World economy#Transport

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{{Main|List of continents by GDP#Continents by GDP (nominal)}}

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{{Main|List of countries by past and projected GDP (nominal)}}

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{{Update|section|date=September 2020}}

File:Map of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita in 2021.svg in 2021.

]]File:Countries by total wealth (trillions USD), Credit Suisse.png (trillions USD), Credit Suisse]]

• GDP (GWP) (gross world product): (purchasing power parity exchange rates) – $59.38 trillion (2005 est.), $51.48 trillion (2004), $23 trillion (2002). The GWP is the combined gross national income of all the countries in the world. When calculating the GWP, add GDP of all countries. Also, GWP shows that imports and exports are equal. Because imports and exports balance exactly when considering the whole world,{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG |title=World Bank GWP Growth Rate, 2020 |publisher=WorldBank.org |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-date=30 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180830210157/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ny.gdp.mktp.kd.zg |url-status=live }} this also equals the total global gross domestic product (GDP). According to the World Bank, the 2013 nominal GWP was approximately US$75.59 trillion. In 2017, according to the CIA's World Factbook, the GWP was around US$80.27 trillion in nominal terms and totaled approximately 127.8 trillion international dollars in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP). The per capita PPP GWP in 2017 was approximately Int$17,500 according to the World Factbook.
• GDP (GWP) (gross world product):{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/index.htm |title=IMF World Economic Outlook, Crisis and Recovery, April 2009 |publisher=Imf.org |date=16 April 2009 |access-date=17 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519174851/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/index.htm |archive-date=19 May 2012 |url-status=live }} (market exchange rates) – $60.69 trillion (2008). The market exchange rates increased from 1990 to 2008. The reason for this increase is the world's advancement in terms of technology.
• GDP{{cite book |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/publication/world-economic-situation-and-prospects-2018/ |title=World Economic Situation and Prospects 2018 |date=23 January 2018 |publisher=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Development Policy and Analysis Division. Table A.3 |access-date=2 March 2018 |isbn=978-92-1-109177-9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303105824/https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/publication/world-economic-situation-and-prospects-2018/ |archive-date=3 March 2018 |url-status=live }} (real growth rate): The following part shows the GDP growth rate and the expected value after one year.
• Developed Economies. A developed country, industrialized country, more developed country (MDC), or more economically developed country (MEDC), is a sovereign state that has a developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations. Most commonly, the criteria for evaluating the degree of economic development are gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP), the per capita income, level of industrialization, amount of widespread infrastructure and general standard of living. Which criteria are to be used and which countries can be classified as being developed are subjects of debate. The GDP of the developed countries is predicted to fall from 2.2% in 2017 to 2.0% in 2018 due to the fall in dollar value.
• Developing Countries. A developing country is a country with a less developed industrial base (industries) and a low Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries. However, this definition is not universally agreed upon. There is also no clear agreement on which countries fit this category. A nation's GDP per capita, compared with other nations, can also be a reference point. In general, the United Nations accepts any country's claim of itself being "developing". The GDP of the developing countries is expected to rise from 4.3% in 2017 to 4.6% in 2018 due to political stability in those countries and advancement in technology.
• Least developed countries. The least developed countries (LDCs) is a list of developing countries that, according to the United Nations, exhibit the lowest indicators of socioeconomic development, with the lowest Human Development Index ratings of all countries in the world. The concept of LDCs originated in the late 1960s and the first group of LDCs was listed by the UN in its resolution 2768 (XXVI) of 18 November 1971. This is a group of countries that are expected to improve their GDP from 4.8% in 2017 to 5.4% in 2018. The predicted growth is associated advancement in technology and industrialization of those countries for the past decade.
• GDP – per capita: purchasing power parity – $9,300, €7,500 (2005 est.), $8,200, €6,800 (92) (2003), $7,900, €5,000 (2002)
• World median income: purchasing power parity $1,041, €950 (1993){{cite web |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTDECINEQ/Resources/trueworld.pdf |title=True World Income Distribution, 1988 and 1993: First Calculation Based on Household Surveys Alone |author=B. Milanovic |date=January 2002 |access-date=13 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101164652/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTDECINEQ/Resources/trueworld.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2011 |url-status=live }}
• GDP – composition by sector: agriculture: 4%; industry: 32%; services: 64% (2004 est.)
• Inflation rate (consumer prices); In economics, inflation is a general rise in the price level in an economy over a period of time, resulting in a sustained drop in the purchasing power of money. When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys fewer goods and services; consequently, inflation reflects a reduction in the purchasing power per unit of money – a loss of real value in the medium of exchange and unit of account within the economy. The opposite of inflation is deflation, a sustained decrease in the general price level of goods and services. The common measure of inflation is the inflation rate, the annualized percentage change in a general price index, usually the consumer price index, over time. national inflation rates vary widely in individual cases, from declining prices in Japan to hyperinflation (In economics, hyperinflation is very high and typically accelerating inflation) in several Third World countries (2003):
• World 2.6% (2017), 2.8% (predicted 2018);{{cite book |url = https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/publication/world-economic-situation-and-prospects-2018/ |title = World Economic Situation and Prospects 2018 |date = 23 January 2018 |page = 11 |publisher = United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Development Policy and Analysis Division. Table I.2 |access-date = 2 March 2018 |isbn = 978-92-1-109177-9 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180303105824/https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/publication/world-economic-situation-and-prospects-2018/ |archive-date = 3 March 2018 |url-status = live }}
• Developed Economies 1% to 4% typically
• Developing Countries 5% to 60% typically
• Least developed countries 11.4% (2017), 8.3% (predicted 2018)
• Derivatives OTC outstanding notional amount: $601 trillion (Dec 2010) ([http://www.bis.org/statistics/otcder/dt1920a.pdf])
• Derivatives exchange traded outstanding notional amount: $82 trillion (June 2011) ([http://www.bis.org/publ/qtrpdf/r_qa1109.pdf#page=136])
• Global debt issuance: $5.187 trillion, €3 trillion (2004), $4.938 trillion, €3.98 trillion (2003), $3.938 trillion (2002) (Thomson Financial League Tables)
• Global equity issuance: $505 billion, €450 billion (2004), $388 billion. €320 billion (2003), $319 billion, €250 trillion (2002) (Thomson Financial League Tables)

File:World GDP Per Capita 1500 to 2000, Log Scale.png per capita between 1500 and 2000 (log scale)]]

File:World GDP per capita 1500 to 2003.svg per capita between 1500 and 2003]]

File:Gdp accumulated change.png increase, 1990–1998 and 1990–2006, in major countries]]

• Unemployment rate: 8.7% (2009 est.). 30% (2007 est.) combined unemployment and underemployment in many non-industrialized countries; developed countries typically 4%–12% unemployment.

• Industrial production growth rate: 3% (2002 est.)

File:Global primary energy consumption, OWID.svg

{{Further|World energy supply and consumption|Energy development}}

• Yearly electricity – production: 21,080,878 GWh (2011 est.),{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm?tid=2&pid=2&aid=12|title=International Energy Statistics|access-date=1 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816184850/http://www.eia.gov/CFapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm?tid=2&pid=2&aid=12|archive-date=16 August 2016|url-status=live}} 15,850,000 GWh (2003 est.), 14,850,000 GWh (2001 est.)
• Yearly electricity – consumption: 14,280,000 GWh (2003 est.), 13,930,000 GWh (2001 est.)
• Oil – production: {{convert|79650000|oilbbl/d|abbr=on}} (2003 est.), {{convert|75460000|oilbbl/d}} (2001)
• Oil – consumption: {{convert|80100000|oilbbl/d|abbr=on}} (2003 est.), {{convert|76210000|oilbbl/d}} (2001)
• Oil – proved reserves: 1.025 trillion barrel ({{cvt|163|km3}} (2001 est.)
• Natural gas – production: {{cvt|3,366|km3}} (2012 est.),{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/iedindex3.cfm?tid=3&pid=3&aid=1&cid=regions&syid=2008&eyid=2012&unit=BCF|title=International Energy Statistics|access-date=1 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081740/http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/iedindex3.cfm?tid=3&pid=3&aid=1&cid=regions&syid=2008&eyid=2012&unit=BCF|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=live}} {{cvt|2,569|km3}} (2001 est.)
• Natural gas – consumption: {{cvt|2,556|km3}} (2001 est.)
• Natural gas – proved reserves: {{cvt|161,200|km3}} (1 January 2002)

• Yearly exports: $12.4 trillion, €11.05 trillion (2009 est.)
• Exports – commodities: the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services
• Exports – partners: US 12.7%, Germany 7.1%, China 6.2%, France 4.4%, Japan 4.2%, UK 4.1% (2008)
• Yearly imports: $12.29 trillion, €10.95 trillion (2009 est.)
• Imports – commodities: the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services
• Imports – partners: China 10.3%, Germany 8.6%, US 8.1%, Japan 5% (2008)
• Debt – external: $56.9 trillion, €40 trillion (31 December 2009 est.)

• Annual international aid: Official Development Assistance (ODA) of $204 billion (2022){{cite web|url=https://www.oecd.org/dac/financing-sustainable-development/ODA-2022-summary.pdf|title=ODA Levels in 2022 – preliminary data|publisher=OECD|date=2023-04-12|access-date=2024-01-24}}

Telephones – main lines in use: 843,923,500 (2007)
4,263,367,600 (2008)

• Telephones – mobile cellular: 3,300,000,000 (Nov. 2007)[http://investing.reuters.co.uk/news/articleinvesting.aspx?type=media&storyID=nL29172095 global cellphone penetration reaches 50 percent] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217165448/http://investing.reuters.co.uk/news/articleinvesting.aspx?type=media&storyID=nL29172095 |date=17 December 2008 }}
• Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 10,350 (2000 est.)
• Internet users: 3,079,339,857 (31 December 2014 [http://www.internetworldstats.com]), 360,985,492 (31 December 2000{{cite web |url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm |title=World Internet Usage Statistics News and World Population Stats |publisher=Internetworldstats.com |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623200007/http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm |archive-date=23 June 2011 |url-status=live }})

{{See also|Transport#Economic|Category:Transport infrastructure}}

Transportation infrastructure worldwide includes:

• Airports
• Total: 41,821 (2013){{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2053.html|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=1 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625161845/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2053.html|archive-date=25 June 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}
• Roadways
• Total: {{cvt|32,345,165|km}}
• Paved: {{cvt|19,403,061|km}}
• Unpaved: {{cvt|12,942,104|km}} (2002)
• Railways
• Total: {{cvt|1,122,650|km}} includes about {{cvt|190,000 to 195,000|km}} of electrified routes of which {{cvt|147,760|km}} are in Europe, {{cvt|24,509|km}} in the Far East, {{cvt|11,050|km}} in Africa, {{cvt|4,223|km}} in South America, and {{cvt|4,160|km}} in North America.{{dubious|If it's 4000 km from New York to Los Angeles, it's unlikely there is only 4160 km of railway in North America.|date=December 2016}}

File:Military Expenditures by Country 2019.svg

• World military expenditure in 2018: estimated to $1.822 trillion{{cite web|url=https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2019/world-military-expenditure-grows-18-trillion-2018|title=3. Military expenditure - SIPRI|access-date=1 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525090854/https://www.sipri.org/yearbook/2013/03|archive-date=25 May 2017|url-status=live}}
• Military expenditures – percent of GDP: roughly 2% of gross world product (1999).

{{See also|List of sovereign states by research and development spending|Economics of science|Innovation}}

File:Scientific and technical journal publications per million residents, OWID.svg

The Royal Society in a 2011 report stated that in terms of number of papers the share of English-language scientific research papers the United States was first followed by China, the UK, Germany, Japan, France, and Canada.[https://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/mar/28/china-us-publisher-scientific-papers China poised to overhaul US as biggest publisher of scientific papers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030202340/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/mar/28/china-us-publisher-scientific-papers |date=2020-10-30 }}, Alok Jha, Monday 28 March 2011, The Guardian In 2015, research and development constituted an average 2.2% of the global GDP according to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics.{{Cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS|title=Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) {{!}} Data|website=data.worldbank.org|language=en-us|access-date=12 December 2017|archive-date=19 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519013757/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS|url-status=live}} Metrics and rankings of innovation include the Bloomberg Innovation Index, the Global Innovation Index and the share of Nobel laureates per capita.

{{See also|Primary sector of the economy|Sustainable development|Economic impacts of climate change|Environmental resource management#Economics|Planetary management|Agriculture|Overexploitation|Overconsumption|Ecosystem service}}

{{Further |2021 in the environment and environmental sciences#International goals}}

File:Relative change in main global economic and environmental indicators from 1970 to 2017.webp |title=Scientists' warning on affluence |journal=Nature Communications |date=19 June 2020 |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=3107 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y |pmid=32561753 |pmc=7305220 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.3107W |doi-access=free }} 50px Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |date=2017-10-16 }}.]]

File:8000 BCE+ Loss of forest and grassland to grazing and crops.svg

• Forests (carbon sinks, wood, ecosystem services, ...)
• Estimated number of trees that are net lost annually as of 2021: 10 billion{{cite news |title=Earth has 3 trillion trees but they're falling at alarming rate |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-science-trees-idUSKCN0R21Z620150902 |access-date=26 May 2020 |work=Reuters |date=2 September 2015 |language=en |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111230631/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-science-trees-idUSKCN0R21Z620150902 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |last1=Carrington |first1=Damian |title=Tree planting 'has mind-blowing potential' to tackle climate crisis |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jul/04/planting-billions-trees-best-tackle-climate-crisis-scientists-canopy-emissions |website=The Guardian |access-date=26 May 2020 |date=4 July 2019 |archive-date=5 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705170611/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/jul/04/planting-billions-trees-best-tackle-climate-crisis-scientists-canopy-emissions |url-status=live }}
• Global annual deforested land in 2015–2020: 10 million hectares
• Global annual net forest area loss in 2000–2010 : 4.7 million hectaresGlobal Forest Resources Assessment 2020: {{cite web |title=Global Forest Resource Assessment 2020 |url=http://www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment/2020/en/ |website=www.fao.org |access-date=26 May 2020 |language=en |archive-date=20 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520105408/http://www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment/2020/en |url-status=live }}
• Other land degradation and land- and organisms-related ecosystem disturbances
• Soils (carbon sink, ecosystem services, food production, ...)
• Soil erosion by water in 2012: almost 36 billion tons (based on a high resolution global potential soil erosion model developed in 2017){{Cite journal|last1=Borrelli|first1=Pasquale|last2=Robinson|first2=David A.|last3=Fleischer|first3=Larissa R.|last4=Lugato|first4=Emanuele|last5=Ballabio|first5=Cristiano|last6=Alewell|first6=Christine|last7=Meusburger|first7=Katrin|last8=Modugno|first8=Sirio|last9=Schütt|first9=Brigitta|date=8 December 2017|title=An assessment of the global impact of 21st century land use change on soil erosion|journal=Nature Communications|language=En|volume=8|issue=1|pages=2013|doi=10.1038/s41467-017-02142-7|pmid=29222506|pmc=5722879|issn=2041-1723|bibcode=2017NatCo...8.2013B}}
• Estimated annual loss of agricultural productivity due to soil erosion: 8 billion US dollars (based on the soil erosion data){{Cite journal|last1=Sartori|first1=Martina|last2=Philippidis|first2=George|last3=Ferrari|first3=Emanuele|last4=Borrelli|first4=Pasquale|last5=Lugato|first5=Emanuele|last6=Montanarella|first6=Luca|last7=Panagos|first7=Panos|date=July 2019|title=A linkage between the biophysical and the economic: Assessing the global market impacts of soil erosion|journal=Land Use Policy|language=en|volume=86|pages=299–312|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.05.014|doi-access=free|bibcode=2019LUPol..86..299S |hdl=10532/4661|hdl-access=free}} 50px Text and images are available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ |date=2017-10-16 }}.
• Soil erosion by water in 2015: approximately 43 billion tons (according to a 2020 study){{cite journal |last1=Borrelli |first1=Pasquale |last2=Robinson |first2=David A. |last3=Panagos |first3=Panos |last4=Lugato |first4=Emanuele |last5=Yang |first5=Jae E. |last6=Alewell |first6=Christine |last7=Wuepper |first7=David |last8=Montanarella |first8=Luca |last9=Ballabio |first9=Cristiano |title=Land use and climate change impacts on global soil erosion by water (2015-2070) |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=24 August 2020 |volume=117 |issue=36 |pages=21994–22001 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2001403117 |pmid=32839306 |pmc=7486701 |bibcode=2020PNAS..11721994B |language=en |issn=0027-8424|doi-access=free }}
• Environmental impact of pesticides
• Pesticide use in tonnes of active ingredient in Australia in 2016: ca. 62,500 tonnes{{cite web |last1=Roser |first1=Max |title=Pesticides |url=https://ourworldindata.org/pesticides |website=Our World in Data |access-date=21 September 2020 |date=13 October 2019 |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919230139/https://ourworldindata.org/pesticides |url-status=live }}
• Oceans (ecosystem services, food production, ...): Blue economy
• Waste and pollution (effects of economic mechanisms, effects on ecosystem services)
• As of 2018, about 380 million tonnes of plastic is produced worldwide each year. From the 1950s up to 2018, an estimated 6.3 billion tonnes of plastic has been produced worldwide, of which an estimated 9% has been recycled and another 12% has been incinerated with the rest reportedly being "dumped in landfills or the natural environment".{{cite news |title=The known unknowns of plastic pollution |url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21737498-so-far-it-seems-less-bad-other-kinds-pollution-about-which-less-fuss-made |access-date=17 June 2018 |newspaper=The Economist |date=3 March 2018 |archive-date=14 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514130106/https://www.economist.com/news/international/21737498-so-far-it-seems-less-bad-other-kinds-pollution-about-which-less-fuss-made |url-status=live }}
• Air pollution
• Number of human deaths caused annually by air pollution worldwide: ca. 7 million{{cite web | url =https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/en/| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140326015904/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/en/| url-status =dead| archive-date =March 26, 2014| title =7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution |publisher =WHO|date=25 March 2014| access-date =25 March 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WorldEnergyOutlookSpecialReport2016EnergyandAirPollution.pdf|title=Energy and Air Pollution|website=Iea.org|access-date=12 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011100229/http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/WorldEnergyOutlookSpecialReport2016EnergyandAirPollution.pdf|archive-date=11 October 2019}}{{cite news |title=Study Links 6.5 Million Deaths Each Year to Air Pollution |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/27/business/energy-environment/study-links-6-5-million-deaths-each-year-to-air-pollution.html |date=26 June 2016 |work=The New York Times |access-date=27 June 2016 |archive-date=27 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627051846/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/27/business/energy-environment/study-links-6-5-million-deaths-each-year-to-air-pollution.html |url-status=live }}
• Estimated global annual cost of air pollution: $5 trillionStudy by the World Bank and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) at the University of Washington: {{Cite book|url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/781521473177013155/pdf/108141-REVISED-Cost-of-PollutionWebCORRECTEDfile.pdf|title=The Cost of Air Pollution: Strengthening the Economic Case for Action|last1=World Bank|last2=Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at University of Washington – Seattle|publisher=The World Bank|year=2016|location=Washington, D.C.|page=xii|no-pp=y|access-date=2020-09-21|archive-date=2020-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528132508/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/781521473177013155/pdf/108141-REVISED-Cost-of-PollutionWebCORRECTEDfile.pdf|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/2016/09/08/making-case-clean-air-world-bank-says-pollution-cost-global-economy-5-trillion|title=Making Case for Clean Air, World Bank Says Pollution Cost Global Economy $5 Trillion|last=McCauley|first=Lauren|date=8 September 2016|access-date=3 February 2018|publisher=Common Dreams|archive-date=14 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914120040/https://www.commondreams.org/news/2016/09/08/making-case-clean-air-world-bank-says-pollution-cost-global-economy-5-trillion|url-status=live}}{{Cite journal|last=|date=1 February 2018|title=The Rising Cost of Smog|url=|journal=Fortune|page=15|issn=0015-8259}}
• Microplastic pollution
• Estimated accumulated number of microplastic particles in the North Atlantic Ocean in 2014: 15 to 51 trillion particles, weighing between 93,000 and 236,000 metric tons{{cite journal |title=Are we underestimating microplastic abundance in the marine environment? A comparison of microplastic capture with nets of different mesh-size |journal=Environmental Pollution |date=1 October 2020 |volume=265 |pages=114721 |doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114721|language=en |issn=0269-7491|doi-access=free |last1=Lindeque |first1=Penelope K. |last2=Cole |first2=Matthew |last3=Coppock |first3=Rachel L. |last4=Lewis |first4=Ceri N. |last5=Miller |first5=Rachael Z. |last6=Watts |first6=Andrew J.R. |last7=Wilson-Mcneal |first7=Alice |last8=Wright |first8=Stephanie L. |last9=Galloway |first9=Tamara S. |issue=Pt A |pmid=32806407 |bibcode=2020EPoll.26514721L |hdl=10044/1/84083 |hdl-access=free }}
• Estimated accumulated number of microplastic particles in the North Atlantic Ocean in 2020: 3700 microplastics per cubic meter

{{Incomplete list|date=September 2020}}

From the scientific perspective, economic activities are embedded in a web of dynamic, interrelated, and interdependent activities that constitute the natural system of Earth. Novel application of cybernetics in decision-making (such as in decision-making related to process- and product-design and related laws) and direction of human activity (such as economic activity) may make it easier to control modern ecological problems.{{cite journal |last1=Božičnik |first1=Stane |last2=Mulej |first2=Matjaž |title=A new – 4th order cybernetics and sustainable future |journal=Kybernetes |date=1 January 2011 |volume=40 |issue=5/6 |pages=670–684 |doi=10.1108/03684921111142232 |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/03684921111142232/full/html |access-date=21 September 2020 |issn=0368-492X |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414062618/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/03684921111142232/full/html |url-status=live }}

{{Further|History of globalization|Broad measures of economic progress}}

File:2010.09.27-LSE-Research-Danny.Quah-Map.png

Per the MSCI All Country World Index, the breakdown of market sector is as follows:{{cite web | url=https://www.msci.com/research-and-insights/visualizing-investment-data/regional-breakdown-of-market-sectors-over-time | title=The Regional Breakdown of Market Sectors over Time }}

One example for a comparable metric other than GDP are the OECD Better Life Index rankings for different aggregative domains.

The index includes 11 comparable "dimensions" of well-being:{{cite journal|author=Marber, Peter|title=Brave New Math|journal=World Policy Journal|issue=Spring 2012|url=http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/spring2012/brave-new-math|access-date=2020-09-19|archive-date=2018-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228021828/http://www.worldpolicy.org/journal/spring2012/brave-new-math|url-status=dead}}

1. Housing: housing conditions and spendings (e.g. real estate pricing)
2. Income: household income (after taxes and transfers) and net financial wealth
3. Jobs: earnings, job security and unemployment
4. Community: quality of social support network
5. Education: education and what one gets out of it
6. Environment: quality of environment (e.g. environmental health)
7. Governance: involvement in democracy
8. Health
9. Life Satisfaction: level of happiness
10. Safety: murder and assault rates
11. Work-life balance

To promote exports, many government agencies publish on the web economic studies by sector and country. Among these agencies include the USCS (US DoC) and FAS (USDA) in the United States, the EDC and AAFC in Canada, Ubifrance in France, the UKTI in the United Kingdom, the HKTDC and JETRO in Asia, Austrade and the NZTE in Oceania. Through Partnership Agreements, the Federation of International Trade Associations publishes studies from several of these agencies (USCS, FAS, AAFC, UKTI, and HKTDC) as well as other non-governmental organizations on its website globaltrade.net.

{{portal|Economics|World}}

{{colbegin|colwidth=20em}}

• Anarchy (international relations)
• Capitalism
• Common Wealth: Economics for a Crowded Planet (book)
• Economic bubble
• Economic collapse
• Fourth Industrial Revolution
• Global financial system
• Global workforce
• Globality
• Globalization
• International trade
• Trade route
• Overconsumption
• Petrodollar recycling
• World Trade Report
• World history
• Economic history of the world
• World-systems theory

{{colend}}

Regional economies:

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• Economy of Africa
• Economy of Asia
• Economy of Europe
• Economy of North America
• Economy of Oceania
• Economy of South America

{{colend}}

Events:

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• Great Recession
• World oil market chronology from 2003
• 2008 financial crisis
• 2007–2008 world food price crisis
• Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic

{{colend}}

Lists:

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• List of countries by GDP sector composition
• List of world's largest economies (nominal) – based on current currency market exchange rates
• List of world's largest economies (PPP) – based on purchasing power parity
• Historical list of world's largest economies (PPP) – for the years between 1 and 1998

{{colend}}

{{reflist}}

{{wikiquote}}

• [http://www.oecd.org/eco/economicoutlook.htm OECD – Economic Outlook]
• [http://www.bls.gov/bls/newsrels.htm#major US Bureau of Labor and Statistics, Major Economic Indicators]
• [http://www.imf.org/external/ns/cs.aspx?id=29 IMF – World Economic Outlook]
• [https://www.un.org/esa/policy/publications/publications.htm UN DESA – World Economy publications]
• [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/world/ CIA – The World Factbook – World]
• [http://www.ericdigests.org/1993/global.htm Career Education for a Global Economy]
• [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special_reports/global_economy BBC News Special Report – Global Economy]
• [https://www.theguardian.com/business/global-economy Guardian Special Report – Global Economy]
• [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/WLD/Year/2012/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics for World]

{{Globalization|state=uncollapsed}}

{{Earth}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:World Economy}}

Category:Economics catchphrases

Category:Economic globalization