Old Course at St Andrews
{{Short description|Golf course in St Andrews, Scotland}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox golf facility
|golf_facility_name = Old Course
|image_size =
|caption = The Old Course's Swilcan Bridge, 2019
|location = St Andrews, Scotland
|coordinates = {{coord|56.343|-2.803|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|establishment = 1552 (472 years ago)
|type = Public
|owner = Fife Council{{cite web |url=http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/Releases/2002/01/905 |title=St Andrews Link Trust appointment |access-date=28 December 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180113080153/https://www.gov.scot/News/Releases/2002/01/905|archive-date=13 January 2018}}
|operator = St Andrews Links Trust
|holes = 18
|tournaments = The Open Championship, Alfred Dunhill Links Championship, St Andrews Links Trophy
|website = [http://www.standrews.org.uk/Play/Courses/Old-Course/ Old Course]
|course1 =
|designer1 =
|par1 = 72
|length1 = {{convert|7,305|yd}}
|rating1 =
|record1 = 61; Ross Fisher (2017)
61; Tyrrell Hatton (2024)
|pushpin_map = Scotland Fife#UK Scotland
|pushpin_relief = 1
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Fife, Scotland##Location in Scotland
|pushpin_mapsize = 240
}}
The Old Course at St Andrews, also known as the Old Lady or the Grand Old Lady,{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/robhodgetts/2010/07/flawed_or_fabulous_the_old_lad.html |title=Flawed or fabulous - the Old Lady has unique charm|publisher=BBC |date= 13 July 2010|access-date=12 May 2021}}{{cite web |url=https://www.golfmonthly.com/tour/open-championship/open-news/bunkers-of-st-andrews-74637 |title=Bunkers of St Andrews |publisher= Golf Monthly|date= 23 October 2011 |access-date=12 May 2021}}{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/golf/mcilroy-stands-tall-after-work-short-game-pays-65-2264815.html|title=McIlroy stands tall after work on short game pays off with 65 |work= The Independent|date = 8 July 2015|access-date=19 February 2013}} is considered the oldest golf course{{cite web |url=http://www.scottishgolfhistory.org/oldest-golf-courses/ |title=Scottish Golf History – Oldest Golf Sites |access-date=19 February 2013}}{{cite web |url=http://www.standrews.org.uk/golf/the_courses/old_course.html |title=St Andrews – The Old Course |access-date=19 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921212811/http://www.standrews.org.uk/golf/the_courses/old_course.html |archive-date=21 September 2012 }} in the world. It is a public course over common land in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland, and is held in trust by the St Andrews Links Trust under an act of Parliament. The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews clubhouse sits adjacent to the first tee, although it is but one of many clubs (St Andrews Golf Club, the New Golf Club, St Regulus Ladies Golf Club and the St Rule Club are the others with clubhouses) that have playing privileges on the course, along with some other non-clubhouse owning golf clubs and the general public. Originally known as the "golfing grounds" of St Andrews, it was not until the New Course was opened in 1895 that it became known as the Old Course.{{cite book|author=Helen Cook|title=St Andrews The Postcard Collection|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EVMdDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT136|date=15 April 2016|publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited|isbn=978-1-4456-4580-3|pages=136–}}
History
The Old Course at St Andrews is considered by many to be the "home of golf" because the sport was first played on the links at St Andrews in the early 15th century. Golf was becoming increasingly popular in Scotland until James II of Scotland banned the game in 1457 because he felt that young men were playing too much golf instead of practising their archery.{{cite web |title=Acts of Parliament banning golf |url=https://digital.nls.uk/golf-in-scotland/banned/1457-act.html |website=National Library of Scotland |access-date=27 September 2021}} The ban was upheld by James III, and remained in force until 1502, when James IV became a golfer himself and removed the ban.Andrew Leibs (2004). "Sports and Games of the Renaissance". p. 69. Greenwood Publishing Group,
=Governance=
In 1552, Archbishop John Hamilton gave the townspeople of St Andrews the right to play on the links. In 1754, 22 noblemen, professors, and landowners founded the Society of St Andrews Golfers. This society would eventually become the precursor to The R&A which is the governing body for golf everywhere outside of the United States and Mexico.{{cite web |url=http://www.standrews.org.uk/About-Us/History.aspx |title=St Andrews – A Brief History of The Links |access-date=19 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704091144/http://www.standrews.org.uk/About-Us/History.aspx |archive-date=4 July 2012 }} St Andrews Links had a scare when they went bankrupt in 1797. The Town Council of St Andrews decided to allow rabbit farming on the golf course to challenge golf for popularity. Twenty years of legal battling between the golfers and rabbit farmers ended in 1821 when a local landowner and golfer named James Cheape of Strathtyrum bought the land and is credited with saving the links for golf.{{cite web |url=https://www.theexperiencegolf.com/golf-destinations/scotland/st-andrews/old-course/ |title=The Old Course Experience – A Brief History of The Links |access-date=19 February 2013}}
The course evolved without the help of any one architect for many years, though notable contributions to its design were made by Daw Anderson in the 1850s and Old Tom Morris (1865–1908), who designed the 1st and 18th holes. Originally, it was played over the same set of fairways out and back to the same holes. As interest in the game increased, groups of golfers would often be playing the same hole, but going in different directions.
=Influence on modern golf=
File:TomMorrisesFeature-RHP414(Whole) (1).jpg
The Old Course was pivotal to the development of how the game is played today. For instance, in 1764, the course had 22 holes and the members would play the same hole going out and in with the exception of the 11th and 22nd holes. William St Clair of Roslin as the captain of The Captain and Gentlemen Golfers authorized changes to St Andrews on 4 October 1764.{{Cite web|url=http://www.scottishgolfhistory.org/oldest-golf-sites/1574-st-andrews/|title = 1574 St Andrews - the Student Golfer - Scottish Golf History}} He decided that the first four and last four holes on the course were too short and should be combined into four total holes (two in and two out). St Andrews then had 18 holes and that was how the standard of 18 holes was created.Forrest L. Richardson (2002). "Routing the Golf Course: The Art & Science That Forms the Golf Journey". p. 46. John Wiley & Sons Around 1863, Old Tom Morris had the 1st green separated from the 17th green, producing the current 18-hole layout with 7 double greens and 4 single greens. The Old Course is home of The Open Championship, the oldest of golf's major championships. The Old Course has hosted this major 30 times since 1873, most recently in 2022. The 30 Open Championships that the Old Course has hosted is more than any other course, and The Open is currently played there every five years.
=Old Course and Bobby Jones=
Bobby Jones (who later founded Augusta National) first played St Andrews in the 1921 Open Championship. During the third round, he infamously hit his ball into a bunker on the 11th hole. After he took four swings at the ball and still could not get out, he lost his temper and continued the round, but did not turn in his score card, disqualifying himself. However, he did continue to play in the fourth round. Six years later, when the Open Championship returned to St Andrews, Jones also returned. Not only did he win, he also became the first amateur to win back-to-back Open Championships. He won wire-to-wire, shooting a 285 (7-under-par), which was the lowest score at either a U.S. Open or Open Championship at the time. He ended up winning the tournament by a decisive six strokes.
In 1930, Jones returned to St Andrews for the British Amateur.{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/golf/pga/2005-06-14-bobby-jones-slam_x.htm |title=Jones' 1930 feat still stands test of time |first=Morgan |last=Kelly |newspaper=USA Today |date=14 June 2005 |access-date=19 February 2013}} He won, beating Roger Wethered by a score of 7 and 6 in the final match. He subsequently won the other three majors, making him the only man in the history of the sport to win the Grand Slam. Jones went on to fall in love with the Old Course for the rest of his life. Years later, he said "If I had to select one course upon which to play the match of my life, I should have selected the Old Course." In 1958 the town of St Andrews gave Jones the key to the city; he was only the second American to receive the honour (after Benjamin Franklin in 1759). After he received the key, he said "I could take out of my life everything but my experiences here in St Andrews and I would still have had a rich and full life."{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/golf/pga/2010-07-13-british-open-st-andrews_N.htm |title=History, mythology combine at St Andrews, the home of golf |newspaper=USA Today |first=Steve |last=DiMeglio |date=15 July 2010 |access-date=19 February 2013}}
Features and hazards
ESPN has said of the course, "No other golf course has as many famous landmarks as St. Andrews, its 112 bunkers and endless hills and hollows have been cursed for centuries, and many have their own names and legends."{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.co.uk/golf/britishopen05/news/story?id=2106441|publisher=ESPN |title=St. Andrews' Old tricks|date=12 July 2005|access-date=22 May 2021}} In 1949, the last bunker to be filled in on the course was Hull bunker on the 15th fairway.
The Open Championship
The Open has been staged at the Old Course at St Andrews 30 times. The following is a list of the champions:
| class="wikitable"
!rowspan=2|Year!!rowspan=2|Winner!!colspan=5|Score!!rowspan=2|Notes | |||||||
| R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1873 | {{flagicon|SCO}} Tom Kidd | 91 | 88 | – | – | 179 | This was the first time the Open Championship was played on an 18-hole course. Instead of three rounds of 12 holes, there were two rounds of 18. Kidd won £11. |
| 1876 | {{flagicon|SCO}} Bob Martin 1st | 86 | 90 | – | – | 176 | Due to a controversial ruling, Bob Martin finished in a tie for first. In protest, his opponent Davie Strath refused to participate so Martin walked the course and became the Open Champion. He won £10. |
| 1879 | {{flagicon|SCO}} Jamie Anderson 3rd | 84 | 85 | – | – | 169 | With this win, Jamie Anderson became the first person to break 170 in the Open Championship. He won £10. |
| 1882 | {{flagicon|SCO}} Bob Ferguson 3rd | 83 | 88 | – | – | 171 | This was the third straight Open Championship for Ferguson. He won £12. |
| 1885 | {{flagicon|SCO}} Bob Martin 2nd | 84 | 87 | – | – | 171 | The second of Martin's Open Championship wins, he won £10. |
| 1888 | {{flagicon|SCO}} Jack Burns | 86 | 85 | – | – | 171 | Burns won after his score was re-added, giving him a one-stroke victory. The winner's share was £8. |
| 1891 | {{flagicon|SCO}} Hugh Kirkaldy | 83 | 83 | – | – | 166 | Kirkaldy set the tournament record with his 166. This was also the last Open Championship that was 36 holes. The winner's share was £10. |
| 1895 | {{flagicon|ENG}} J.H. Taylor 2nd | 86 | 78 | 80 | 78 | 322 | This was the first Open to be played over two days (36 holes a day) and a total of 72 holes at St Andrews. He shot the first sub-80 rounds at St Andrews. The winner's share was £30. |
| 1900 | {{flagicon|ENG}} J.H. Taylor 3rd | 79 | 77 | 78 | 75 | 309 | This open marked the first time the "Great Triumvirate" finished 1-2-3. That was the name given to the three golfers who dominated the game in the late 19th century to the early 20th century. From 1894 to 1914, J.H. Taylor, Harry Vardon, and James Braid combined to win 16 Open Championships. This was Taylor's third of five Open Championships. The winner's share was £50. |
| 1905 | {{flagicon|SCO}} James Braid 2nd | 81 | 78 | 78 | 81 | 318 | This was the first Open to be played over three days, with 36 holes on the last day. This was Braid's second of five Open Championships. The winner's share was £50. |
| 1910 | {{flagicon|SCO}} James Braid 5th | 76 | 73 | 74 | 76 | 299 | This Open was the last of Braid's five Open Championships. With this win he became the first person to break 300 in a four-round Open at St Andrews, and was the first to win five Open Championships. The winner's share was £50. |
| 1921 | {{flagicon|USA|1912}} Jock Hutchison {{flagicon|SCO}} | 72 | 75 | 79 | 70 | 296 PO | Born in Scotland, Hutchison was the first American citizen to win the Open Championship with this win. This was also the first time Bobby Jones played St Andrews. He ended up walking off the course after he took four shots to get out of a bunker on the 11th hole. The winner's share was £75. |
| 1927 | {{flagicon|USA|1912}} Bobby Jones (a) 2nd | 68 | 72 | 73 | 72 | 285 (−7) | This win marked Bobby Jones's first Open championship win at St Andrews, his second straight Open Championship, fourth professional major, and his 7th career major (he was a three-time winner of the U.S. Amateur). As an amateur, Jones received no prize money. Aubrey Boomer and Fred Robson finished in a tie for second, and the winner's and second place share of £75 for first place and £50 for second place were combined and divided into two, so each player earned 62 pounds and 10 shillings. |
| 1933 | {{flagicon|USA|1912}} Denny Shute | 73 | 73 | 73 | 73 | {{nowrap|292 (0) PO}} | Shute won the Open title by five strokes in a playoff against Craig Wood. Leo Diegel could have joined them but he whiffed a putt on the 72nd hole, finishing one shot off the lead. The winner's share was £100. |
| 1939 | {{flagicon|ENG}} Dick Burton | 70 | 72 | 77 | 71 | 290 (−2) | The 1939 Open was the last Open until 1946 because of World War II. The Royal Air Force used the fairways of the Old Course as runways. Burton held the Claret Jug the longest (7 years), until the tournament resumed in 1946, also at St Andrews. The winner's share was £100. |
| 1946 | {{flagicon|USA|1912}} Sam Snead | 71 | 70 | 74 | 75 | 290 (−2) | Even though Sam Snead won the first Open Championship to be played since 1939, he still lost money because of the high travel expenses; his winner's share was £150. When taking the train into St Andrews, Sam Snead is quoted for looking out of the window and saying "Say, that looks like an old abandoned golf course" about the Old Course. |
| 1955 | {{flagicon|AUS}} Peter Thomson 2nd | 71 | 68 | 70 | 72 | 281 (−7) | This was the second of Thomson's three straight Open titles, and five overall. His winner's share was £1,000. |
| 1957 | {{flagicon|ZAF|1928}} Bobby Locke 4th | 69 | 72 | 68 | 70 | 279 (−9) | Between 1949 and 1957, Locke won the Open title four times. He survived a possible disqualification when he marked his ball on the 72nd green, and played his ball without replacing his ball mark. The R&A decided that because he had a three shot lead, and he didn't gain an advantage, that in the spirit of the game, he should not be disqualified. The winner's share was £1,000. |
| 1960 | {{flagicon|AUS}} Kel Nagle | 69 | 67 | 71 | 71 | 278 (−10) | This was the 100th anniversary of the Open Championship, although due to wars it wasn't the 100th Open Championship to be played. Arnold Palmer finished second and is credited with returning the Open to the eyes of Americans. The winner's share was £1,250. |
| 1964 | {{flagicon|USA}} Tony Lema | 73 | 68 | 68 | 70 | 279 (−9) | From 1962 to 1966, Lema won 12 times on tour, but this was his only major. He beat Jack Nicklaus by five strokes, and his winner's share was £1,500. |
| 1970 | {{flagicon|USA}} Jack Nicklaus 2nd | 68 | 69 | 73 | 73 | 283 (−5)PO | Doug Sanders missed a tough two and a half-foot (0.75 m) putt on the 72nd hole, bogeyed, and ended up tied with Nicklaus. The playoff the next day came down to 18th hole and Nicklaus birdied to win; it was his second Open title and eighth overall major; the winner's share was £5,250. |
| 1978 | {{flagicon|USA}} Jack Nicklaus 3rd | 71 | 72 | 69 | 69 | 281 (−7) | Nicklaus completed the career Grand Slam (winning all four majors in your career at least once) for the third time making it his third Open Championship. The winner's share was £12,500 |
| 1984 | {{nowrap|{{flagicon|ESP}} Seve Ballesteros 2nd}} | 69 | 68 | 70 | 69 | 276 (−12) | Ballesteros birdied the 72nd hole to win by two. His winner's share was £50,000. |
| 1990 | {{flagicon|ENG}} Nick Faldo 2nd | 67 | 65 | 67 | 71 | 270 (−18) | Faldo set the Open championship scoring record shooting 18 under par, winning his second major of the year, his second Open Championship and his fourth overall major. The winner's share was £85,000. |
| 1995 | {{flagicon|USA}} John Daly | 67 | 71 | 73 | 71 | {{nowrap|282 (−6)PO}} | Daly defeated Costantino Rocca in a four-hole playoff to win the Open title and £125,000. It was the final Open Championship appearance of Arnold Palmer, and the first for Tiger Woods. |
| 2000 | {{flagicon|USA}} Tiger Woods 1st | 67 | 66 | 67 | 69 | 269 (−19) | Winning the 2000 Open was Tiger Woods's second consecutive major championship, making him the fifth golfer and the youngest to complete the career Grand Slam. Having won the 2000 U.S. Open at Pebble Beach, he went on to complete the "Tiger Slam" by winning the 2000 PGA Championship at Valhalla Golf Club and the 2001 Masters at Augusta National. Woods did not hit a single bunker the entire tournament, won by eight strokes, and set the new Open Championship scoring record with 19 under par. The winner's share was £500,000. |
| 2005 | {{flagicon|USA}} Tiger Woods 2nd | 66 | 67 | 71 | 70 | 274 (−14) | Woods' won his 10th major championship; it was the fourth he had won by five or more strokes. It was Jack Nicklaus's last Open Championship. The winner's share was £720,000. |
| 2010 | {{flagicon|ZAF}} Louis Oosthuizen | 65 | 67 | 69 | 71 | 272 (−16) | On the 150th anniversary of the first Open Championship, Oosthuizen played consistently well, winning the Open title by shooting a 16 under par 272 and winning by seven strokes. Rory McIlroy shot a 63 in the opening round and the winner's share was £850,000. |
| 2015 | {{flagicon|USA}} Zach Johnson | 66 | 71 | 70 | 66 | 273 (−15)PO | In the 144th playing of the Open Championship, Zach Johnson emerged from a three-man playoff to win the tournament. Tom Watson was given a special exemption by the R & A in order that he could finish his Open career at the Old Course. The tournament finished on Monday due to the extremely high winds that arose during Saturday's round. Johnson defeated Louis Oosthuizen and Marc Leishman in a four-hole playoff. The winner's share was £1,150,000. |
| 2022 | {{flagicon|AUS}} Cameron Smith | 67 | 64 | 73 | 64 | 268 (−20) | In the 150th playing of the Open Championship, with a final round 64, Smith came from four strokes behind third-round leaders Rory McIlroy and Viktor Hovland to win by one from Cameron Young. Smith's winning score of 268 (20 under par) set a new record for the lowest aggregate over the Old Course in the Open, and tied the championship to-par record, set by Henrik Stenson at Troon in 2016. The winner's share was £2,100,000.{{cite news |title=St. Andrews set to break attendance record for British Open |url=https://apnews.com/article/tiger-woods-sports-golf-b88e0c4b25bcaa0c84c46b97437ab561 |access-date=30 April 2022 |work=Associated Press |date=26 April 2022 |location=St. Andrews, Scotland |language=en}} |
- Note: Multiple winners of The Open Championship have superscript ordinal designating which in their respective careers.
- (a) denotes amateur
Scorecard
{{golf18|center=true|title=Old Course{{cite web|title=The Old Course scorecard|url=https://www.standrews.com/SALT9/media/Documents/Old-Course-Scorecard-2020.jpg |accessdate=2 October 2021}}}}
{{par18|rssize=8pt|name=Men/Women|4|4/5|4|4/5|5|4|4|3|4|36/38|4|3|4|4/5|5|4|4|4/5|4|36/38|72/76}}
{{handicap18|rssize=8pt|name=Men/Women|10/12|6/14|16/8|8/6|2|12/10|4|14/18|18/16|15/13|7/17|3|11|1|9/5|13/9|5/7|17/15}}
{{black18|M: 73.1 / 132|376|411|370|419|514|374|359|166|347|3336|340|174|316|418|530|414|381|455|357|3385|6721}}
{{blue18|M: 71.4 / 129|355|395|337|411|514|360|349|154|289|3164|311|164|304|388|523|391|345|436|361|3223|6387}}
{{green18|M: 69.9 / 125
W: 75.5 / 138|339|375|321|401|454|325|335|145|261|2956|296|150|304|377|487|369|325|426|342|3076|6032}}
{{end18}}
Women's British Open
Winners of the Women's British Open at the Old Course at St Andrews:
| class="wikitable"
!Year!!Winner!!Score | ||
| 2007 | {{flagicon|MEX}} Lorena Ochoa | 287 (−5) |
| 2013 | {{flagicon|USA}} Stacy Lewis | 280 (−8) |
| 2024 | {{flagicon|NZL}} Lydia Ko | 281 (−7) |
Senior Open Championship
Winners of the Senior Open Championship at the Old Course at St Andrews:
| class="wikitable"
!Year!!Winner!!Score | ||
| 2018 | {{flagicon|ESP}} Miguel Ángel Jiménez | 276 (−12) |
Structures overlooking the Old Course
The following notable structures overlooking the Old Course in a clockwork direction from the north:
File:St Andrews Links Clubhouse 5708118 8c03b04c.jpg|St Andrews Links Clubhouse
File:St Andrews Ladies’ Putting Club (The Himalayas).jpg|St Andrews Ladies' Putting Club
File:Caddie Pavilion under construction-geograph-6534075-by-Graeme-Yuill (cropped).jpg|The Caddie Pavilion
File:The Old Pavilion at the Old Course 6114081 424633ac.jpg|The Old Pavilion
File:The R&A World Golf Museum, St Andrews with a closer view of the building.jpg|R&A World Golf Museum
File:Old Course Starter Hut, St Andrew's Links 2679063 d82c872c.jpg|Old Course Starter Hut
File:Royal and Ancient Golf Club.jpg|The Royal and Ancient clubhouse
File:Martyr's Monument St Andrews.jpg|Martyrs' Monument
File:The St Andrews' Links Shop-geograph-5028168-by-Stanley-Howe (close cropped).jpg|The St Andrews Links Golf Shop
File:Hamilton Grand (cropped).jpg|Hamilton Grand
File:The Old Course Shop, St Andrews-geograph-5028194-by-Stanley-Howe.jpg|The Old Course Shop, previously the St Andrews Woollen Mill Shop
File:Tom Morris House And Golf Shop, 7-8 The Links, St Andrews.jpg|The Open Store, previously known as the Tom Morris Golf Shop
File:12 & 13 The Links, St Andrews.jpg|The clubhouses of The St Rule Club (left) and St Andrews Golf Club (right)
File:Rusacks Hotel portrait view.jpg|Rusacks Hotel
File:The Jigger Inn, St Andrews Golf Course geograph-6911629-by-JThomas.jpg|Jigger Inn, previously the St Andrews Links railway station master's cottage.
File:Old Course Hotel-St Andrews-Geograph-6167264-by-Richard-Sutcliffe (cropped).jpg|Old Course Hotel
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
{{commons category|Old Course, St Andrews}}
- [https://www.standrews.com/play/courses/old-course St Andrews Links Trust official site of the Old Course]
- [http://golfcoursehistories.com/TOC.html Golf Course Histories] – comparison between 1932 and 2012 course aerials (prior to November 2012 changes)
- [https://www.top100golfcourses.com/golf-course/st-andrews-old Top 100 Golf Courses - The Old Course]
- [http://www.provisualizer.com/link.php?id=32 3D Course Planner] at ProVisualizer
{{St Andrews}}
{{Open Championship Courses}}
{{Golf}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Golf clubs and courses in Fife
Category:The Open Championship venues
Category:Sports venues completed in the 16th century
Category:Sports venues in Fife
Category:Tourist attractions in Fife