Wolfsangel

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| image1 = Villa Arnesburg Wolfsangel 02.JPG

| caption1 = 8th century wolf hook from the Carolingian era Villa Arnesburg, in Lich, Germany{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/40997203 |author=Christoph Röder |title=Vier karolingerzeitliche Grubenhäuser bei der Junkermühle, Stadt Münzenberg |journal=hessenARCHÄOLOGIE am |year=2014}}

| image2 = Wolfsangel (Wolfsjagd).jpg

| caption2 = Reconstruction of a wolf hook (Z-shape) chained to a wolf anchor (crescent bar)

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The {{lang|de|Wolfsangel}} was a medieval European wolf hunting tool where the hook was concealed inside a chunk of meat that would impale any unsuspecting wolf gulping the meat in one movement.

The tool was developed by attaching the hook via a chain or rope to a larger bar (often with a double crescent or half-moon shape per photo opposite) lodged between the overhanging branches of a tree. This would encourage the wolf to jump up to gulp the hanging chunk of meat (with the hook concealed inside), thus further impaling itself in the manner of a fish caught on a fishing hook.

Medieval hunters were known to use "blood trails" to lead the wolf to the {{lang|de|Wolfsangel}} trap and also used wattle fencing nearer to the trap to create narrow channels that would guide the wolf to the trap.{{cite book | title=Medieval Hunting | first=Richard | last=Almond | date=March 2011 | isbn= 978-0752459493 | publisher=The History Press}}

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| image1 = Siegel Udilhild v Fuerstenberg.jpg

| caption1 = 1299 seal of

Countess Udilhild, née von Wolfach

| image2 = DEU Wolfach COA.svg

| caption2 = Municipal coat of arms of Wolfach, Germany

| image3 = Mason's mark (Walpole St Peter).jpg

| caption3 = Horizontal Wolfsangel as a mason's mark, 15-century church

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Other German names include {{lang|de|Wolfsanker}} ("wolf anchor", the crescent-shaped bar holding the hook), {{lang|de|Wolfshaken}} ("wolf hook"), and {{lang|de|Doppelhaken}} ("double hook"); French names include {{lang|fr|hameçon}} ("fish hook"), {{lang|fr|hameçon de loup}} ("fish hook for wolves") and {{lang|fr|fer-a-loup}} ("wolf iron"), as well as crampon ("iron hook").

The stylised version of the Z-shaped {{lang|de|Wolfsangel}} developed into a popular medieval symbol in Germany that was associated with magical powers, and was believed to have the ability to ward off wolves.{{cite book | title=Journey into Europe: Islam, Immigration, and Identity | first=Akbar |last=Ahmed | author-link=Akbar Ahmed | publisher=Brookings Institution | isbn=9780815727583 | date=February 2018 | page=77}} The symbol appears on early medieval banners and town seals in Germany (particularly in forested regions where wolves were present in large numbers); for example, as early as 1299 the symbol is found on seals of the Lords of the German Black Forest town of Wolfach (see opposite, the seal of the widow {{ill|Countess Udilhild von Fürstenberg|de|Friedrich I. (Fürstenberg)}}, the sole heiress of the Lords of Wolfach); and their Wolfsangel banner became the municipal coat of arms for the town (see opposite).{{cite book | title=German Coats-of-Arms. Federal Republic of Germany: Municipal Coats-of-Arms of the Federal State of Baden-Wurttemberg) | first=Klemens | last=Sadlier | publisher=Angelsachsen-Verlag | date=1971 | volume=8 | page=115}} The symbol can be found as a medieval mason's mark.[http://www.lwl.org/pressemitteilungen/mitteilung.php?urlID=20978 Press release of the Regional Association of Westphalia-Lippe, 30 October 2009] No original ancient specimens of such hooks were known prior to 2009 when excavations at the Falkenburg ruin in Detmold yielded more than 25 wolf hooks dated to the 13th century. {{YouTube|id=FF3il2FBop4}}

The stylized {{lang|de|Wolfsangel}} Z-symbol (i.e. excluding the horizontal bar) bears a visual resemblance to the proto-Germanic Eihwaz rune (meaning "yew"), historically part of the ancient runic alphabet. However, the full {{lang|de|Wolfsangel}} Ƶ-symbol has no equivalent amongst ancient runic systems but is sometimes confused as such due to its similarity to the "gibor rune", the eighteenth pseudo rune that was created by the nineteenth-century German revivalist Guido von List as part of his Armanen runes.{{cite book | title=Hitler's Master of the Dark Arts: Himmler's Black Knights and the Occult Origins of the SS | first=Bill | last=Yenne | page=27 | isbn=9780760337783 | publisher=Zenith Press | date=2010 | chapter=2. The Court of the Godfather}}

Academic Akbar Ahmed writes that the {{lang|de|Wolfsangel}} was adopted by 15th-century German peasants during revolts against oppressive German princes and their foreign mercenaries, and thus became an important early popular Germanic symbol of independence and liberty.

Ahmed further notes that during the 17th-century Thirty Years War, groups of German militia waged a guerilla war against foreign forces under the German name {{lang|de|Wehrwolf}}, and also adopted the {{lang|de|Wolfsangel}} symbol as their emblem; they reportedly carved the symbol on the trees from which they hanged captured foreign combatants.

{{multiple image|perrow = 4|total_width=510

|image1=Blason ville fr Wolxheim Bas-Rhin.svg|caption1=Municipal arms of Wolxheim, Grand Est, France

|image2=FRA Wolfisheim COA.svg|caption2=Municipal arms of Wolfisheim, Grand Est, France

|image3=Armoiries de Stein 2.svg |caption3=A heraldic {{lang|fr|hameçon}} in the arms of the {{lang|de|von Stein}} family

|image5=DEU Idar-Oberstein COA.svg |caption5=Municipal arms of {{lang|de|Idar-Oberstein}}, Rhineland-Palatinate

|image7=Wappen Oestrich-Winkel.svg |caption7=Municipal arms of {{lang|de|Oestrich-Winkel}}, Hesse

|image8=DEU Mommenheim COA.svg |caption8=Municipal arms Mommenheim, Rhineland-Palatinate

|image9=DEU Dassendorf COA.svg |caption9=Municipal arms of {{lang|de|Dassendorf}}, Schleswig-Holstein

|image10=COA Ilvesheim.svg |caption10=Municipal arms of {{lang|de|Ilvesheim, Baden-Württemberg}}

|image11=DE-NI 03-2-54-045 Sibbesse COA.png |caption11=Municipal arms of {{lang|de|Sibbesse}}, Lower Saxony

|image12=DEU Eppelborn 1978 COA.svg |caption12=Municipal arms of {{lang|de|Eppelborn}}, Saarland

|image13=Wappen Burgwedel.png |caption13=Municipal arms of {{lang|de|Burgwedel}}, Lower Saxony

|image14=DEU Kleinblittersdorf COA.svg |caption14=Municipal arms of {{lang|de|Kleinblittersdorf}}, Saarland

}}

The term "Wolfs-Angel" (German) and "Hameçon" (French) appears in a 1714 German heraldic handbook titled {{lang|de|Wappenkunst}}. However, the description is more specifically about the {{lang|de|Wolfsanker}} (or {{lang|fr|hameçon}}) component part of the {{lang|de|Wolfsangel}} trap, and defines it as: "the shape of a crescent moon with a ring inside, at mid-height", which describes the bar from which the Z-shaped hook is hung (see the yellow coat of arms of the von Stein family in the table opposite for an example).{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMw5AQAAMAAJ |title=Geschichte der Heraldik (Wappenwesen, Wappenkunst und Wappenwissenschaft) ... Abt. A. des Siebmacher'schen Wappenbuches |publisher=Bauer & Raspe |date=1890 |access-date=12 June 2015 |author=Gustav Adelbert Seyler |page=664 |quote={{lang|de|Wolffs-Angel, frantz. hamecon, lat. uncus quo lupi capiuntur, ist die Form eines halben Mondes und hat inwendig in der Mitte einen Ring.}} Wolffs-Angel: French {{lang|fr|hameçon}}, Latin {{lang|la|uncus quo lupi capiuntur}} ("hook with which wolves are caught") is the shape of a crescent moon with a ring inside, at mid-height.}}

In modern German-language heraldic terminology, the name {{lang|de|Wolfsangel}} is {{lang|la|de facto}} used for a variety of heraldic charges, including the {{lang|de|Wolfsanker}} from above (i.e. the half-moon shape with a ring that is also called a {{lang|fr|fer-de-loop}}), as well as the {{lang|de|Wolfshaken}} or crampon (i.e. the Z-shaped or double-hook that is also called a {{lang|de|Mauerhaken}} or a {{lang|de|Doppelhaken}}, and that can also appear with a ring or a transversal stroke, Ƶ, at the center).

The Z-shaped symbol is found comparatively frequently in municipal coats of arms in Germany, and also in eastern France (see Wolfisheim or Wolxheim), where it is often identified as a {{lang|de|Wolfsangel}}. The Ƶ-design is rarer but is found in about a dozen contemporary municipal coats of arms, and is usually (but not exclusively) represented as a reversed Ƶ-shape.

In heraldry, the upright or vertical form of the Ƶ-symbol is associated with the {{lang|de|Donnerkeil}} (or "thunderbolt"), while the horizontal form of the Ƶ-symbol is associated with the {{lang|de|Werwolf}} (or "Werewolf").{{cite book | title=Hitler's Master of the Dark Arts: Himmler's Black Knights and the Occult Origins of the SS | first=Bill | last=Yenne | page=69 | isbn=978-0760337783 | publisher=Zenith Press | date=2010 | chapter=5. The Old Crooked Cross}}

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|image1=Grenzstein_von_1755_im_Bullerbachtal.jpg

|caption1={{lang|de|Wolfsangel}} on a 1755 boundary marker near the wood of Barsinghausen

|image2=Wolfsangel Grenzstein.jpg|

|caption2=The {{lang|de|Wolfsangel}} on an old field boundary stone in the Deister in Lower Saxony

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In a 1616 boundary treaty concluded between Hesse and Brunswick-Lüneburg, the Brunswick forest boundary marker was called a {{lang|de|Wulffsangel}} (a horizontal Wolfsangel). There is also evidence of its use in correspondence from the Forest Services in 1674.Gerhard Große Löscher: Die Wolfsangel als Forst- und Jagdzeichen in Niedersachsen. In: Jürgen Delfs u. a.: Jagd in der Lüneburger Heide. Beiträge zur Jagdgeschichte. Celle 2006, {{ISBN|3-925902-59-7}}, pp. 238–239

Later, the {{lang|de|Wolfsangel}} was also used as a symbol on forest uniforms. In a 1792 document regarding new uniforms, chief forester Adolf Friedrich von Stralenheim{{where|date=May 2024}} suggested a design for uniform buttons including the letters "GR" and a symbol similar to the {{lang|de| Wolfsangel}}, which he called {{lang|de|Forstzeichen}}. Later the {{lang|de|Wolfsangel}} was also worn as a single badge in brass caps on the service and on the buttons of the Hanoverian forest supervisor. In Brunswick, it was prescribed for private forests and gamekeepers as a badge on the bonnet.

The {{lang|de|Wolfsangel}} is still used in the various forest districts in Lower Saxony as a boundary marker and it is part of the emblem of the hunters' association of Lower Saxony and the club {{lang|de|Hirschmann}}, dedicated to the breeding and training of Hanover Hounds.

File:Der Wehrwolf - Hermann Löns (1910).jpg

In pre-war 1930s Germany, interest in the {{lang|de|Wolfsangel}} was revived by the popularity of {{lang|de|Hermann Löns}}'s 1910 novel entitled {{lang|de|Der Wehrwolf}} (later published as Harm Wulf, a peasant chronicle, and as The Warwolf in English). The book is set in a 17th-century German farming community during the Thirty Years' War and the protagonist, a resistance fighter named Harm Wulf, adopts the Wolfsangel symbol as his personal badge.

Wolfsangel: German City on Trial is a 2000 book by August Niro on the 1944 Rüsselsheim massacre that occurred in the city of Rüsselsheim am Main, whose coat of arms features a Wolfsangel symbol. The book draws parallels with the origins and symbolism of the Wolfsangel, particularly resistance against foreign mercenaries, and the events of the massacre.{{cite book | title=Wolfsangel: German City on Trial | first=August | last=Niro | date=2000 | url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-57488-245-2 | accessdate=28 April 2022 | isbn=978-1574882452 | publisher=Potomac Books}}

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| footer = The emblems of the 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich (1939–1945), the 4th SS Polizei Panzergrenadier Division (1939–1945) and the 34th SS Volunteer Grenadier Division Landstorm Nederland (1943–1945)

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In Nazi Germany, the {{lang|de|Wolfsangel}} symbol was widely adopted in Nazi symbolism. It is not clear whether the driver of its adoption was Hitler's strong personal association with wolf imagery (the Wolf's Lair for example), or to create an association with the post-15th-century symbol of German independence and liberty, which had a particular relationship to the achievement of German freedom from foreign influence by force.

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-J15063, Familie mit 12 Kindern.jpg}}'s {{lang|de|Deutsche Kinderschar}} for children.]]

The symbol was used by a range of military and non-military Nazi-linked groups, including:

• the 19th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
• the 19th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)
• the 33rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
• the 206th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
• the 256th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)
• the 2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich
• the 4th SS Polizei Panzergrenadier Division
• the 34th SS Volunteer Grenadier Division Landstorm Nederland
• the Sturmabteilung "Feldherrnhalle" Wachstandart Kampfrunen (SA "Warlord's Hall" Guard Regiment)
• the {{lang|de|NS-Volkswohlfahrt}} organization
• the {{lang|de|Flämische Nazionalsozialistische Kraftfahr Korps (Vlaamsche NSKK)}}
• the {{lang|nl|"Vlaamse wacht" / zwarte brigade}} (Flemish guard / Black brigade)
• the "{{lang|nl|Dietse Militie}}" (Dietsch militia)
• the {{lang|nl|Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging}} NSB, Dutch Nazi fascist party, whose magazine was De Wolfsangel
• the {{lang|de|Werwolf}} plan of resistance against allied occupation was intended to use this symbol.{{cite journal|last=Watt|first=Roderick|title=Wehrwolf or Werwolf? Literature, Legend, or Lexical Error into Nazi Propaganda? |journal=The Modern Language Review |date=October 1992 |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=879–895|doi=10.2307/3731426|jstor=3731426|quote=A study of the iconography of German nationalist groups between the wars and then of Nazi party, military, and paramilitary organizations from 1933 to 1945 proves beyond doubt that the '{{lang|de|Wolfsangel}}' symbol was widely, even indiscriminately used by them long before the formation of the Nazi Werwolf movement at the end of the war. Wolfsangel, if at all translatable, means, or at least originally meant, 'wolf trap', an instrument which is a threat to the wolf. Yet both Lons and the Nazis used it as a menacing symbol of intimidation representing the savage and relentless ferocity of the wolf... In the late summer or early autumn of 1944, when it was clear that Germany was committed to a European land war on two fronts, {{lang|de|Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler}} initiated {{lang|de|Unternehmen Werwolf}}, ordering SS-{{lang|de|Obergruppenführer Prutzmann}} to begin organizing an elite troop of volunteer special forces to operate secretly behind enemy lines. }}

{{see also|Bans on Nazi symbols|Azov Regiment#Neo-Nazism|Ukrainian National Union (political party)}}

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| header = Post WWII emblems resembling the {{lang|de|Wolfsangel}}

| image1 = Logo of Aryan Nations.svg

| caption1 = Emblem of US hate group, the Aryan Nations

| image6 = Karelian National Battalion Insignia.png

| caption6 = Insignia of the Karelian National Battalion

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File:Second Congress of the Patriots of Ukraine, Kharkov, April 12, 2008.jpg addresses the Second Congress of the Patriot of Ukraine, Kharkiv, 12 April 2008]]

After World War II, public exhibition of the {{lang|de|Wolfsangel}} symbol became illegal in Germany if it was connected with Neo-Nazi groups.{{cite web |title=In Deutschland verbotene Zeichen und Symbole |url=http://www.ida-nrw.de/rechtsextremismus/hintergrundwissen/symbolik/verbotene-kennzeichen-/ |publisher=Informations- und Dokumentationszentrum für Antirassismusarbeit in Nordrhein-Westfalen |access-date=5 April 2012 |archive-date=5 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705103022/http://www.ida-nrw.de/rechtsextremismus/hintergrundwissen/symbolik/verbotene-kennzeichen-/ |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |title=Gruppierungen auf dem Index |url=http://www.polizei-beratung.de/themen-und-tipps/rechtsextremismus/erkennungszeichen/verbotene-organisationen.html |publisher=Programm Polizeiliche Kriminalprävention }} On 9 August 2018 Germany lifted the ban on the usage of swastikas and other Nazi symbols in video games. "Through the change in the interpretation of the law, games that critically look at current affairs can for the first time be given a USK age rating," USK managing director Elisabeth Secker told CTV. "This has long been the case for films and with regards to the freedom of the arts, this is now rightly also the case with computer and videogames."{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/08/09/germany-lifts-ban-nazi-symbols-video-games/|title=Germany lifts ban on Nazi symbols in video games|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=9 August 2018}}{{cite web |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/germany-lifts-ban-on-swastikas-in-videogames/|title=Germany lifts ban on swastikas in videogames|website=PC Gamer|date=9 August 2018}}

Outside of Germany, the {{lang|de|Wolfsangel}} symbol has been used by some Neo-Nazi organizations such as in the United States where the Aryan Nations organization uses a white {{lang|de|Wolfsangel}}-like symbol with a sword replacing the cross-bar in its logo.{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/mobilehatesymbols/symbol-20.html |title=Aryan Nations |publisher=Anti-Defamation League |access-date=7 December 2016 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200401/http://www.adl.org/mobilehatesymbols/symbol-20.html |url-status=dead }} The US-based Anti-Defamation League (ADL) database, as well as other non-governmental organisations, list the Wolfsangel as a hate symbol and as a neo-Nazi symbol.{{cite web | website=Anti-Defamation League | url=https://www.adl.org/education/references/hate-symbols/wolfsangel | title=Wolfsangel: General Hate Symbols, Neo-Nazi Symbols | accessdate=17 March 2022}} In Italy, the {{lang|de|Wolfsangel}} was the symbol used by the far right movement Terza Posizione.{{cite book |last1=Berizzi |first1=Paolo |title=L'educazione di un fascista |date=6 February 2020 |publisher=Feltrinelli |isbn=9788858838280 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oP3IDwAAQBAJ&dq=terza+posizione+wolfsangel&pg=PT7 |accessdate=12 June 2023}}

In Ukraine, far-right movements like the Social-National Party of Ukraine{{cite web |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/andreas-umland/kyiv%E2%80%99s-next-image-problem |title=Kyiv's Next Image Problem |publisher=Open Democracy |access-date=7 December 2016 }}Analysing Fascist Discourse: European Fascism in Talk and Text,Per Anders Rudling "The Return of the Ukrainian Far Right: The Case of VO Svoboda" edited by Ruth Wodak, John E. Richardson. Routledge, 2012Olszański, Tadeusz A. (4 July 2011). "Svoboda Party – The New Phenomenon on the Ukrainian Right-Wing Scene". Centre for Eastern Studies. OSW Commentary (56) and the Social-National Assembly,{{cite web |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/anton-shekhovtsov/provoking-euromaidan |title=Provoking the Euromaidan |publisher=Open Democracy |access-date=7 December 2016 |archive-date=24 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524190942/https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/anton-shekhovtsov/provoking-euromaidan |url-status=dead }} as well as the Azov Regiment of the Ukrainian army,{{cite web |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/anton-shekhovtsov/look-far-right-and-look-right-again-avaz-batalion-neo-pagan-neo-nazi |title=Look far right, and look right again |publisher=Open Democracy |access-date=7 December 2016 |archive-date=13 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113063019/https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/anton-shekhovtsov/look-far-right-and-look-right-again-avaz-batalion-neo-pagan-neo-nazi |url-status=dead }}{{cite news |author=Alec Luhn |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/08/30/preparing-for-war-with-ukraines-fascist-defenders-of-freedom/ |title=Preparing for War With Ukraine's Fascist Defenders of Freedom |work=Foreign Policy |date=30 August 2014 |access-date=8 August 2015 }}{{cite news |author1=Andrew E. Kramer |title=A Pastor's Turn Fighting for Ukraine |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/14/world/europe/a-pastors-turn-fighting-for-ukraine.html |access-date=8 August 2015 |work=The New York Times |date=13 December 2014 }}{{Cite news |date=2022-03-29 |title='Don't confuse patriotism and Nazism': Ukraine's Azov forces face scrutiny |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/7191ec30-9677-423d-873c-e72b64725c2d |access-date=2022-09-01}} have used a similar symbol of ꑭ (an elongated centre bar and the Z being rotated but untypically not reversed; The group claim that the symbol is a composite of the "N" and the "I", for their political slogan {{lang|uk|Ідея Нації}} (Ukrainian for "National Idea", and deny any connection or attempt to draw a parallel with the regiment and Nazism.{{cite web| website=Al Jazeera | title=Profile: Who are Ukraine's far-right Azov regiment? | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/1/who-are-the-azov-regiment | date=1 March 2022 | accessdate=2 May 2022}} Political scientist Andreas Umland told Deutsche Welle, that though it had far-right connotations, the Wolfsangel was not considered a fascist symbol by the general population in Ukraine.{{Cite web |last=Welle (www.dw.com) |first=Deutsche |title=The Azov Battalion: Extremists defending Mariupol {{!}} DW {{!}} 16.03.2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/the-azov-battalion-extremists-defending-mariupol/a-61151151 |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=DW.COM |language=en-GB}} The Reporting Radicalism initiative from Freedom House notes that "Accidental use of this symbol or its use without an understanding of its connotations (for example as a talisman) is rare", and "... in Ukraine, the use of a Wolfsangel as a heraldic symbol or a traditional talisman would be uncharacteristic".{{cite web | website=Reportingradicalism.org | title=Wolfsangel | url=https://reportingradicalism.org/en/hate-symbols/movements/nazi-symbols/wolfsangel | accessdate=28 September 2022}} The Karelian National Battalion, a pro-Ukrainian volunteer battalion formed in January 2023, features a Wolfsangel in the middle of the battalion's insignia.{{cite web | url=https://www.promoteukraine.org/separate-karelian-national-battalion-created-as-part-of-armed-forces-of-ukraine/ | title=Separate Karelian National Battalion Created as Part of Armed Forces of Ukraine | date=31 January 2023 }}

In 2020, there was a brief trend of Generation Z TikTok users tattooing a "Generation Ƶ" symbol on the arm as "a symbol of unity in our generation but also as a sign of rebellion" (in the manner of the 15th-century peasant's revolts). The originator of the trend later renounced it when the use of the symbol by the Nazis was brought to her attention.{{cite web |url=https://www.insider.com/tiktok-users-nazi-symbol-tattoo-for-gen-z-wolfsangel-2020-9 |title=TikTok users recommended a Nazi symbol as a Gen Z tattoo idea to represent 'rebellion'|date=22 September 2020 | first=Rachel | last=Greenspan | website=Insider | accessdate=17 March 2022}}

{{Wiktionary}}

{{Commons category|Wolfsangel}}

• List of symbols designated by the Anti-Defamation League as hate symbols
• Fascist symbolism
• Modern runic writing
• Wolf hunting
• Z with stroke

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book|author=K. von Alberti|title= Die sogenannte Wolfsangel in der Heraldik|publisher= Südwestdeutsche Blätter für Familien und Wappenkunde|year= 1960|page=89|language=de}}
• {{cite book|author=H. Horstmann|title= Die Wolfsangel als Jagdgerät und Wappenbild|publisher= Vj. Bl. d. Trierer Gesellschaft für nützliche Forschungen|year= 1955|language=de}}

{{Heraldry}}

{{Amulets and talismans}}

{{Authority control}}

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Category:Magic symbols

Category:Objects believed to protect from evil

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Category:Wolf hunting

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Category:Hunting in France

Category:German Peasants' War

Category:Thirty Years' War in popular culture

Category:Germanic paganism

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Category:German folklore

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Category:Neo-Nazism in Ukraine

Category:SS runes