akhund

{{about|the Persian title|the villages in Iran|Akhund, Iran (disambiguation)|other uses|Akhund (disambiguation)}}

Akhund ({{langx|fa|آخوند}}) is a Persian title or surname for Islamic scholars,{{Cite web|title=Akhund|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095358949|access-date=2021-04-22|website=Oxford Reference|language=en}}{{Citation|last=Baktiari|first=Bahman|title=Ākhūnd|date=2009 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-0040|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-530513-5|access-date=2021-04-22}}{{Citation |title=Akhund |date=2003-01-01 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-100|work=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|editor-last=Esposito|editor-first=John L.|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-512558-0|access-date=2021-04-22}} common in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Azerbaijan. Other names for similar Muslim Scholar include Sheikh and Mullah.{{Citation|last=Bowker|first=John|title=Akhun(d)|date=2003-01-01 |url= https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001/acref-9780192800947-e-288 |work=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-280094-7|access-date=2021-04-22}}

The Standard Chinese word for Imam ({{zh|t=阿訇|p=āhōng}}), used in particular by the Hui people, also derives from this term. Other similar Chinese terms ({{zh|t=阿衡|p=āhéng}} and {{zh|t=阿洪|p=āhóng}}) also exist.{{cite book |last= Gladney |first= Dru C. |date= 1996 |title= Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_hJ9aht6nZQC&pg=PA395 |publisher= Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University |page= 395 |isbn= 978-0674594975}}

Duty

Akhunds are religious and spiritual leaders.{{Cite web|title=AKHUND {{!}} Definition of AKHUND by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of AKHUND|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/akhund|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422201622/https://www.lexico.com/definition/akhund|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 22, 2021|access-date=2021-04-22|website=Lexico Dictionaries {{!}} English|language=en}}{{Cite web|title=akhund - Wiktionary|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/akhund|access-date=2021-04-22|website=en.wiktionary.org|language=en}} They lead the prayers in the mosques, deliver religious sermons, perform religious ceremonies such as marriage rituals, birth rituals etc. Many of them were magistrates or justices of Sharia courts who also exercised extrajudicial functions, such as mediation, guardianship over orphans and minors, and supervision and auditing of public works. They also often teach in Islamic schools known in Iran as hawzas and in other countries as madrasas.

Akhunds will usually have completed higher studies on Islamic subjects such as Sharia, Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), Quran etc. They commonly dress in religious attire.

Old usage

In Iran, they are also called mullah, molavi, sheikh, haj-agha, or ruhani. The word ruhani means "spiritual, holy". Ruhani is considered a more polite term for Muslim clerics, used by Iranian national television and radio and by devout Muslim families. Akhund is increasingly outmoded in Iran, usually with only the older clerics having the title as part of their name. It has not been used widely as a title since the Qajar dynasty.

In Afghanistan, and among the Pashtuns of the Afghan-Pakistan border region, the term is still current in its original sense as an honorific.