Redonda

{{Short description|Uninhabited island and dependency in Saint John, Antigua and Barbuda}}

{{hatnote|Not to be confused with Rodondo Island in Australia or Redonda Rock in the Galapagos.}}

{{Infobox islands

| name = Redonda

| image_name = File:Redonda_by_sea_1,_2023.jpg

| image_caption = The island of Redonda, viewed from the south in 2023

| map =

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| nickname =

| location = Caribbean Sea

| pushpin_map = Antigua and Barbuda#Lesser Antilles#Caribbean

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| pushpin_relief = 1

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| coordinates = {{coord|16|56|18|N|62|20|42|W|display=inline,title}}

| archipelago = Leeward Islands, Lesser Antilles

| total_islands =

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| area_km2 =

| length_km = 1.6

| width_km = 0.5

| highest_mount =

| elevation_m = 296

| population = 0

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| country = {{ATG}}

| timezone1 = AST

| utc_offset1 = -4

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|country_admin_divisions_title_1=Parish

|country_admin_divisions_1=Saint John

|image_map=Redonda in Antigua and Barbuda.svg

|image_map_caption=Redonda highlighted in Antigua and Barbuda}}

Redonda is an uninhabited Caribbean island which is a dependency of Saint John, Antigua and Barbuda,{{cite web|url=http://www.ab.gov.ag|title=Government of Antigua and Barbuda|website=www.ab.gov.ag|access-date=11 July 2017}} in the Leeward Islands, West Indies. The island is about {{convert|1|mi|km|disp=flip}} long, {{convert|0.3|mi|km|1|disp=flip}} wide, and is {{convert|971|ft|m|disp=flip}} high at its highest point.{{cite web|url=http://www.antiguanice.com/v2/travel.php?cat=90|title=Antigua and Barbuda: Redonda|website=www.antiguanice.com|access-date=11 July 2017}}

It lies between the islands of Nevis and Montserrat, {{convert|56.2|km|mi}} southwest of Antigua. Redonda is closer to Montserrat than to any other island; it is located {{convert|22.5|km|mi}} northwest of Montserrat and {{convert|32|km|mi}} southeast of Nevis.

Redonda is home to vast numbers of sea birds, and the island was an important source of guano before artificial fertilisers started to be mass-produced. Guano-mining operations started in the 1860s and ceased after the start of World War I. During the mining operations a few buildings and other installations were put in place on the island, and some physical remnants of that phase in its history are still visible.

"Redonda" is the feminine form of the Spanish language adjective meaning "round". In 1493, on his second voyage to the New World, Christopher Columbus saw the island and named it "Santa María la Redonda" (the name in the Spanish language means "Saint Mary the Round").

The island was annexed by the Antiguan Parish of Saint John on 26 March 1872.{{Cite web |url-status=live |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326022109/http://laws.gov.ag/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/cap-373.pdf |title=The Redonda Annexation Act |language=en |date=26 March 1872 |website=laws.gov.ag |access-date=21 August 2023 |url=http://laws.gov.ag/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/cap-373.pdf}}

Description

File:Antigua and Barbuda map.png

File:Redonda west cliffs.JPG

At a distance, Redonda appears as if it were one very large rock. It is the remnant of an ancient extinct volcano. The land rises from sea level mostly as sheer cliffs, especially on the leeward (west) side. At the top of the island there is a relatively flat but tilted area of grassland which slopes to the east. There is no source of fresh water other than rain.

Judging by the name he gave the island, to Columbus the island appeared to be rounded, at least in profile. In reality the island is long and narrow, and reaches a height of almost {{convert|1,000|feet}}. The actual land area of the island is hard to estimate because of the extreme steepness of the slopes, but it is calculated to be somewhere between {{convert|1.6|km2|acre}} and {{convert|2.6|km2|acre}}.

Redonda is uninhabited. The difficult topography, the lack of a safe place to land a boat, and the absence of any freshwater source other than rainfall makes the island inhospitable to humans.

File:Sunny Redonda w hut.JPGA herd of feral goats and thousands of rats were cleared from the island in 2017 as part of an island restoration programme.{{Cite news|url=https://phys.org/news/2018-07-environmental-brighter-future-redonda-fantastic.html|title=Environmental transformation spells brighter future for Redonda's fantastic beasts|access-date=31 August 2018}}File:Redonda west coast detail.JPG

History

In 1493, Christopher Columbus and his crew became the first known Europeans to see Redonda, on his second journey. He claimed it for the Crown of Castile, but did not land there. He named the island Santa María la Redonda, meaning Saint Mary the Round, reflecting the island's apparent profile when viewed from the side.

As the island is a rock of just over a square kilometre, it did not represent any interest for the powers involved in the colonisation of the Americas and, for centuries, it was a refuge for pirates.

In the 1860s, the island became a British possession.{{how|date=March 2015}}

During the decades after the 1860s, the rich guano deposits of Redonda were mined for fertiliser, with an annual yield of up to 7,000 tons. Only during this time was the island inhabited by workers; the population was 120 in 1901. After the guano mining, aluminium phosphate for gunpowder production was discovered and mined. A cableway was constructed to transport material down to the loading pier on the coast.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TnItHSAgevMC&pg=PA18 |title=Antigua and Barbuda |chapter=The History of Redonda |page=18 |via=books.google.com |first=Sara Louise|last=Kras |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |year=2008 |isbn=9780761425700 |series=Cultures of the World |volume=26 |quote=a cableway using baskets was built to transfer the mined phosphate to a pier for shipping}}

In 1914, during the First World War, the mining operations ceased, and most workers left the island. Maintenance workers remained on the island until 1929, when a hurricane destroyed almost all the remaining facilities. The island has remained uninhabited since then. Two stone huts still stand from the time when the island was occupied. Although the closest island to Redonda is Montserrat, and the second closest is Nevis, in 1967 Redonda became a dependency of the more distant Antigua, now part of Antigua and Barbuda.

Scientists from the Montserrat Volcano Observatory{{cite web |url=http://www.mvo.ms/ |title=MVO - Montserrat Volcano Observatory |website=www.mvo.ms |access-date=11 July 2017}} visit the island in a helicopter periodically; they are using Redonda as an observation point from which to take measurements of the Soufrière Hills, an active volcano on Montserrat.

Ecology and conservation

The island is a breeding colony for multiple species of seabirds.{{Cite web |url=https://www.globalwildlife.org/2018/08/15/rare-reptiles-rebound-with-radical-restoration-of-caribbean-island/ |title=Rare Reptiles Rebound with Radical Restoration of Caribbean Island {{!}} Global Wildlife Conservation Global Wildlife Conservation |website=www.globalwildlife.org |language=en |access-date=31 August 2018}} It has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supports red-footed, brown and masked boobies, as well as magnificent frigatebirds.{{cite web |url= https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/redonda-iba-antigua-and-barbuda|title= Redonda|author= |date=2024|website= BirdLife Data Zone|publisher= BirdLife International|access-date= 2024-09-11}}

Animals endemic to the island include the Redonda ground dragon,{{Cite journal |title=Pholidoscelis atratus: Daltry, J.C. |journal=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species |date=22 July 2015 |doi=10.2305/iucn.uk.2017-3.rlts.t50009685a121638486.en |doi-access=free}} the Redonda anole{{cite iucn |author=Daltry, J.C. |author2=Mahler, D.L. |author3=Powell, R. |author4=Dewynter, M. |date=2020 |title=Anolis nubilus |volume=2020 |page=e.T178336A18970845 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T178336A18970845.en |access-date=12 November 2021}} and an unnamed species of dwarf gecko.{{Cite news |url=http://www.anoleannals.org/2017/02/21/of-rats-and-reptiles-an-expedition-to-redonda/ |title=Of Rats and Reptiles: An Expedition to Redonda |date=21 February 2017 |work=Anole Annals |access-date=31 August 2018 |language=en-US}}

The island's local ecology was severely affected by invasive species, particularly introduced goats and rats, for almost a century. Island restoration efforts were initiated in 2016, beginning with removing the island's 60 goats and roughly 6,000 rats.{{Cite web |date=2 January 2020 |title=Destructive wild goats ruled the island of Redonda for over a century. Now, it's being reborn. |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/raveous-wild-goats-ruled-this-island-for-over-a-century-being-reborn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418093532/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/raveous-wild-goats-ruled-this-island-for-over-a-century-being-reborn |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=27 March 2022 |website=Science |language=en}} The Redonda Restoration Programme involves the Environmental Awareness Group, Wildlife Management International and Fauna and Flora International. Several years after the goats were removed, some local plant life began to recover.{{cite web |last=Lewis |first=Nell |title=A Caribbean island once ruled by rats is now a wildlife haven |website=CNN |date=29 September 2023 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/29/travel/redonda-caribbean-restoration-wildlife-c2e-scn-spc-intl/index.html |access-date=29 September 2023}}

In September 2023, the Redonda Ecosystem Reserve was established, covering nearly {{convert|30,000|ha}} of land and sea,{{cite news |last=Handy |first=Gemma |date=1 October 2023 |title=Redonda: Tiny Caribbean island's transformation to wildlife haven |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-66922735 |work=BBC |location=St John's, Antigua |access-date=1 October 2023}} making it the largest marine protected area in the region.{{Cite web |author=Editorial Staff |date=2024-10-17 |title=Redonda Celebrates One Year as Largest Marine Protected Area in the Region - Antigua News ! |url=https://antigua.news/2024/10/17/redonda-celebrates-one-year-as-largest-marine-protected-area-in-the-region/ |access-date=2025-01-22 |language=en-GB}} Antigua.news

Micronation

File:Redonda Day.JPG, with Montserrat in the distance, 2006]]

Redonda is the setting for the myth of the "Kingdom of Redonda". M. P. Shiel, an author of fantasy novels, claimed that in the year of his birth, 1865, his father Matthew Dowdy Shiell, from Montserrat, decided to celebrate his first male child by arranging for the boy to be crowned King of Redonda at the age of 15, in a ceremony purportedly carried out on the small island by a bishop.

Shiel first expressed the idea of the "Kingdom of Redonda" in a promotional leaflet for his books. Since then, the title has been "passed down", and continues to the present day. For a period of time the "Royal" lineage of Redonda had a more or less solely literary theme, with the title being given to writers, such as John Gawsworth and Jon Wynne-Tyson. Wynne-Tyson (King Juan II), his successor the Spanish novelist Javier Marías (King Xavier), and rival contenders for the Redondan title, such as Gawsworth, William L. Gates and Bob Williamson, were featured in a BBC Radio 4 documentary, Redonda: The Island with Too Many Kings, which was broadcast in May 2007.{{cite web |work=BBC Radio 4 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007j7t6 |title=Redonda: The Island with Too Many Kings |date=27 May 2007}}