPAblink|j}} with a different kind of rounding.

The labial–palatal approximant can in many cases be considered the semivocalic equivalent of the close front rounded vowel {{IPA|[y]}}. They alternate with each other in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages, {{angbr IPA|ɥ}} and {{angbr IPA|y̑}} with the non-syllabic diacritic are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound. Sometimes,See e.g. {{Harvcoltxt|Mangold|2005|p=42}} {{angbr IPA|y̆}} is written in place of {{angbr IPA|y̑}}, even though the former symbol denotes an extra-short {{IPAblink|y}} in the official IPA.

Some languages, though, have a palatal approximant that is unspecified for rounding, and therefore cannot be considered the semivocalic equivalent of either {{IPA|[y]}} or its unrounded counterpart {{IPAblink|i}}. An example of such a language is Spanish, in which the labialized palatal approximant (not a semivowel) appears allophonically with rounded vowels in words such as ayuda {{IPA|[aˈʝ̞ʷuð̞a]}} 'help'. According to some sources, it is not correct to transcribe this with the symbol {{angbr IPA|ɥ}}, which has a different kind of rounding, or with {{angbr IPA|jʷ}}, which implies spread lips; the only suitable transcription is {{angbr IPA|ʝ̞ʷ}}.{{sfnp|Martínez Celdrán|2004|p=208}} See palatal approximant for more information.

There is also the labialized postpalatal approximantInstead of "post-palatal", it can be called "retracted palatal", "backed palatal", "palato-velar", "pre-velar", "advanced velar", "fronted velar" or "front-velar". For simplicity, this article uses only the term "post-palatal". in some languages, which is articulated slightly more back compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical labialized palatal approximant, though not as back as the prototypical labialized velar approximant. It can be considered the semivocalic equivalent of the close central rounded vowel {{IPA|[ʉ]}}. The International Phonetic Alphabet does not have a separate symbol for that sound, though it can be transcribed as {{angbr IPA|ɥ̄}} or {{angbr IPA|ɥ˗}} (both symbols denote a retracted {{angbr IPA|ɥ}}), {{angbr IPA|ɥ̈}} (centralized {{angbr IPA|ɥ}}), {{angbr IPA|w̟}} (advanced {{angbr IPA|w}}) or {{angbr IPA|ẅ}} (centralized {{angbr IPA|w}}). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbols are H_o, H_", w_+ and w_", respectively. Other possible transcriptions include a centralized and labialized {{angbr IPA|j}} ({{angbr IPA|j̈ʷ}} in the IPA, j_"_w in X-SAMPA) and a non-syllabic {{angbr IPA|ʉ}} ({{angbr IPA|ʉ̯}} in the IPA, }_^ in X-SAMPA).

Especially in broad transcription, the labialized postpalatal approximant may be transcribed as a palatalized and labialized velar approximant ({{angbr IPA|wʲ}} in the IPA, w' or w_j in X-SAMPA).

Compressed palatal approximant

The compressed palatal approximant is typically transcribed in IPA simply as {{angbr IPA|ɥ}}, and that is the convention used in this article. There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, the compression of the lips can be shown with the letter {{IPAalink|β̞}} as {{angbr IPA|j͡β̞}} (simultaneous {{IPA|[j]}} and labial compression) or {{angbr IPA|jᵝ}} ({{IPA|[j]}} modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic {{angbr IPA|  ͍ }} may also be used with a labialized approximant letter {{angbr IPA|ɥ͍}} as an ad hoc symbol, though technically 'spread' means unrounded.

The compressed post-palatal approximant can be transcribed simply as {{angbr IPA|ɥ̈}} (centralized {{IPA|[ɥ]}}), and that is the convention used in this article. Other possible transcriptions include {{angbr IPA|j̈ᵝ}} (centralized {{IPA|[j]}} modified with labial compression) and {{angbr IPA|ɥ͍̈}} (centralized {{IPA|[ɥ]}} with the spread-lip diacritic).

=Features=

Features of the compressed palatal approximant:

{{approximant}}

{{voiced}}

{{oral}}

{{central articulation}}

{{pulmonic}}

=Occurrence=

Because the labialized palatal approximant is assumed to have compression, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some examples in the table below may actually have protrusion.

class="wikitable"

! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes

colspan="2" | Abkhazауаҩы{{IPA|[awaˈɥə]}}'human'See Abkhaz phonology
BretonGwenedeg{{lang|br|ouilhad|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ɥiːʎɐt]}}'escapade'Realization of /w/ before front vowels.
rowspan="2" | ChineseMandarin{{lang|cmn-Hani|}} / {{lang|cmn-Latn|yuè}}{{IPA|[ɥe̹˥˩]}}'moon'See Mandarin phonology
Shanghainese{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|p=331}}{{lang|cmn-Hani|}} / yoq

|{{IPA|[ɥo̽ʔ˥]}}

'bath'Allophone of {{IPA|/j/}} before rounded vowels.{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|p=331}}
English

|Bay Islands{{sfnp|Graham|1997|p=164}}

|{{Lang|en|will}}

|{{IPA|[ɥɪl]}}

|'will'

|Allophone of {{IPA|/w/}} or {{IPA|/v/}} that only occurs before /i/ or /ɪ/. See Bay Islands English#Phonology.

colspan="2" | French{{lang|fr|nuire}}{{Audio-IPA|Fr-nuire.ogg|[nɥiʁ]}}'to harm'Merges with {{IPA|/w/}} or {{IPA|/y/}} in Belgian French. See French phonology
colspan="2" | Iaaivëk{{IPA|[ɥæk]}}'four'Contrasts with the voiceless {{IPA|/ɥ̊/}}.
Kham{{sfnp|Wilde|2016}}

|Gamale Kham

|{{Lang|kgj|व़े}}

|{{IPA|[ɥe]}}

|'husband'

|

KoreanGyeonggi{{lang|ko-Hang|쉬엄쉬엄}} / {{lang|ko-Latn|swieomswieom}}{{IPA|[ɕɥiʌmɕɥiʌm]}}'Take it easy'Only occurs before {{IPA|/i/}}. See Korean phonology
colspan="2" | Kurdish{{lang|ku|düa}}{{IPA|[dʉːɥɑː]}}'back'See Kurdish phonology
NorwegianUrban East{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|p=35}}{{lang|no|dualisme}}{{IPA|[dʉ̞ɥ̈ɑˈlɪ̟smə]}}'dualism'Post-palatal; appears prevocalically after the compressed close vowels {{IPA|/ʉ, ʉː/}}.{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|p=35}} May be transcribed with {{angbr IPA|w̟}} or simply {{angbr IPA|w}}. See Norwegian phonology
colspan="2" | Shipibo{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=283}}{{example needed|date=January 2016}}Allophone of {{IPA|/w/}} before {{IPA|/i, ĩ/}}. Only lightly labialized.{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=283}}
colspan="2" | Occitan{{lang|oc|nuèch}}{{IPA|[ˈnɥɛtʃ]}}'night'See Occitan phonology
SwedishCentral Standard{{lang|sv|ful}}{{Audio-IPA|Sv-ful.ogg|[fʉ̟ɥl]}}'ugly'Non-syllabic element of the common diphthongal realization of {{IPA|/ʉː/}} ({{IPA|[ʉ̟ɥ]}}); can be a fricative instead. Palatal in the Central Standard variety, post-palatal in some other varieties. See Swedish phonology
colspan="2" | Upper Sorbian{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|pp=36–37, 41, 46}}{{lang|hsb|wěm}}{{IPA|[ɥɪm]}}'I know'Soft counterpart of {{IPAslink|β̞|w}}.{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|pp=36–37, 41, 46}}
rowspan="2" | XumiLower{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|2013|p=368}}colspan=2 align=center | {{IPA|[dʑɥɛ˩˥]}}'fang'rowspan=2 | Allophone of {{IPA|/w/}} when preceded by an (alveolo-)palatal initial and/or followed by one of the front vowels {{IPA|/i, e, ɛ/}} (in Upper Xumi also {{IPA|/ĩ/}}).{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|2013|p=368}}{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|Kocjančič Antolík|2013|p=387}}
Upper{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|Kocjančič Antolík|2013|p=387}}colspan=2 align=center | {{IPA|[dɥe˩˥]}}'to ask'

Protruded palatal approximant

{{Infobox IPA

|above = Protruded palatal approximant

|ipa symbol = ɥ̫

|ipa symbol2 = ɥʷ

|ipa symbol3 = jʷ

}}

As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, an old diacritic for labialization, {{angbr IPA|  ̫}}, will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for the protruded palatal approximant. Another possible transcription is {{angbr IPA|ɥʷ}} or {{angbr IPA|jʷ}} (a palatal approximant modified by endolabialization).

Acoustically, this sound is "between" the more typical compressed palatal approximant {{IPA|[ɥ]}} and the non-labialized palatal approximant {{IPAblink|j}}.

=Features=

Features of the protruded palatal approximant:

{{approximant}}

{{voiced}}

{{oral}}

{{central articulation}}

{{pulmonic}}

=Occurrence=

class="wikitable"

! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes

NorwegianUrban East{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|p=35}}{{lang|no|cyanid}}{{nowrap|{{IPA|[sʏ̫ɥ̫ɑˈniːd]}}}}'cyanide'Appears prevocalically after the protruded close vowels {{IPA|/ʏ, yː/}}.{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|p=35}} See Norwegian phonology
colspan="2" | Spanish{{lang|es|ayuda}}{{IPA|[äˈʝ̞ʷuð̞ä]}}'help'Approximant consonant; lenited allophone of {{IPA|/ɟ͡ʝ/}} before and between rounded vowels. May be a fricative {{IPA|[ʝʷ]}} in emphatic speech. See Spanish phonology

Notes

{{Reflist}}

References

{{Refbegin}}

  • {{Citation

|last1=Chen

|first1=Yiya

|last2=Gussenhoven

|first2=Carlos

|year=2015

|title=Shanghai Chinese

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=45

|issue=3

|pages=321–327

|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287375585

|doi=10.1017/S0025100315000043

|doi-access=free

}}

  • {{Citation

|last1=Chirkova

|first1=Katia

|last2=Chen

|first2=Yiya

|year=2013

|title=Xumi, Part 1: Lower Xumi, the Variety of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Shuiluo River

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=43

|issue=3

|pages=363–379

|doi=10.1017/S0025100313000157

|doi-access=free

}}

  • {{Citation

|last1=Chirkova

|first1=Katia

|last2=Chen

|first2=Yiya

|last3=Kocjančič Antolík

|first3=Tanja

|year=2013

|title=Xumi, Part 2: Upper Xumi, the Variety of the Upper Reaches of the Shuiluo River

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=43

|issue=3

|pages=381–396

|doi=10.1017/S0025100313000169

|doi-access=free

}}

  • {{Citation

|last=Graham

|first=William

|year=1997

|title=Bay Islands English: Linguistic Contact and Convergence in the Western Caribbean

|publisher=University of Florida

|url=https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/AA/00/03/18/23/00001/bayislandsenglis00grah.pdf

}}

  • {{Citation

|last=Kristoffersen

|first=Gjert

|author-link=Gjert Kristoffersen

|year=2000

|title=The Phonology of Norwegian

|publisher=Oxford University Press

|isbn=978-0-19-823765-5

}}

  • {{Citation

|last=Mangold

|first=Max

|author-link=Max Mangold

|year=2005

|orig-year=1962

|title=Das Aussprachewörterbuch

|edition=6th

|place=Mannheim

|publisher=Dudenverlag

|isbn=978-3-411-04066-7

}}

  • {{Citation

|last=Martínez Celdrán

|first=Eugenio

|year=2004

|title=Problems in the Classification of Approximants

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=34

|issue=2

|pages=201–210

|doi=10.1017/S0025100304001732

|s2cid=144568679

|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231180567

}}

  • {{Citation

|last=Šewc-Schuster

|first=Hinc

|year=1984

|title=Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče

|place=Budyšin

|publisher=Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina

}}

  • {{Citation

|last1=Valenzuela

|first1=Pilar M.

|last2=Márquez Pinedo

|first2=Luis

|last3=Maddieson

|first3=Ian

|year=2001

|title=Shipibo

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=31

|issue=2

|pages=281–285

|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40852342

|doi=10.1017/S0025100301002109

|doi-access=free

}}

  • {{citation

|last=Wilde

|first=Christopher P.

|year=2016

|title=Gamale Kham phonology revisited, with Devanagari-based orthography and lexicon

|url=https://hdl.handle.net/1885/109195

|journal=Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society

|issue=9

|pages=130–199

|hdl=1885/109195

|hdl-access=free

}}

{{Refend}}