Voiceless glottal fricative

Features of the "voiceless glottal fricative":

• In some languages, it has the constricted manner of articulation of a fricative. However, in many if not most it is a transitional state of the glottis or an approximant, with no manner of articulation other than its phonation type. Because there is no other constriction to produce friction in the vocal tract in the languages they are familiar with, many phoneticians{{who|date=June 2013}} no longer consider {{IPA|[h]}} to be a fricative. However, the term "fricative" is generally retained for historical reasons.
• It may have a glottal place of articulation. However, it may have no fricative articulation, in which case the term 'glottal' only refers to the nature of its phonation, and does not describe the location of the stricture nor the turbulence. All consonants except for the glottals, and all vowels, have an individual place of articulation in addition to the state of the glottis. As with all other consonants, surrounding vowels influence the pronunciation {{IPA|[h]}}, and {{IPA|[h]}} has sometimes been presented as a voiceless vowel, having the place of articulation of these surrounding vowels.

{{voiceless}}

{{oral}}

{{central–lateral}}

{{pulmonic}}

|-

| Serbo-Croatian || Croatian{{Harvcoltxt|Landau|Lončarić|Horga|Škarić|1999|p=68}} || {{lang|sh-Latn|hmelj}} || {{IPA|[hmê̞ʎ̟]}} || 'hops' || Allophone of {{IPA|/x/}} when it is initial in a consonant cluster. See Serbo-Croatian phonology

|-

| rowspan="3" | Spanish{{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=258}} || Andalusian, Canarian, and Extremaduran Spanish || {{lang|es|higo|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈhiɣo̞]}} || 'fig' || Corresponds to Old Spanish /h/, which was developed from Latin /f/ but muted in other dialects.

|-

| Many dialects || {{lang|es|obispo|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[o̞ˈβ̞ihpo̞]}} || 'bishop' || Allophone of {{IPA|/s/}} at the end of a syllable. See Spanish phonology

|-

| Some dialects || {{lang|es|jaca|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈhaka]}} || 'pony' || Corresponds to {{IPA|/x/}} in other dialects.

|-

| colspan="2" | Swedish|| {{lang|se|hatt|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈhatː]}} || 'hat' || See Swedish phonology

|-

| colspan="2" | Sylheti || {{lang|syl|ꠢꠣꠝꠥꠇ}}/hamukh ||{{IPA|[hamux]}} || 'snail' ||

|-

| colspan="2" | Tagalog || {{lang|tl|tahimik}} || {{IPA|[tɐˈhimɪk]}} || 'quiet' || See Tagalog phonology

|-

| colspan="2" | Tatar || {{lang|tt|һава/hawa|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[hawa]}} || 'air' || See Tatar phonology

|-

| colspan="2" | Telugu || {{lang|te|అంతఃపురం}} || {{IPA|[ant̪ahpuram]}} || 'Women's quarters'/ 'Harem' || See Visarga

|-

| colspan="2" | Thai || {{lang|th|ห้า}}/haa ||{{IPA|[haː˥˩]}}|| 'five'||

|-

| colspan="2" | Turkish || {{lang|tr|halı}} || {{IPA|[häˈɫɯ]}}|| 'carpet'|| See Turkish phonology

|-

| colspan="2" | Ubykh || align="center" | дуаха

|[dwaha]|| 'prayer' || See Ubykh phonology

|-

| colspan="2" | Ukrainian|| {{lang|uk|кігті}} || {{IPA|[ˈkiht⁽ʲ⁾i]}}|| 'claws' || Sometimes when {{IPAblink|ɦ}} is devoiced. See Ukrainian phonology.

|-

| Urdu ||Standard || {{lang|ur|ہم|rtl=yes}}/ham ||{{IPA|[ˈhəm]}} || 'we' || See Hindi-Urdu phonology

|-

| colspan="2" | Vietnamese{{Harvcoltxt|Thompson|1959|pp=458–461}}|| {{lang|vi|hiểu|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[hjew˧˩˧]}} || 'understand' || See Vietnamese phonology

|-

| colspan="2" | Welsh || {{lang|cy|haul|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈhaɨl]}} || 'sun' || See Welsh orthography

|-

| colspan="2" | West Frisian|| {{lang|fy|hoeke|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈhukə]}}|| 'corner'||

|-

| colspan="2" | Yi ||{{lang|ii-Yiii|ꉐ}} / {{lang|ii|hxa|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ha˧]}}|| 'hundred'||

|}

• Voiced glottal fricative
• Voiceless nasal glottal fricative
• Index of phonetics articles

{{Reflist|3}}

{{Refbegin|2}}

• {{citation

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|first = Amalia

|year = 1999

|title = Cypriot Greek

|journal = Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume = 29

|issue = 2

|pages = 173–178

|url = http://idiom.ucsd.edu/~arvaniti/Arvaniti.JIPA_CY.pdf

|doi = 10.1017/S002510030000654X

|s2cid = 163926812

}}

• {{citation

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|first1=Plínio A.

|last2=Albano

|first2=Eleonora C.

|year= 2004

|title=Brazilian Portuguese

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=34

|issue=2

|pages=227–232

|doi=10.1017/S0025100304001756

|doi-access=free

}}

• {{citation

|last=Dum-Tragut

|first=Jasmine

|year=2009

|title=Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian

|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company

|place=Amsterdam

}}

• {{citation

|last1=Gilles

|first1=Peter

|last2=Trouvain

|first2=Jürgen

|year=2013

|title=Luxembourgish

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=43

|issue=1

|pages=67–74

|doi=10.1017/S0025100312000278

|doi-access=free

}}

• {{citation

|last=Grønnum

|first=Nina

|year=2005

|title=Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk

|edition=3rd

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|place=Copenhagen

|isbn=87-500-3865-6

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RtCAgAAQBAJ

}}

• {{cite journal

|last=Hall

|first=Robert A. Jr.

|year=1944

|title=Italian phonemes and orthography

|journal=Italica

|volume=21

|issue=2

|pages=72–82

|doi=10.2307/475860

|jstor=475860

|publisher=American Association of Teachers of Italian

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• {{citation

|editor-last=Hualde

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|editor2-last=Ortiz de Urbina

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|title=A grammar of Basque

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• {{citation

|last = Kohler

|first = Klaus

|year= 1999

|chapter=German

|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|pages=86–89

|isbn=0-521-63751-1

}}

• {{Citation

|last=Ladefoged

|first=Peter

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|year=2005

|title=Vowels and Consonants

|edition=Second

|publisher=Blackwell

}}

• {{SOWL}}
• {{citation

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|last3=Horga

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|last4=Škarić

|first4=Ivo

|year=1999

|chapter=Croatian

|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet

|place=Cambridge

|publisher=Cambridge University Press

|isbn=0-521-65236-7

|pages=66–69

}}

• {{citation

|last = Laufer

|first = Asher

|year= 1991

|title=Phonetic Representation: Glottal Fricatives

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=21

|issue=2

|pages=91–93

|doi=10.1017/S0025100300004448

|s2cid = 145231104

}}

• {{citation

|last1 = Martínez-Celdrán

|first1= Eugenio

|last2 = Fernández-Planas

|first2= Ana Ma

|last3 = Carrera-Sabaté

|first3 = Josefina

|year= 2003

|title=Castilian Spanish

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=33

|issue=2

|pages=255–259

|doi = 10.1017/S0025100303001373

|doi-access= free

}}

• {{citation

|last1=Shosted

|first1=Ryan K.

|last2=Chikovani

|first2=Vakhtang

|year=2006

|title=Standard Georgian

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=36

|issue=2

|pages=255–264

|doi=10.1017/S0025100306002659

|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/A7DCF9606BA856FCA5CC25918ADB37EF/S0025100306002659a.pdf/standard_georgian.pdf

|doi-access=free

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• {{cite book

|last=Smyth

|first=Herbert Weir

|date=1920

|title=A Greek Grammar for Colleges

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|publisher=American Book Company

|via=CCEL

|access-date=1 January 2014

}}

• {{citation

|last = Thelwall

|first= Robin

|year= 1990

|title= Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=20

|issue=2

|pages=37–41

|doi=10.1017/S0025100300004266

|s2cid= 243640727

}}

• {{citation

|last=Thompson

|first=Laurence

|year=1959

|title=Saigon phonemics

|journal=Language

|volume=35

|issue=3

|pages=454–476

|doi=10.2307/411232

|jstor=411232

}}

• {{cite book

|last1=Wright

|first1=Joseph

|last2=Wright

|first2=Elizabeth Mary

|date=1925

|title=Old English Grammar

|publisher=Oxford University Press

|edition=3rd

}}

{{Refend}}

• {{phoible|h}}

{{IPA navigation}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Glottal consonants

Category:Approximant-fricative consonants

Category:Pulmonic consonants

Category:Voiceless oral consonants

Category:Voiceless approximants