Women on Waves#Morocco

File:Rebeca Gompers Lodz 2017 by Jarek Sawiuk. cropped.jpg, Poland, 2017]]

Rebecca Gomperts is a physician in general practice, artist and women's rights activist. Born in 1966, Gomperts grew up in the port town of Vlissingen, the Netherlands. She moved to Amsterdam in the 1980s where she studied art and medicine simultaneously.{{Citation | last =Corbett | first =Sara | date = 26 August 2001| title =Rebecca Gomperts Is Trying to Save the World for Abortion | location =NY | url =https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E07E4D91E3EF935A1575BC0A9679C8B63| newspaper =The New York Times }} Drawing on her experiences as a resident physician on the Greenpeace vessel Rainbow Warrior II, which was captained by Bart J. Terwiel, Gomperts created WoW in order to address the health issues created by illegal abortion. While visiting Latin America on board the Rainbow Warrior II, the organization was inspired by a desire to further facilitate social change and women's health. In some developing countries, as many as 800 illegal, unsafe abortions are performed daily, in contrast to some developed nations, such as the Netherlands, where residents have access to safe, legal, medical abortions and contraception. In collaboration with Atelier van Lieshout, she designed a portable gynaecology unit called "A-portable" that can be installed on chartered ships. The stated goals of the organization are to raise awareness and stimulate discussion about laws restricting abortion, as well as to provide safe, non-surgical abortions for women who live in countries where abortion is illegal.{{Citation | last =Ferry | first =Julie | date =14 November 2007 | title =The abortion ship's doctor | location =UK | newspaper =Guardian

| url =https://www.theguardian.com/women/story/0,,2210593,00.html |access-date=2008-11-14}}

The mobile gynecological clinic was designed and named by Dutch artist and sculptor Atelier van Lieshout. Known as the A-Portable, the clinic is in a retrofitted shipping container. It is painted a light blue color with the Women on Waves logo painted on the sides. To travel, the shipping container is strapped onto ships registered in the Netherlands, and rented by Women on Waves, which is a nongovernmental organization (NGO). Lambert-Beatty describes the logo, which was designed by Kees Ryter in 2001: [the clinic's] "side is emblazoned with a purple spot on which, in turn, floats an orange shape outlined in pink: a squared cross, one quickly realizes, of the kind that symbolizes humanitarian and medical aid." p. 309

The clinic is a fully functional gynecological clinic offering contraceptive counseling, sonograms, and medical and surgery abortions. It is generally staffed with two physicians and a nurse. Trained volunteers also staff the ship to provide education and counseling. The ship's crew is nearly all female. In ports in countries that allow it, the ship's staff provide workshops on legal and medical issues. During visits to countries with restrictive laws, the ship travels into international waters, usually about 12 miles from land, in order to provide services.

The A-Portable functions as a medical clinic, but is also considered to be a work of art. The original funds to create the A-Portable were awarded by the Mondriaan Foundation, which is a Dutch "publicly financed fund for visual art and cultural heritage."{{Cite news|url=https://www.mondriaanfonds.nl/en/about/|title=About - Mondriaan Fund|work=Mondriaan Fund|access-date=2018-06-08}} It appeared in Portugal at the Ute Meta Bauer's Women Building Exhibition; in Amsterdam at the Mediamatic art space;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mediamatic.net/en/page/8963/women-on-waves|title=Women on Waves|website=Mediamatic|access-date=2018-06-08}} and in Artforum. Lambert-Beatty notes that Claire Bishop, an art historian, critic, and professor of art, interprets the A-Portable as "new political art."{{Cite journal|last=Bishop|first=Claire|date=2006|title=The social turn: Collaboration and its discontents|journal=Artforum International|volume=44|issue=6|pages=178–83}}

In 2002, after contentious debate in the Dutch parliament, The Netherlands' Minister of Health, Els Borst, gave permission to medical personnel on board the Women on Waves ship to offer pregnant women RU-486, known colloquially as the abortion pill, on board their boat, Aurora. According to Borst, the decision was in line with the Dutch government's policy on the issue of sexual independence of women. The permission was given on the condition that the abortion pill would only be used to terminate pregnancies of up to nine weeks and would be provided in the presence of a gynaecologist.{{cite news|author1=Geraldine Coughlan|title=Legal boost for Dutch abortion ship|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2080992.stm|publisher=BBC|date=2 July 2002}}

Abortion and reproductive laws only extend as far as national borders, including nautical borders. Because of this, Women on waves makes use of added freedom in international waters. The boat sails 20 miles from shore, and takes a day to perform its procedures.{{Cite web |title=Off campus login to access MacOdrum Library e-resources |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/349123495 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=proxy.library.carleton.ca| id={{ProQuest|349123495}} }}

File:Internationalwaters.png

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), a ship must sail under the flag of one nation and may not change it in a port of call, save in the case of a transfer of ownership.[https://www.un.org/depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf] this gives Women on Waves the status to sail under Dutch jurisdiction.

Women on Waves made its maiden voyage aboard the Aurora to Ireland in 2001. The ship carried two Dutch doctors and one Dutch nurse.{{cite web | last = Chocano | first = Carina | title = The "abortion boat" steams toward Ireland | work = Salon.com | url = http://dir.salon.com/story/mwt/feature/2001/06/14/abortion_boat/ | access-date = 2008-02-01 | archive-date = 20 July 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080720043254/http://dir.salon.com/story/mwt/feature/2001/06/14/abortion_boat/ | url-status = dead }} The stated purpose of Women on Waves Ireland was to "catalyze" the Irish movement to liberalize Ireland's abortion laws.{{Cite web|url=https://www.womenonwaves.org/en/page/769/ireland-2001|title=Ireland 2001|last=Worrell|first=Marc|website=Women on Waves|access-date=2018-06-08}} At the time, Ireland had the most stringent prohibitions against abortion in Europe, with laws forbidding the procedure that dated to 1861. Women on Waves Ireland provided education about abortion and unwanted pregnancy to individuals and to groups in workshops. On that journey, they were not allowed to do surgical or medical abortions, and were limited by Dutch law to provide only information on contraceptives, and not the contraceptives themselves. The ship had been invited by Irish abortion rights organizations which coordinated a publicity campaign in advance of the Aurora's arrival. The ship anchored at Dublin Port, and traveled into international waters to provide educational services as Ireland's law prohibited discussion about abortion and contraceptives. During the ship's visit to Dublin Port, approximately 300 women participated. All of the ship's services were provided for free.

In 2016, Women on Waves collaborated with pro-abortion group to use drones and speed boats to deliver abortion pills to women in Northern Ireland.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/abortion-drone-women-web-delivers-pills-northern-ireland-n596176|title=Abortion by Air: Drone Delivers Pills Across Border to Northern Ireland|work=NBC News|access-date=2018-06-08}}

WoW sailed the Langenort to Poland in 2003.{{Citation| last1 =Frenkiel | first1 =Olenka | last2 =Agnew | first2 =Lara | date = 26 October 2003 | editor-last =O'Connor | editor-first =Karen | title =Abortion Ship | place =UK | work =BBC News | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/correspondent/3187614.stm}} Women on Waves was charged with violating Poland's laws against abortion by bringing RU-486, also known as the abortion drug, into Poland. While docked, protesters pelted fake blood and eggs at the ship.{{Cite book|title=Living As Form|last=Thompson|first=Nato|publisher=Creative Time Books|year=2012|isbn=978-0-262-01734-3|location=New York City|pages=[https://archive.org/details/livingasformsoci0000unse/page/18 18]|url=https://archive.org/details/livingasformsoci0000unse/page/18}} Four months afterward, the government of Poland dropped the charges, noting that there was no evidence that Women on Waves had violated Poland's laws.{{Cite web|url=http://feminist.org/news/newsbyte/uswirestory.asp?id=8151|title=Feminist Daily News 11/6/2003: Women on Waves Cleared of Accusations in Poland|website=feminist.org|access-date=2018-06-08|archive-date=27 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927162701/http://feminist.org/news/newsbyte/uswirestory.asp?id=8151|url-status=dead}} Poland's official polling company, Centrum Badania Opinii Spolecznej, found that prior to WoW's visit, 44% of the population supported the liberalization of abortion laws, and that after the visit, the percentage rose to 56%. In 2015, WoW flew a drone carrying abortion pills from Frankfurt an der Oder, Germany across the border to Slubice, Poland. German police attempted to prevent the drones from leaving, but were unsuccessful. Polish police confiscated the drones and the personal iPads of the drones' pilots.{{Cite web|url=https://www.womenonwaves.org/en/page/5832/first-flight-abortion-drone--poland-2015|title=First flight Abortion Drone, Poland 2015|last=Worrell|first=Marc|website=Women on Waves|access-date=2018-06-09}}{{Citation|last=Ruptly|title=Germany/Poland: Drone delivers abortion pills to Slubice despite German police intervention|date=2015-06-27|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DV2h48Bevg8|access-date=2018-06-09}}

In 2004, the ship Borndiep, carrying the A-Portable, was physically blocked by a naval warship as it attempted to enter Portuguese waters.{{Cite web|url = http://www.democracynow.org/2015/1/15/women_on_waves_meet_the_dutch|title = Women on Waves: Meet the Dutch Physician Who Defied Abortion Bans by Bringing Her Clinic to the Sea|date = 15 January 2015|website = Democracy Now!}} In 2009, the European Court of Human Rights rendered a decision in favor of the plaintiffs in Women on Waves and Others v. Portugal.{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalhealthrights.org/health-topics/sexual-and-reproductive-health/women-on-waves-and-others-v-portugal/|title=Women on Waves v. Portugal|access-date=9 June 2018|archive-date=21 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721021248/https://www.globalhealthrights.org/health-topics/sexual-and-reproductive-health/women-on-waves-and-others-v-portugal/|url-status=dead}} The court determined that although Portugal had a right to enforce its laws prohibiting abortion, the nation could have enforced the law in less harmful ways, e.g. by sequestering the abortion drugs that were on board the ship.

In 2008, Women on Waves' ship landed in Valencia, Spain, where it had a mixed reception. Some demonstrators supported the group, others opposed it. According to Catholic News Agency,

"On 18 October a group of 40 feminists gathered to counter the pro-life protests, which brought out four times as many people. They passed out boxes of matches with the picture of a burning church and the caption, 'The only church that brings light is the one that burns. Join us!'

On 19 October the feminists met again to distribute matches but decided to disband after they were overwhelmed by the large number of pro-life protesters who gathered at the port where the abortion ship was docked."

As the ship attempted to dock amid protesters on both sides of the issue, harbor patrol agents in a small boat lassoed a rope around the helm of the ship and attempted to pull it away from the dock.{{Cite web | url=http://www.vesselthefilm.com | title=HOME}}

Ibtissam Lachgar of MALI (Mouvement alternatif pour les libertés individuelles) invited Women on Waves to visit Morocco in 2012.{{Cite news |url=https://www.volkskrant.nl/nieuws-achtergrond/marokko-ontstemd-over-komst-abortusboot~bcdc4c7c/ |title=Marokko ontstemd over komst abortusboot |author=Mariken Smit |work=de Volkskrant |date=3 October 2012 |access-date=7 August 2019 |language=nl}} On 3 October 2012, the Moroccan health ministry closed the port of Smir to prevent the entry of the Women on Waves ship Langenort.{{Cite web | url=https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2012/10/dutch-abortion-boat-barred-from-morocco/ | title=Dutch 'Abortion Boat' Barred from Morocco| website=ABC News}} This was the first attempt by Women on Waves to make landfall in a Muslim-majority country. Anti-abortion protesters were present, many carrying signs against abortion. The activist Rebecca Gomperts was at the port to meet the ship, but she was escorted away upon encountering the protesters.{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/04/abortion-campaigner-boat-moroccan-port|title=Abortion campaigners' boat turned away from Moroccan port|last=Morocco|first=Associated Press in|date=2012-10-04|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=2018-06-09|agency=Associated Press}}

On 22 February 2017, the WoW ship docked in Puerto Quetzal on the Pacific coast for a planned five-day visit. On 23 February, a scheduled press conference was shut down shortly after it started{{Cite web | url=http://www.womenonwaves.org/en/page/6588/guatemalan-army-declare-they-will-denounce-the-abortion-ship-without-legal-groun | title=Guatemalan army declare they will denounce the abortion ship without legal grounds}}

and a blockade was imposed by Army troops, preventing the activists from disembarking and visitors from boarding. Catholic and other religious leaders and politicians spoke vociferously against the ship and its mission: " 'The boat of death has arrived in Guatemala', said lawmaker Raul Romero during a Congress session earlier on Wednesday."{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-39073367|title=Guatemala army blocks abortion boat|date=2017-02-24|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-06-09}} The WoW ship was ejected into international waters by a Guatemalan military ship. The argument to expel the boat was that they lied to the immigration authorities by saying that they were tourists, but in reality they are a health organization that aims to provide abortions to women.{{Cite web|url=https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/internacionales/Expulsan-a-barco-de-ONG-proaborto-20170226-0048.html|title = Expulsan a barco de ONG proaborto}}

File:28 de septiembre. Día por la despenalización del aborto en América Latina y el Caribe. México DF.jpg

In April 2017, the Adelaide ship docked in Ixtapa, Mexico, where abortion procedures were illegal in much of the country. To administer the procedures, the crew ferried the women seeking abortions from Mexico’s Pacific coast to the international waters, where Mexican criminal law was not in effect for the ship.{{Cite web |date=2017-04-22 |title=Abortion boat makes first visit to Mexico |url=https://mexiconewsdaily.com/news/abortion-boat-makes-first-visit-to-mexico/ |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=Mexico News Daily}}

In 2014 Vessel, a documentary by Diana Whitten focusing on Women on Waves, premiered at the SXSW Film Festival in Austin, Texas, where it won the Best Documentary Feature audience and special jury awards.{{Citation |title=Vessel (2014) - Awards - IMDb |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3311588/awards/ |access-date=2023-11-27 |language=en-US}} 'Vessel' was received fairly positively by critics and audiences. Courtney Small of Cinema Axis called it an "electrifying" look at Gomperts' operation{{Cite web |last=Small |first=Courtney |date=2014-04-24 |title=Hot Docs Review: Vessel |url=https://cinemaaxis.com/2014/04/24/hot-docs-review-vessel/ |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=Cinema Axis |language=en}} and Ben Kenigsberg of the New York Times called it an "unabashed work of advocacy."{{Cite news |last=Kenigsberg |first=Ben |date=2015-01-09 |title='Vessel,' Directed by Diana Whitten |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/10/movies/vessel-directed-by-diana-whitten.html |access-date=2023-11-27 |issn=0362-4331}} The Hollywood Reporter's review said it was unlikely to change audience's opinions on abortion, but called it a moving film.{{Cite web |author=T. H. R. Staff |date=2015-01-08 |title='Vessel': Film Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/vessel-film-review-761998/ |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}} It has a Metacritic Metascore of 68.{{Cite web |title=Vessel |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/vessel/ |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=www.metacritic.com |language=en}}

The film has garnered multiple other awards including the Audience Award for Documentary in Competition and a Special Jury Award for Political Courage.{{Cite web |title=HOME |url=https://vesselthefilm.com/ |access-date=2023-11-24 |website=VESSEL |language=en}}

In an academic article published in Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, Carrie Lambert-Beatty claims that "the vessel [is] one of the most audacious instances of feminist activism in recent memory."

• Women on Web

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• [https://www.womenonwaves.org/ Women on Waves website]
• [https://vesselthefilm.com/ Vessel] Documentary film about Women on Waves

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Category:Abortion-rights organisations in the Netherlands

Category:Abortion providers

Category:1999 establishments in the Netherlands

Category:Organizations established in 1999

Category:Non-profit organisations based in the Netherlands