Voiceless glottal fricative

{{Short description|Consonantal sound represented by ⟨h⟩ in IPA}}

{{For|consonants followed by the superscript ʰ|Aspirated consonant}}

{{Infobox IPA

|above=Voiceless glottal fricative

|ipa symbol=h

|ipa symbol2=h͈

|ipa number=146

|decimal1=104

|x-sampa=h

|braille=h

|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0068.svg

}}

{{Infobox IPA

||above=Voiceless glottal phonation

|ipa symbol=h

|braille=h

|sound=no

|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x0068.svg

}}

The voiceless glottal fricative, sometimes called voiceless glottal transition or the aspirate,{{Harvcoltxt|Smyth|1920|loc=[http://www.ccel.org/s/smyth/grammar/html/smyth_1a_uni.htm#16 §16]: description of stops and h}}{{Harvcoltxt|Wright|Wright|1925|loc=§7h: initial h}} is a type of sound used in some spoken languages that patterns like a fricative or approximant consonant phonologically, but often lacks the usual phonetic characteristics of a consonant. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|h}}. However, {{IPA|[h]}} has been described as a voiceless phonation because in many languages, it lacks the place and manner of articulation of a prototypical consonant, as well as the height and backness of a prototypical vowel:

{{Blockquote|[{{IPA|h}} and {{IPA|ɦ}}] have been described as voiceless or breathy voiced counterparts of the vowels that follow them [but] the shape of the vocal tract [...] is often simply that of the surrounding sounds. [...] Accordingly, in such cases it is more appropriate to regard {{IPA|h}} and {{IPA|ɦ}} as segments that have only a laryngeal specification, and are unmarked for all other features. There are other languages [such as Hebrew and Arabic] which show a more definite displacement of the formant frequencies for {{IPA|h}}, suggesting it has a [glottal] constriction associated with its production.{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|pp=325–326}}}}

An effort undertaken at the Kiel Convention in 1989 attempted to move glottal fricatives, both voiceless and voiced, to approximants.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|1990|p=24–25}}{{sfnp| Garellek|Yuan|Yaqian|van Doren|2021}} The fricative may be represented with the extIPA diacritic for strong articulation, {{angbr IPA|h͈}}.

The Shanghainese language, among others, contrasts voiced and voiceless glottal fricatives.Qian 2003, pp.14-16.

Features

Features of the "voiceless glottal fricative":

  • In some languages, it has the constricted manner of articulation of a fricative. However, in many if not most it is a transitional state of the glottis or an approximant, with no manner of articulation other than its phonation type. Because there is no other constriction to produce friction in the vocal tract in the languages they are familiar with, many phoneticians{{who|date=June 2013}} no longer consider {{IPA|[h]}} to be a fricative. However, the term "fricative" is generally retained for historical reasons.
  • It may have a glottal place of articulation. However, it may have no fricative articulation, in which case the term 'glottal' only refers to the nature of its phonation, and does not describe the location of the stricture nor the turbulence. All consonants except for the glottals, and all vowels, have an individual place of articulation in addition to the state of the glottis. As with all other consonants, surrounding vowels influence the pronunciation {{IPA|[h]}}, and {{IPA|[h]}} has sometimes been presented as a voiceless vowel, having the place of articulation of these surrounding vowels.

{{voiceless}}

{{oral}}

{{central–lateral}}

{{pulmonic}}

Occurrence

= Fricative or transition =

class="wikitable"

! colspan="2"|Language !! Word !! IPA!! Meaning !! Notes

AdygheShapsug{{lang|ady-Cyrl|хыгь}}/khyg'{{IPA|[həɡʲ]}}'now'Corresponds to {{IPA|[x]}} in other dialects.
colspan="2" |Afar

|daháb

|[dʌhʌb]

|'gold'

|

colspan="2" | Albanian{{lang|sq|hire|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ˈhiɾɛ]}}{{fix|text=stress?|date=September 2015}}'the graces'
colspan="2" |Aleut

|hanix̂

|{{IPA|[ˈhaniχ]}}

|'lake'

|

ArabicModern Standard{{Harvcoltxt|Thelwall|1990|p=38}}{{lang|ar|هائل|rtl=yes}}/haa'il{{IPA|[ˈhaːʔɪl]}}'enormous'See Arabic phonology
rowspan="2" | Assyrian|Easternܗܝܡܢܘܬܐ hèmanūta{{IPA|[heːmaːnuːta]}}'faith'
Westernܗܪܟܗ harcë{{IPA|[hεrcɪ]}}'here'
ArmenianEastern{{Harvcoltxt|Dum-Tragut|2009|p=13}}{{lang|hy|հայերեն}}/hayeren{{Audio-IPA|hɑjɛɾɛn.ogg|[hɑjɛɾɛn]}}'Armenian language'
rowspan="3" | Asturian

|South-central dialects

|uerza

{{IPA|[ˈhweɾθɐ]}}'force'F- becomes [h] before -ue/-ui in south-central dialects. May be also realized as [ħ, ʕ, ɦ, x, χ]
Eastern dialects

|acer

|[haˈθeɾ]

|"to do"

|F- becomes [h] in oriental dialects. May be also realized as [ħ, ʕ, ɦ, x, χ]

All dialects

|[[Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese|guae

ispiar]]

|[ˈgwahɪ]

[hisˈpjaɾ]

|"kid"

"to steal small quantities of something"

|Some words use ḥ in all dialects.

colspan="2" | Avar{{lang|av-Cyrl|гьа}}{{IPA|[ha]}}'oath'
colspan="2" | Azeri

| hin

| {{IPA|[hɪn]}}

'chicken coop'
colspain="2" | BasqueNorth-Eastern dialects{{Harvcoltxt|Hualde|Ortiz de Urbina|2003|p=24}}{{lang|eu|hirur|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[hiɾur]}}'three'Can be voiced {{IPAblink|ɦ}} instead.
colspan="2" | Bengali{{lang|bn|হাওয়া}}/haoua{{IPA|[hao̯a]}}'wind'
colspan="2" | Berber{{lang|ber-Latn|aherkus|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ahərkus]}}'shoe'
colspan="2" | Blackfoot{{cite web|url=http://www.native-languages.org/blackfoot_guide.htm|title=Blackfoot Pronunciation and Spelling Guide|work=Native-Languages.org|access-date=2007-04-10}}{{lang|bla|ᑊᖳᐡᖹᖳ}} / {{Transliteration|bla|hánnia!}}

{{lang|bla|ᑊᖳᐡ}} / {{Transliteration|bla|hann?}}

|{{IPA|[hʌ́nːɪa]}}

{{IPA|[hʌnː]}}

|'really!'

'Finished?'

Allophone of /x/ when it occurs beginning of a word.
colspan="2" |Cantabrian

|muer

|[muˈheɾ]

|'woman'

|F- becomes [h]. In most dialects, -LJ- and -C'L- too. May be also realized as {{IPA|[ħ, ʕ, ɦ, x, χ]}}.

colspan="2" | Catalan{{lang|ca|ehem|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[eˈhẽm]}}'ha!'Found in loanwords and interjections. See Catalan phonology
colspan="2" | Chechen{{lang|ce-Cyrl|хӏара}} / {{lang|ce-Latn|hara}}{{IPA|[hɑrɐ]}}'this'
rowspan="2" | ChineseCantonese{{lang|yue-Hani|}} / {{lang|yue-Latn|hói}}{{Audio-IPA|Yue-hoi2.ogg|[hɔːi̯˧˥]|help=no}}rowspan=2| 'sea'See Cantonese phonology
Taiwanese Mandarin{{lang|cmn-Hani|}} / {{lang|cmn-Latn|hǎi}}{{IPA|[haɪ̯˨˩˦]}}A velar fricative {{IPAblink|x}} for Standard Chinese. See Standard Chinese phonology
colspan=2| Danish{{Harvcoltxt|Grønnum|2005|p=125}}{{lang|da|hus|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ˈhuːˀs]}}'house'Often voiced {{IPAblink|ɦ}} when between vowels. See Danish phonology
colspan="2" | Englishhigh{{IPA|[haɪ̯]}}'high'See English phonology and H-dropping
colspan="2"| Esperanto{{lang|eo|hejmo|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ˈhejmo]}}'home'See Esperanto phonology
Eastern LombardVal Camonica{{lang|lmo|Bresa}}{{IPA|[ˈbrɛha]}}'Brescia'Corresponds to /s/ in other varieties.
colspan="2" | Estonian{{lang|et|hammas|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ˈhɑmˑɑs]}}'tooth'See Estonian phonology
colspan="2" | Faroese{{lang|fo|hon|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[hoːn]}}'she'
colspan="2" | Finnish{{lang|fi|hammas|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ˈhɑmːɑs]}}'tooth'See Finnish phonology
FrenchBelgian{{lang|fr|hotte|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[hɔt]}}'pannier'Found in the region of Liège. See French phonology
Galician

|Occidental, central, and some oriental dialects

|gato

|[ˈhätʊ]

|'cat'

|Realization of [g] in some dialects. May be also realized as {{IPA|[ɦ, ʕ, x, χ, ʁ, ɡʰ]}}. See gheada.

colspan="2" | Georgian{{Harvcoltxt|Shosted|Chikovani|2006|p=255}}{{lang|ka|ავა}}/hava{{IPA|[hɑvɑ]}}'climate'
colspan="2" | German{{Harvcoltxt|Kohler|1999|pp=86–87}}{{lang|de|Hass|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[has]}}'hatred'See Standard German phonology
GreekCypriot{{Harvcoltxt|Arvaniti|1999|p=175}}{{lang|el|μαχαζί}}/mahazi{{IPA|[mahaˈzi]}}'shop'Allophone of {{IPA|/x/}} before {{IPA|/a/}}.
colspan="2" | Hawaiian{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|2005|p=139}}{{lang|haw|haka|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ˈhɐkə]}}'shelf'See Hawaiian phonology
colspan="2" | Hebrew{{lang|he|הַר|rtl=yes}}/har{{IPA|[häʁ̞]}}'mountain'See Modern Hebrew phonology
HindiStandard{{lang|hi|हम}}/ham{{IPA|[ˈhəm]}}'we'See Hindustani phonology
colspan="2" | Hmong{{script|Hmng|𖬎𖬰𖬟}} / {{lang|hmn|hawm|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[haɨ˨˩]}}'to honor'
colspan="2" | Hungarian{{lang|hu|helyes|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ˈhɛjɛʃ]}}'right'See Hungarian phonology
colspan="2" | Irishshroich{{IPA|[hɾˠɪç]}}'reached'Appears as the lenited form of 'f', 's' and 't', as well as grammatical pre-aspiration of vowels, & occasionally word-initial as 'h' in borrowed words. See Irish phonology.
ItalianTuscan{{Harvcoltxt|Hall|1944|p=75}}{{lang|it|i capitani|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[iˌhäɸiˈθäːni]}}'the captains'Intervocalic allophone of {{IPA|/k/}}. See Italian phonology
colspan="2" | Japanese{{lang|ja|すはだ}} / {{lang|ja-Latn|suhada|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[sɨᵝhada]}}'bare skin'See Japanese phonology
colspan=2| Javaneseꦩꦲ/Maha{{IPA|[mɔhɔ]}}The expert, Almighty one
colspan="2" | Kabardian{{lang|kbd-Cyrl|тхылъхэ}}/ tkhyl"khė{{IPA|[tχɪɬhɑ]}}'books'
colspan="2" | Kazakhшаһар / şahar{{IPA|[ʃahɑr]}}'city'
colspan="2" | Khmer{{lang|km|ហឹរ}} / {{Transliteration|km|hœ̆r}}
{{lang|km|ចាស់}} / {{Transliteration|km|chăs}}
{{IPA|[hər]}}
{{IPA|[cah]}}
'spicy'
'old'
See Khmer phonology
colspan="2" | Korean{{lang|ko|허리}} / {{lang|ko-Latn|heori|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[hʌɾi]}}'waist'See Korean phonology
colspan="2" | Lakota{{lang|lkt|ho|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ho]}}'voice'
colspan="2" | Lao{{lang|lo|ຫ້າ}}/haa{{IPA|[haː˧˩]}}'five'
colspan="2" | Leonese{{lang|ast|guaje|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ˈwahe̞]}}'boy'
colspan="2" | Lezgian{{lang|lez-Cyrl|гьек}}/hek{{IPA|[hek]}}'glue'
colspan="2" | Luxembourgish{{Harvcoltxt|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|pp=67–68}}{{lang|lb|hei|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[hɑ̝ɪ̯]}}'here'See Luxembourgish phonology
colspan="2" | Malay{{lang|ms|hari|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[hari]}}'day'
colspan="2" | Mutsun{{lang|css|hučekniš|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[hut͡ʃɛkniʃ]}}'dog'
colspan="2" | Navajo{{lang|nv-Latn|hastiin}}{{IPA|[hàsd̥ìːn]}}'mister'
colspan="2" | Norwegian{{lang|no|hatt|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[hɑtː]}}'hat'See Norwegian phonology
colspan="2" | Pashto{{lang|ps|هو|rtl=yes}}/ho{{IPA|[ho]}}'yes'
colspan="2" | Persian{{lang|fa|هفت|rtl=yes}}/haft{{IPA|[hæft]}}'seven'See Persian phonology
colspan="2" | Pirahã{{lang|myp-Latn|hi|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[hì]}}'he'
rowspan="4" | PortugueseMany Brazilian dialects{{Harvcoltxt|Barbosa|Albano|2004|pp=5–6}}{{lang|pt-BR|marreta|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[maˈhetɐ]}}'sledgehammer'rowspan=2 | Allophone of {{IPA|/ʁ/}}. {{IPA|[h, ɦ]}} are marginal sounds to many speakers, particularly out of Brazil. See Portuguese phonology.
Most dialects{{lang|pt|Honda|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ˈhõ̞dɐ]}}'Honda'
Minas Gerais (mountain dialect){{lang|pt|arte|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ˈahtʃ]}}'art'
Colloquial Brazilian (some dialects){{in lang|pt}} [http://www.ufpa.br/alipa/realato_arlon1.htm Pará Federal University – The pronunciation of /s/ and its variations across Bragança municipality's Portuguese] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707081516/http://www.ufpa.br/alipa/realato_arlon1.htm |date=2013-07-07 }}{{in lang|pt}} [http://www.letras.ufrj.br/posverna/mestrado/SantosDR.pdf Rio de Janeiro Federal University – The variation of post-vocallic /S/ in the speech of Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215182241/http://www.letras.ufrj.br/posverna/mestrado/SantosDR.pdf |date=2017-12-15 }}{{lang|pt-BR|chuvisco}}{{IPA|[ɕuˈvihku]}}'drizzle'Corresponds to either {{IPA|/s/}} or {{IPA|/ʃ/}} (depending on dialect) in the syllable coda. Might also be deleted.
Quechua

|Standard

|hatun

| {{IPA|[hatuŋ]}}

|'big'

|The elderly still maintain the pronunciation of {{IPA|/h/}}, but the young changed the pronunciation to {{IPA|/x/}}.

See Quechuan phonology

colspan="2" | Romanian{{lang|ro|hăț|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[həts]}}'bridle'See Romanian phonology
colspan="2" | Scottish Gaelic{{lang|gd|ro-sheòl}}{{IPA|gd|ɾɔˈhɔːɫ
}||'topsail'{{cite web |title=ro-sheòl |url=https://www.faclair.com/ViewEntry.aspx?ID=DBF5C892A8B9DE086B55C93DDA51B77B |website=www.faclair.com |access-date=1 April 2021}}|| Lenited form of /t/, /s/, see Scottish Gaelic phonology

|-

| Serbo-Croatian || Croatian{{Harvcoltxt|Landau|Lončarić|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=68}} || {{lang|sh-Latn|hmelj}} || {{IPA|[hmê̞ʎ̟]}} || 'hops' || Allophone of {{IPA|/x/}} when it is initial in a consonant cluster. See Serbo-Croatian phonology

|-

| rowspan="3" | Spanish{{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=258}} || Andalusian, Canarian, and Extremaduran Spanish || {{lang|es|higo|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈhiɣo̞]}} || 'fig' || Corresponds to Old Spanish /h/, which was developed from Latin /f/ but muted in other dialects.

|-

| Many dialects || {{lang|es|obispo|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[o̞ˈβ̞ihpo̞]}} || 'bishop' || Allophone of {{IPA|/s/}} at the end of a syllable. See Spanish phonology

|-

| Some dialects || {{lang|es|jaca|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈhaka]}} || 'pony' || Corresponds to {{IPA|/x/}} in other dialects.

|-

| colspan="2" | Swedish|| {{lang|se|hatt|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈhatː]}} || 'hat' || See Swedish phonology

|-

| colspan="2" | Sylheti || {{lang|syl|ꠢꠣꠝꠥꠇ}}/hamukh ||{{IPA|[hamux]}} || 'snail' ||

|-

| colspan="2" | Tagalog || {{lang|tl|tahimik}} || {{IPA|[tɐˈhimɪk]}} || 'quiet' || See Tagalog phonology

|-

| colspan="2" | Tatar || {{lang|tt|һава/hawa|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[hawa]}} || 'air' || See Tatar phonology

|-

| colspan="2" | Telugu || {{lang|te|అంతఃపురం}} || {{IPA|[ant̪ahpuram]}} || 'Women's quarters'/ 'Harem' || See Visarga

|-

| colspan="2" | Thai || {{lang|th|ห้า}}/haa ||{{IPA|[haː˥˩]}}|| 'five'||

|-

| colspan="2" | Turkish || {{lang|tr|halı}} || {{IPA|[häˈɫɯ]}}|| 'carpet'|| See Turkish phonology

|-

| colspan="2" | Ubykh || align="center" | дуаха

|[dwaha]|| 'prayer' || See Ubykh phonology

|-

| colspan="2" | Ukrainian|| {{lang|uk|кігті}} || {{IPA|[ˈkiht⁽ʲ⁾i]}}|| 'claws' || Sometimes when {{IPAblink|ɦ}} is devoiced. See Ukrainian phonology.

|-

| Urdu ||Standard || {{lang|ur|ہم|rtl=yes}}/ham ||{{IPA|[ˈhəm]}} || 'we' || See Hindi-Urdu phonology

|-

| colspan="2" | Vietnamese{{Harvcoltxt|Thompson|1959|pp=458–461}}|| {{lang|vi|hiểu|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[hjew˧˩˧]}} || 'understand' || See Vietnamese phonology

|-

| colspan="2" | Welsh || {{lang|cy|haul|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈhaɨl]}} || 'sun' || See Welsh orthography

|-

| colspan="2" | West Frisian|| {{lang|fy|hoeke|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈhukə]}}|| 'corner'||

|-

| colspan="2" | Yi ||{{lang|ii-Yiii|}} / {{lang|ii|hxa|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ha˧]}}|| 'hundred'||

|}

See also

Notes

{{Reflist|3}}

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|last2=Wright

|first2=Elizabeth Mary

|date=1925

|title=Old English Grammar

|publisher=Oxford University Press

|edition=3rd

}}

{{Refend}}