British Mirpuris

Large Azad Kashmiri communities can be found in Birmingham, Bradford, London, Manchester, Leeds, Luton and the surrounding towns.{{Cite book |last=Skutsch |first=Carl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&dq=kashmiris+luton+bradford+birmingham&pg=PA694 |title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities |date=2013-11-07 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-19388-1 |pages=694 |language=en |quote=Kashmiris from Azad Kashmir (the Mirpur and Kotli districts) relocated to Britain in the 1950s, especially to the towns of Bradford, Birmingham, London, Manchester, Leeds, and Luton, on account of the availability of unskilled work.}}

Migration from the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir began soon after the Second World War as the majority of the male population of this area and the Potohar region worked in the British armed forces, as well as to fill labour shortages in industry. But the mass migration phenomenon accelerated in the 1960s, when, to improve the supply of water, the Mangla Dam project was built in the area, flooding the surrounding farmlands.{{citation |last=Ballard |first=Roger |title=Culture and economy in the Indian diaspora |pages=197–222 |year=2002 |editor1=H. Singh |chapter=The South Asian presence in Britain and its transnational connections |chapter-url=http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/250/1/southasianbritain.pdf |location=London |publisher=Routledge |editor2=S. Vertovec}} Up to 50,000 people from Mirpur (5% of the displaced) resettled in Britain. More joined their relatives in Britain after benefiting from government compensation and liberal migration policies.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_pGGU0cOT4C&q=Mangla+Dam+and+immigration+5,000&pg=PA30 |title=Kinship and continuity: Pakistani families in Britain |pages=26–32 |publisher= Routledge |access-date=27 April 2010|isbn=978-90-5823-076-8|year=2000}}

Mirpur was considered to be a conservative district in 1960s, and life in its rural villages was dominated by rigid hierarchies. The first generation Mirpuris were not highly educated, and they had little or no experience of urban living in Pakistan.{{cite book |last=Werbner |first=Pnina |title=Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures around the World |publisher=Springer |year=2005 |isbn=0-306-48321-1 |editor1-last=Ember |editor1-first=Melvin |location=New York |pages=475–484 |chapter=Pakistani migration and diaspora religious politics in a global age |author-link=Pnina Werbner |editor2-last=Ember |editor2-first=Carol R. |editor3-last=Skoggard |editor3-first=Ian |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7QEjPVyd9YMC&pg=PA475}} An economic boom brought dramatic changes to the area after its residents began migrating to Europe, especially the UK, bolstering remittances to Pakistan. Families in Pakistan are close knit and the guiding influence behind everything from marriage to business.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/world/south_asia/6178092.stm "The limits to integration"], BBC News, 30 November 2006 The current literacy rate of Azad Jammu and Kashmir is 78%, compared with 62.3% in Pakistan.{{cite web | url=http://mofept.gov.pk/ProjectDetail/NjQ4ZTg2NjItOWM2NC00Y2IxLTkzMDgtMjU2OTFhMjA4NzNh | title=Ministry of Federal Education and Professional Training }} In Azad Jammu and Kashmir, primary school enrolment is 80% for boys and 74% for girls.{{cite news |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405883116300247 |title=The province-wise literacy rate in Pakistan and its impact on the economy |author=Abdul Rehman |date=November 2015 |newspaper=Science Direct |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=140–144 |doi=10.1016/j.psrb.2016.09.001 |access-date=1 February 2022}}

The community has made notable progress in UK politics and a sizeable number of MPs, councillors, lord mayors and deputy mayors are representing the community in different constituencies.{{cite news |last=Shackle |first=Samira |date=20 August 2010 |title=The mosques aren't working in Bradistan |work=New Statesman |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/society/2010/08/bradford-british-pakistan |access-date=17 August 2014}}

Cousin marriages or marriages within the same tribe and caste system are common in some parts of South Asia, including rural areas of Pakistan.{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7237663.stm |title=Birth defects warning sparks row |date=10 February 2008 |work=BBC News |access-date=26 December 2010}} A major motivation is to preserve patrilineal tribal identity.{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/understandingcon0000gang/page/232|title=Understanding Contemporary India|first=Neil|last=DeVotta|year=2003|location=London|publisher=Lynne Rienner|pages=[https://archive.org/details/understandingcon0000gang/page/232 232–237]|isbn=1-55587-958-6}} As a result, there are some common genealogical origins within these tribes.{{Cite book | title=Culture, Creation, and Procreation: Concepts of Kinship in South Asian Practice | pages=81–157 | author=Monika Böck and Aparna Rao | publisher=Berghahn Books | year=2000| isbn=1-57181-912-6 | quote=... Kalesh kinship is indeed orchestrated through a rigorous system of patrilineal descent defined by lineage endogamy}} Some British Pakistanis view cousin marriages as a way of preserving this ancient tribal tradition and maintaining a sense of brotherhood.{{cite web |url=http://www.rcpbml.org.uk/wdie-07/DiCoIdFo.htm |title=Diasporic Communities and Identity Formation |author=Zafar Khan |publisher=University of Luton |access-date=26 December 2010}}

A small scale study of 100 randomly selected British Pakistani mothers was published in 1988 in the Journal of Medical Genetics, which looked specifically at two hospitals in West Yorkshire, found that the rate of consanguineous marriage was 55 per cent and suggested that the rate was rising,[http://jmg.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/25/3/186 The frequency of consanguineous marriage among British Pakistanis], Journal of Medical Genetics 1988;25:186–190 compared to a worldwide rate of 29 per cent.{{cite web |url=http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?no=321444&rel_no=1 |title=Pakistan Faces Genetic Disasters – OhmyNews International |publisher=English.ohmynews.com |date=6 October 2006 |access-date=27 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316044606/http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?no=321444&rel_no=1 |archive-date=16 March 2010 }} However, this rate is significantly lower than in Pakistan, where consanguineous marriages are estimated to be at 73 per cent.{{cite web |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/906418-cousin-marriage-playing-havoc-with-health-in-pakistan |title=Cousin marriage playing havoc with health in Pakistan|author=Our Correspondent |publisher=thenews.com.pk |access-date=1 February 2022}}

Representatives of constituencies where there are high Pakistani populations say that consanguineous marriages amongst British Pakistanis are now decreasing in number, partly because of public health initiatives.{{cite web |url=http://menmedia.co.uk/asiannews/news/s/1036054_calls_for_reviews_of_cousin_marriages |title=Calls for reviews of cousin marriages |author=Asian News |work=Asian News |publisher=Trinity Mirror |access-date=26 December 2010}}

According to the British Home Office, as of 2000, more than half the cases of forced marriage investigated involve families of Pakistani origin, followed by Bangladeshis and Indians.[https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2006-04-19-forced-marriage_x.htm Groups try to break bonds of forced marriage], USA Today, 19 April 2006 The Home Office estimates that 85 per cent of the victims of forced marriages are women aged 15–24, 90 per cent are Muslim, and 90 per cent are of Pakistani or Bangladeshi heritage.[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/4590895/Woman-saved-from-forced-marriage-in-Pakistan-by-new-UK-law.html Woman saved from forced marriage in Pakistan by new UK law], The Daily Telegraph, 11 February 2009 60 per cent of forced marriages by Pakistani families were linked to the small towns of Bhimber and Kotli and the city of Mirpur.{{cite web|url=http://www.tes.co.uk/article.aspx?storycode=6040745&navcode=94|title=Cry freedom|first=Adi|last=Bloom|work=Times Educational Supplement|issue=4885|date=9 April 2010|access-date=30 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092537/http://www.tes.co.uk/article.aspx?storycode=6040745&navcode=94|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=dead}}

Christopher Snedden writes that most of the native residents of Azad Kashmir are not of Kashmiri ethnicity; rather, they could be called "Jammuites" due to their historical and cultural links with that region, which is coterminous with neighbouring Punjab and Hazara.{{Cite book |last=Snedden |first=Christopher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a19eCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT23 |title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris |date=2015-09-15 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-1-84904-622-0 |pages=21–24 |language=en |quote=Confusingly, the term 'Kashmiri' also has wider connotations and uses. Some people in Azad Kashmir call themselves 'Kashmiris' This is despite most Azad Kashmiris not being of Kashmiri ethnicity. Indeed, most of their ethnic, cultural and historical links have been, and remain, with areas to the south and west of Azad Kashmir, chiefly Punjab and the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP), now called Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. Nevertheless, Azad Kashmiris call themselves Kashmiris because of their region's historical connections with the former princely state of J&K that popularly was called Kashmir. Some Azad Kashmiris also call themselves Kashmiris simply because their region's official name, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, has the word Kashmir in it. (Using the same logic, Azad Kashmiris could call themselves "'Jammuites', which historically and culturally would be more accurate, or even 'Azadi- ites'.)}}{{cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Charles H. |title=The Territorial Management of Ethnic Conflict |date=August 2, 2004 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781135764425 |editor=John Coakley |page=153 |chapter=Pakistan: Ethnic Diversity and Colonial Legacy |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nEqRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA153}} Because their region was formerly a part of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir and is named after it, many Azad Kashmiris have adopted the "Kashmiri" identity, whereas in an ethnolinguistic context, the term "Kashmiri" would ordinarily refer to natives of the Kashmir Valley region.{{cite book |author=Christopher Snedden |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a19eCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT23 |title=Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris |date=15 September 2015 |publisher=Hurst |isbn=978-1-84904-622-0 |pages=21–24}} The population of Azad Kashmir has strong historical, cultural and linguistic affinities with the neighbouring populations of upper Punjab and Potohar region of Pakistan.{{Citation |last1=Jabeen |first1=Nazish |title=Consanguinity and Its Sociodemographic Differentials in Bhimber District, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan |date=June 2014 |journal=Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=301–313 |pmc=4216966 |pmid=25076667 |quote=Kashmiri population in the northeast of Pakistan has strong historical, cultural and linguistic affinities with the neighbouring populations of upper Punjab and Potohar region of Pakistan. |last2=Malik |first2=Sajid}}{{citation |last=Ballard |first=Roger |title=Kashmir Crisis: View from Mirpur |date=2 March 1991 |url=https://casas.org.uk/papers/pdfpapers/kashmir.pdf |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=26 |number=9/10 |pages=513–517 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034904/http://casas.org.uk/papers/pdfpapers/kashmir.pdf |jstor=4397403 |quote="... they are best seen as forming the eastern and northern limits of the Potohari Punjabi culture which is otherwise characteristic of the upland parts of Rawalpindi and Jhelum Districts" |access-date=July 19, 2020 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=dead}}

In 2009, a consultation was undertaken into the effects of providing an individual tick-box for "Kashmiri" people in the UK census. The majority of those who took part in the consultation chose to self-identify as Pakistani and a decision was taken not to introduce a Kashmiri tick-box for the ethnic group question in the 2011 census.{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/census/2011/the-2011-census/2011-census-questionnaire-content/question-and-content-recommendations/kashmiri-research-project-2011---final-report.pdf|title=Kashmiri Research Project|publisher=Office for National Statistics|date=October 2009|access-date=6 March 2015}}

The following ethnic codes are used in UK school ethnicity profiles:{{Cite web |title=Complete the school census - Find a school census code - Guidance - GOV.UK |url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/complete-the-school-census/find-a-school-census-code |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=www.gov.uk |language=en}}

• AMPK: Mirpuri Pakistani
• AKPA: Kashmiri Pakistani
• AKAO: Kashmiri Other

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• Azad Kashmiri diaspora
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Category:Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom

Category:Mirpur District

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Category:Mirpuri diaspora

Category:Pakistani diaspora in the United Kingdom