Writing systems of Formosan languages

|a|| || ||t͡s||d, ð, ɬ|| || || ||e|| ||b, f, v|| ||ħ|| ||i|| || ||k||ɾ|| || || ||m||n

|ŋ||o|| ||p|| || ||r|| || ||s|| ||t|| || || ||u|| || ||w||x||j|| ||ʡ||ʔ

|a|| ||β, v||t͡s|| || || || ||e|| || ||ɣ||h|| ||i|| || ||k||l|| || || ||m||n

|ŋ||o|| ||p||q|| ||r||ɾ|| ||s|| ||t|| || || ||u|| || ||w||x||j||z||ʔ||

|a|| ||b||t͡s, t͡ɕ||d|| || || ||e, ə|| || || ||x, χ|| ||i|| || ||k||l, ɬ|| || || ||m||n

|ŋ||o|| ||p||q|| || || || ||s|| ||t|| || || ||u|| ||v|| || || ||ð||ʔ||

|a|| || ||t͡s|| || || || ||e|| || || || || ||i|| || ||k|| || || || ||m||n

|ŋ||o|| ||p|| || ||ɾ|| || ||s|| ||t|| || || ||u||ɨ||v|| || || || ||ʔ||

|a|| ||b|| ||ɮ|| || || ||ə|| || || ||h|| ||i|| || ||k||ɾ|| || || ||m||n

|ŋ||o|| ||p||q||ʁ|| || || ||s|| ||t|| || || ||u|| || ||w|| ||j||z||ʔ||

|a|| ||b||t͡s||d|| ||ɟ||ɖ||e|| || ||g||h|| ||i|| || ||k||ɭ|| ||ʎ|| ||m||n

|ŋ|| || ||p||q|| ||r|| || ||s|| ||t|| ||c|| ||u|| ||v||w|| ||j||z||ʔ||

|a|| ||b||t͡s||d|| || ||ɖ||ə|| || ||g||h|| ||i|| || ||k||ɭ|| || ||ɮ||m||n

|ŋ|| || ||p|| || ||r|| || ||s|| ||t|| || ||ʈ||u|| ||v||w|| ||j||z||ʔ||

|a|| ||b||t͡s||d||ð|| ||ɖ||ə||e|| ||g||h|| ||i||ɨ|| ||k||l|| || ||ɭ||m||n

|ŋ||o|| ||p|| || ||r|| || ||s|| ||t||θ|| ||ʈ||u|| ||v||w|| ||j||z||ʔ||

|a|| || ||t͡s|| || || || || || || || || ||ɬ||i|| || ||k||ɾ|| || || ||m||n

|ŋ|| || ||p|| || ||r|| || ||s|| ||t|| || || ||u||ɨ||v|| || || || ||ʔ||

|a||æ||β|| || || || || ||ə|| || || ||h|| ||i|| || ||k||l|| || || ||m||n

|ŋ||o||œ||p|| || ||r|| ||ʃ||s, θ|| ||t|| || || || || || ||w|| ||j||z, ð||ʔ||

|a|| ||b||t͡s||d, ð, ɬ|| || || ||ə|| || || ||ħ|| ||i|| || ||k||ɾ|| || || ||m||n

|ŋ||o|| ||p|| || || || || ||s|| ||t|| || || ||u|| || ||w|| ||j||z||ʡ||

|a|| ||b||t͡s||d|| || || ||e, ə|| || ||g||ħ|| ||i|| ||ɟ||k||l|| || || ||m||n

|ŋ||o|| ||p||q|| ||r|| || ||s|| ||t|| || || ||u|| || ||w||x||j|| || ||

|a|| ||b||t͡ɕ||d|| || || ||ə|| || ||ɣ||ħ|| ||i|| ||ɟ||k||ɮ|| || || ||m||n

|ŋ||o|| ||p||q|| ||ɾ|| || ||s|| ||t|| || || ||u|| || ||w||x||j|| || ||

|a|| ||b|| ||d|| || || || || ||ɸ|| ||h|| ||i|| || ||k||l||ɬ|| || ||m||n

|ŋ|| || ||p||q|| ||r|| || ||s||ʃ||t||θ|| || ||u|| || ||β, w|| ||j||ð||ʔ||

|a|| ||ɓ||t͡s|| || || || ||e|| ||f|| ||x|| ||i|| || ||k||ɗ|| || || ||m||n

|ŋ||o|| ||p|| || || || || ||s|| ||t|| || || ||u|| ||v|| ||ɨ||j||z||ʔ||

|a|| ||b||t͡s, t͡ɕ||ɖ|| || || ||ə|| || ||g||ɰ|| ||i|| ||d͡ʒ, d͡ʝ||k||l|| || || ||m||n

|ŋ||o, u|| ||p|| || ||ɻ|| || ||ʂ|| ||t|| || || || || ||f||w|| ||j||r||ʔ||

|| 1. Amis, Sakizaya use ‹^› for glottal stop [ʔ] and ‹’› for epiglottal stop [ʡ],
while other languages use ‹’› for glottal stop
2. ‹u› and ‹o› seem to be allophones
3. 馬蘭: add ‹i’› for [ε]
4. 南勢: change ‹f› to ‹b› || 1. Continue to use the standard
2. Advised to use only ‹u› or ‹o›
3. Rejected
4. Accepted

||

|| 1. 賽考利克, 四季: add ‹f›; 萬大: add ‹z›
2. The use of ‹_› to: (1) separate ‹n› and ‹g› sequence from ‹ng›, (2) represent reduced vowel
3. 萬大, 宜蘭澤敖利: delete ‹q› || 1. Rejected
2. Continue to use the standard
3. Accepted ||

|| 1. 中排, 南排: use ‹gr› in place of ‹dr›
2. Inconsistent use of ‹w› and ‹v› || 1. To be discussed; 力里 needs a letter for [ɣ]
2. To be discussed ||

|| 1. Add vowels ‹e› and ‹o›
2. 郡群: ‹ti› changes to ‹ci› (palatalization)
3. 郡群: ‹si› (palatalization)
4. 郡群 uses ‹-› for glottal stop
5. The loss of [ʔ] may cause ‹y› become a phoneme || 1. Accepted
2. To be discussed
3. Remain ‹si›
4. Remain ‹-› ||

|| 1. 知本, 初鹿, 建和: add ‹b›
2. 建和: add ‹z›
3. 知本: add ‹dr›
4. 南王: delete ‹’› and ‹h›
5. 知本, 初鹿, 建和, 南王: add ‹o› and ‹ē›
6. The original practice of using ‹l› for retroflex [ɭ] and ‹lr› for [ɮ] (which is [l] in南王) is confusing.
It is suggested to use ‹lr› [ɭ], ‹lh› [ɮ], ‹l› [l] || 1. Only in loanwords
2. Only in loanwords
3. Advised not to add
4. Delete ‹h›
5. Only in loanwords
6. Can’t reach agreement
7. Delete ‹’› and use ‹q› for [ʔ] and [ɦ] ||

|| 1. 大武: add ‹tr›
2. 萬山: add ‹b› and ‹g›
3. 霧台: add ‹é›
4. 多納: Use ‹u› in place of ‹o› || 1. Only in loanwords
2. Only in loanwords
3. Only in loanwords
4. Accepted ||

|| 1. Long vowel sign ‹:›
2. Add ‹c, f, g› || 1. Delete
2. To be discussed ||

|| 1. Delete ‹r› for [ɽ]
2. Use ‹x› for vowel ‹ʉ› for convenience
3. Add ‹g›
4. ‹l› has two sounds: [ɗ] and [l] || 1. Reserve the letter for 久美
2. Accepted
3. Only in loanwords
4. To be studied ||

|| 1. Churches use ‹h› for both [ʔ] and [ɰ] || 1. ‹’› should be used for [ʔ] ||

|| 1. ‹.› should be used to distinguish ‹lh› (vs. ‹l.h›) and ‹th› (vs. ‹t.h›) || 1. Continue to use the standard
2. Add ‹aa, ii, uu› ||

|| 1. The confusion of ‹o› and ‹u›
2. Add trill ‹r› for 樟原 || 1. Add ‹o› to distinguish from ‹u›
2. People from the tribe decided not to add
3. Add ‹y, w› ||

|| 1. Add ‹’›
2. Add ‹aw, ay, uy, ow, ey›
3. Reduced vowel ‹e› should not be omitted || 1. To be discussed
2. Add ‹ey› [e]
3. People from the tribe wish not to change the current spelling rules ||

|| 1. 都達、德路固: add ‹aw, ay, uy, ow, ey›
2. Add ‹j›
3. ‹w› should not be omitted
4. Reduced vowel ‹e› should not be omitted || 1. Add ‹ey› [e]; ‹aw, ay, uy› added only in loanwords
2. Only in loanwords
3. People from the tribe wish not to change the current spelling rules
4. People from the tribe wish not to change the current spelling rules ||

|| 1. Delete ‹^› for epiglottal stop
2. Loss of distinction between ‹x› and ‹h›
3. ‹l›, ‹r› seem to be allophones || 1. Accepted; use ‹’› for [ʔ] and [ʡ]
2. Delete ‹x› and keep ‹h›
3. To be discussed
4. Use ‹b› [b] in place of ‹f› ||

|| 1. Add ‹ʉ› for [ɨ]
2. Delete central vowel ‹e› [ə] || 1. Accepted
2. Accepted
3. Remain ‹r› for [r] and ‹l› for [ɾ] ||

|| 1. Change ‹e› [ə] to ‹e› [e]
2. Add ‹ʉ› for [ɨ]
3. Delete ‹l› || 1. Accepted
2. Accepted
3. Delete ‹l› and use ‹r› for [r, ɾ] ||