blood diamond

Philippe Le Billon describes the conflict resources argument resting on the suggestion that the most valuable resources, if available to the weaker force in a conflict, can motivate and serve to sustain it.{{Cite journal|last=Le Billon|first=Philippe|date=2008-04-14|title=Diamond Wars? Conflict Diamonds and Geographies of Resource Wars|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=98|issue=2|pages=345–372|doi=10.1080/00045600801922422|issn=0004-5608|doi-access=free}} Commodity prices on global markets, however, are not an adequate proxy for the economic value of a natural resource to participants in armed conflict. Critical factors include location, mode of production, and subsequent route to market. Gemstones are exceptionally light and small in relation to their value as observed by Richard Auty who presents the stark contrast – tens of thousands of times the price per kilogram – of diamonds compared to other resources and consequently how lootable they are.{{Cite journal|last=Auty|first=Richard|date=March 2004|title=Natural resources and civil strife: a two-stage process|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14650040412331307822|journal=Geopolitics|volume=9|issue=1|pages=29–49|doi=10.1080/14650040412331307822|s2cid=144859889|issn=1465-0045}}

Deep mining for gold, kimberlite diamonds or other minerals requires the operation and maintenance of a capital-intensive facility; alluvial deposits by contrast, can be exploited cheaply using artisan tools for however long the relevant land is secured. Alluvial diamonds are therefore more easily exploited by rebels. These differences between primary and secondary diamonds in resource diffusion and cost of extraction are the basis for Lujana et al.'s rejection of non-resource based claims for Botswana and Sierra Leone's different experience of stability and conflict, since both countries have extensive diamond resources but in different formations.{{Cite journal|last1=Lujala|first1=Päivi|last2=Gleditsch|first2=Nils Petter|last3=Gilmore|first3=Elisabeth|date=August 2005|title=A Diamond Curse?|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002705277548|journal=Journal of Conflict Resolution|volume=49|issue=4|pages=538–562|doi=10.1177/0022002705277548|s2cid=154150846|issn=0022-0027}}

Despite efforts to frustrate the sale of resources emerging from conflicts, a notable workaround is the agreement of what Michael Ross terms 'booty futures',Ross, Michael L. (2005). Booty futures. Working Paper, University of California, p30. citing examples mostly from the 1990s concerning diamonds and oil from conflicts in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Angola, Equatorial Guinea, the Congo Republic, and Democratic Republic of Congo. In these agreements, worth tens of millions of dollars, both rebels and government parties to conflict negotiate deals to realize value now from the prospect of resource exploitation in the future. This enables the presence of valuable natural resources to finance fighting for either side without being in production or even in the possession and control of said fighters. Natural resources still funding fighters who don't possess them he argues is particularly 'dangerous' because this finance is available to those otherwise losing, or even yet to initiate armed conflict, so can make new conflicts possible or have the effect of lengthening those where defeat may have come sooner.

The different mode of production of kimberlite and alluvial diamonds explains why the presence of the latter in fought over areas fuels conflict in ways the former does not. The need to realise financial value from the resource, means that the availability of 'futures' contracts, and suitability for looting, are key to its influence. Gemstones and rare minerals are much better suited to this activity than heavier or otherwise less portable resources, however valuable those may be in times of peace.

These findings have moved campaigners, policymakers and diplomats to devise regulatory interventions intended to prevent natural resources from funding continued fighting in the hope that this might hasten an end to those conflicts. In the twelve years that followed the end of the Cold War, resolutions imposing sanctions on resource exporters in ten different conflicts were passed by the United Nations Security Council.Le Billon, Philippe (2003) Fuelling war: Natural resources and armed conflict. Adelphi Paper 357, Table 3 p66

Reports estimated that as much as 21% of the total diamond production in the 1980s was being sold for illegal and unethical purposes and 19% was specifically conflict in nature.{{cite web |url=http://blooddiamond.pacweb.org/kimberlyprocess/ |title=The Kimberley Controls: How Effective? |author= |date= |publisher=Partnership Africa Canada |access-date=8 October 2020 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070116014842/http://blooddiamond.pacweb.org/kimberlyprocess/ |archive-date=16 January 2007}} By 1999, the illegal diamond trade was estimated by the World Diamond Council to have been reduced to 4% of the world's diamond production.{{cite web|url=http://www.worlddiamondcouncil.com/estimate.shtml%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7c%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7cwork=worlddiamondcouncil.com%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7cwork=worlddiamondcouncil.com|title=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM|access-date=2015-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161219221913/http://www.worlddiamondcouncil.com/estimate.shtml%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7c%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7cwork=worlddiamondcouncil.com%7ctitle=WORLDDIAMONDCOUNCIL.COM%7cwork=worlddiamondcouncil.com|archive-date=2016-12-19|url-status=dead}}{{cite web |url=http://www.diamondfacts.org/conflict/index.html |title=Conflict Diamonds - DiamondFacts.org |access-date=2006-12-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061211002030/http://www.diamondfacts.org/conflict/index.html |archive-date=2006-12-11 }} The World Diamond Council reported that by 2004 this percentage had fallen to approximately 1% and up to today the World Diamond Council refers to this illegal trade to be virtually eliminated, meaning that more than 99% of diamonds being sold have a legal background.{{cite web|url=http://www.venetiamajor.com.au/services/diamonds-gemstones/conflict-diamonds/|title=Conflict Diamonds|work=Venetia Major – Bespoke Jewellery|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130410042847/http://www.venetiamajor.com.au/services/diamonds-gemstones/conflict-diamonds/|archive-date=2013-04-10}}

Despite the UN Resolution, UNITA was able to continue to sell or trade some diamonds in order to finance its war effort. The UN set out to find how this remaining illicit trade was being conducted and appointed Canadian ambassador Robert Fowler to investigate. In 2000, he produced the Fowler Report, which named those countries, organizations and individuals involved in the trade. The report is credited with establishing the link between diamonds and third world conflicts,{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4kNErbPSzUUC|title=Diamonds and Conflict: Problems and Solutions|author=Arthur V. Levy|pages=5–6|publisher=N ova Publishers|year=2003 |isbn=1-59033-715-8}} and led directly to United Nations Security Council Resolution 1295, as well as the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS). Still, after the report was published in 2013, smugglers from these African countries were selling blood diamonds through channels less sophisticated, such as social media posts. Rhinestones from Angola, produced by UNITA, were being traded to Cameroon for acquisition of a Cameroonian certificate naturalization to then be sold as legitimate.{{cite web |last1=Chutel |first1=Lynsey |title=Selling blood diamonds is as simple as a Facebook post and a WhatsApp message |url=https://qz.com/africa/1014548/blood-diamonds-from-central-african-republic-are-sold-over-facebook-and-whatsapp/ |website=Quartz Africa |date=26 June 2017 |access-date=27 October 2018}}

Ivory Coast began to develop a fledgling diamond mining industry in the early 1990s. A coup overthrew the government in 1999, starting a civil war. The country became a route for exporting diamonds from Liberia and war-torn Sierra Leone.{{cite web |url=http://www.diamondfacts.org/conflict/background.html |title=Background - Conflict Diamonds- DiamondFacts.org |access-date=2006-12-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061213064137/http://www.diamondfacts.org/conflict/background.html |archive-date=2006-12-13 }}{{cite web |url=http://www.sierra-leone.org/heartmatter.html |title=The Heart of the Matter: Sierra Leone, Diamonds and Human Security - Partnership Africa Canada - Sierra Leone Web |access-date=2006-12-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070120121759/http://www.sierra-leone.org/heartmatter.html |archive-date=2007-01-20 }} Foreign investment begin to withdraw from Ivory Coast. To curtail the illegal trade, the nation stopped all diamond mining and the UN Security Council banned all exports of diamonds from Ivory Coast in December 2005. This ban lasted about ten years but it was later lifted in April 2014 when members of the UN council voted to suspend the sanction. The Kimberley process officials also notified in November 2013 that Ivory Coast was right producing artisanal diamonds.

Despite UN sanctions, the illicit diamond trade still exists in Ivory Coast. Rough diamonds are exported out of the country to neighboring states and international trading centers through the northern Forces Nouvelles controlled section of the country, a group which is reported to be using these funds to re-arm.{{cite web|url=http://www.globalwitness.org/media_library_detail.php/861/en/campaigners_call_for_urgent_action_on_zimbabwe_blo |title=Campaigners call for urgent action on Zimbabwe blood diamonds and wider reform of the Kimberley Process to prevent abuse - media library - global witness |access-date=2011-05-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902191501/http://www.globalwitness.org/media_library_detail.php/861/en/campaigners_call_for_urgent_action_on_zimbabwe_blo |archive-date=2010-09-02 }}{{cite web|url=http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N09/550/99/PDF/N0955099.pdf?OpenElement|title=Home Page|author=ODS Team|work=un.org}}

The Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly Zaire) has suffered numerous looting wars in the 1990s,{{Cite news |url=http://www.miningafrica.net/mining-countries-africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/ |title=Democratic Republic of Congo |work=Mining Africa |language=en-US |access-date=8 May 2017 |archive-date=31 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131192900/http://www.miningafrica.net/mining-countries-africa/democratic-republic-of-congo/ |url-status=dead }} but has been a member of the Kimberley Process since 2003 and now exports about 8% of the world's diamonds. {{As of|2021}}, there is a warning concerning diamonds proceeding from this area{{cite web |title=Enforcement |url=https://www.kimberleyprocess.com/en/enforcement |website=Kimberley Process |access-date=9 January 2021}} since there have been multiple cases of fake Kimberley certificates accompanying the gems. One of De Beers most celebrated diamonds, the D-colour {{convert|777|carat|g}} Millennium Star was discovered in the DRC and sold to De Beers, in open competition with other diamond buyers, between 1991 and 1992.{{Cite news |last1=MacAskill |first1=Ewen |last2=McGreal |first2=Chris |last3=Vidal |first3=John |title=Blood, sweat and ice |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2000/nov/09/features11.g2 |work=The Guardian |date=9 November 2000}}

From 1989 to 2003, Liberia was engaged in a civil war. In 2000, the UN accused Liberian president Charles G. Taylor of supporting the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) insurgency in neighboring Sierra Leone with weapons and training in exchange for diamonds.{{cite news

| title = Pressure Makes Diamonds

| first = Maya

| last = Bornstein

| url = http://cashfordiamondsusa.com/blog/2012/09/pressure-makes-diamonds/

| date = September 2012

| access-date = 2012-09-22

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| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121109082813/http://cashfordiamondsusa.com/blog/2012/09/pressure-makes-diamonds/

| url-status = dead

}} In 2001, the United Nations applied sanctions on the Liberian diamond trade. In August 2003, Taylor stepped down as president and, after being exiled to Nigeria, faced trial in The Hague. On July 21, 2006, he pleaded not guilty to crimes against humanity and war crimes, of which he was found guilty in April 2012. On May 30, 2012, he began a 50-year sentence in a high security prison in the United Kingdom.{{cite news

| title = Ex-Liberian Leader Gets 50 Years for War Crimes

| first = Marlise

| last = Simons

| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/31/world/africa/charles-taylor-sentenced-to-50-years-for-war-crimes.html?pagewanted=all&_moc.semityn.www

| newspaper = The New York Times

| date = May 30, 2012

}}

Around the time of the 1998 United States embassy bombings, al-Qaeda allegedly bought gems from Liberia as some of its other financial assets were frozen.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/2775763.stm|title= Al-Qaeda 'traded blood diamonds'|work=bbc.co.uk|date= 20 February 2003}}

Having regained peace, Liberia is attempting to construct a legitimate diamond mining industry. The UN has lifted sanctions and Liberia is now a member of the KPCS.{{cite web|title=UN Security Council votes to lift ban on Liberian diamond exports|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/un-security-council-votes-to-lift-ban-on-liberian-diamond-exports-1.689632|publisher=Associated Press|access-date=11 December 2013}}

In December 2014 however, Liberian diamonds were reported to be partly produced using child labor according to the US Department of Labor's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor.

The Sierra Leone Civil War started in 1991 and continued until 2002, costing an estimated 50,000 lives and causing local people to suffer killings, mutilation, rape, torture and abduction, mainly due to the brutal warfare waged by rebel group, the Revolutionary United Front (RUF). The RUF claimed that they supported causes of justice and democracy in the beginning, but later on they started to control the villages and to prevent local people from voting for the new government by chopping off their limbs. Victims included children and infants. It created numerous examples of physical and psychological harm across Sierra Leone.{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/22/world/sierra-leone-measures-terror-in-severed-limbs.html |title=Sierra Leone Measures Terror in Severed Limbs |last=Onishi |first=Norimitsu |date=22 August 1999 |work=The New York Times |access-date=19 December 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}

Moreover, they also occupied the diamond mines in order to get access to funding and continued support of their actions.{{Cite journal|last=Smillie|first=I|date=2013|title=Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law|journal=Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law|volume=46|issue=4|pages=1004}} For example, during that time, RUF was mining up to $125 million of diamonds yearly. Since diamonds are used as a funding source, they also created opportunities for tax evasion and financial support of crime.{{Cite journal|last=Global Witness|date=2006|title=The Truth About Diamonds : Conflict and Development.|url=https://www.globalwitness.org/sites/default/files/import/the_truth_about_diamonds.pdf|journal=Global Witness}} Therefore, United Nations Security Council imposed diamond sanctions in 2000, which were then lifted in 2003. According to National Geographic News, all of these civil wars and conflicts created by rebel groups resulted in over four million deaths in the African population and injuries to over two million civilians.{{Cite web|url=http://money.howstuffworks.com/african-diamond-trade2.htm|title=How the African Diamond Trade Works|last=Hoyt|first=A|website=Howstuffworks.com|date=21 April 2008}} Another conflict diamond statistic from Statistic Brain revealed that Sierra Leone has been listed as second highest in the production of conflict diamonds, which is shown as 1% of the world's production, after Angola, which produced 2.1% in 2016. 15% of Sierra Leone's diamond production are conflict diamonds. It shows that the production of conflict diamonds still exists in Sierra Leone.{{Cite web |last= |date=2016 |title=Conflict Diamond statistics |url=http://www.statisticbrain.com/conflict-diamond-statistics/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314173102/http://www.statisticbrain.com/conflict-diamond-statistics |archive-date=2012-03-14 |website=Statistic Brain}}

According to the US's 2005 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices of Africa, serious human rights issues still exist in Sierra Leone, even though the 11-year civil conflict had officially ended by 2002. Sierra Leone remains in an unstable political situation, although the country has elected a new government. The huge consequences of blood diamonds still remain a mainstream issue in Sierra Leone. One of the biggest issues is people still being abused by the security forces, including rape and the use of excessive force on detainees, including teenagers. Child abuse and child labor are other serious issues which took place in Sierra Leone after the civil conflicts.{{Cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61591.htm|title=2005 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices in Africa : Sierra Leone|last=U.S. Department of State|date=2006}} As they need a high number of workers, the security forces started kidnapping and forcing young adults to be their slaves; children were forced to join their army as soldiers, and women were raped. They even burned entire villages. Thousands of men, women, and children are used as slaves to collect diamonds, and they are forced to use their bare hands to dig in mud along river banks instead of digging with tools.{{Cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2012/04/26/world/africa/blood-diamonds/index.html|title=How diamonds fuel Africa's conflicts|last=Paul|first=Armstrong|date=2012|website=CNN}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/89089538/Ethical-Issue-Analyis-Blood-Diamond-Analysis|title=Ethical Issue Analysis: Blood Diamond Analysis|last=Tammy|first=Hanna|date=2012}}

A report from Global Witness, "The Truth About Diamonds: Conflict and Development", mentioned that Sierra Leone is listed as second from the bottom of the United Nations Human Development Index.{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Human Development Report - Sierra Leone |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/SLE |access-date=8 October 2020 |website=United Nations Development Programme}} It also showed that Sierra Leone was still making slow progress, in 2016, in such different aspects as education, health, and human rights, since 1990, which is also the year that conflicts took place in Sierra Leone. It shows that it is a huge consequence of blood diamonds that it brought into the country, even though the war had ended in 2002 and the government tried to improve and adjust the cooperation of the diamond industry. Sierra Leone resulted in an increase of over US$140 million in 2005 and attempted a percentage return of export tax to diamond mining communities. However, it does not improve anything{{snd}}the money is not reaching the public and it has not provided benefit to anyone in the communities. For instance, the Kono District in Sierra Leone has been mined for 70 years, but there are still no basic facilities, like electricity and well-maintained roads. Houses are destroyed because of the civil wars.{{Cite journal |date=November 2006 |title=The Truth About Diamonds: Conflict and Development |url=https://www.globalwitness.org/sites/default/files/import/the_truth_about_diamonds.pdf |publisher=Global Witness |access-date=8 October 2020}} It also examines the ethical issues of how rebel groups treat those locals. They used brainwashing of inexperienced young children and forced them to be child soldiers as they lost their personal freedom and rights under command that included violence and intimidation.{{Cite web |last=Tammy |first=Hanna |date=2012 |title=Ethical Issue Analysis – Blood Diamond Analysis |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/89089538/Ethical-Issue-Analyis-Blood-Diamond-Analysis |access-date=8 October 2020 |website=Scribd}}{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS).|date=April 2025}}

The Republic of the Congo (Congo-Brazzaville) was expelled from the Kimberley Process in 2004 because, despite having no official diamond mining industry, the country was exporting large quantities of diamonds, the origin of which it could not detail. It was also accused of falsifying certificates of origin. The Republic of the Congo was readmitted in 2007.{{cite news|publisher=IPS|access-date=2010-08-11|url=http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=40296|title=Blood Diamonds No Longer Congo-Brazzaville's Best Friend|date=30 Nov 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117091311/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=40296|archive-date=2009-01-17}}

Zimbabwe diamonds are not considered conflict diamonds by the KPCS. In July 2010, the KPCS agreed that diamonds from the country's disputed Marange Diamond Fields could be sold on the international market,{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/zimbabwe-gets-goahead-to-sell-diamonds-again-2028699.html|title=Zimbabwe gets go-ahead to sell diamonds again|work=The Independent|date=23 October 2011}} after a report from the Scheme's monitor a month earlier described diamonds mined from the fields as conflict-free.{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703630304575270681883985308|title=Zimbabwe Nears Approval for Marange-Field Diamond Exports |author1=Farai Mutsaka |author2=Peter Wonacott |author3=Sarah Childress |date=28 May 2010|work=WSJ}}

The Central African Republic (CAR) has had a complex and controversial role in the trade and export of blood diamonds, also known as conflict diamonds. These are diamonds mined in war zones and sold to finance armed conflict against governments. Here's an overview of CAR's involvement in the issue:

Conflict and Rebel Groups: The CAR has experienced ongoing armed conflict involving various rebel groups, which have used diamond revenues to fund their activities. These diamonds, often mined under harsh conditions, were sold on the global market to fund violence, leading to the term "blood diamonds."

The CAR is a participant in the KPCS, but it has faced significant challenges in implementing it effectively. In 2013, the CAR was suspended from the Kimberley Process due to concerns that diamonds were being used to fund armed groups. The suspension, however, was lifted in 2016 after the country demonstrated steps to regulate the diamond trade.

Illicit Trade and Smuggling: Despite the efforts of the Kimberley Process, illicit diamond trade remains a significant issue. Rebel groups and illicit traders continue to smuggle diamonds out of the country, bypassing official export channels, and selling them in other regions or to illegal markets.

Impact on CAR's Economy: While diamonds have historically been a major economic resource for CAR, the illegal trade has hindered the country's development and contributed to its ongoing instability. The diamond sector is still crucial to the country's economy, but the lack of proper regulation and the influence of conflict groups make the trade problematic.

International Efforts: The international community, including organizations like the United Nations, has imposed sanctions on the CAR to try to curb the flow of conflict diamonds. However, enforcement has been challenging, especially given the instability and weak governance in the region.

Global Witness was one of the first organizations to pick up on the link between diamonds and conflicts in Africa in its 1998 report entitled "A Rough Trade".{{cite web|url=http://www.globalwitness.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/A_Rough_Trade.pdf|title=A Rough Trade: The Role of Companies and Governments in the Angolan Conflict|author=Dan Brown|publisher=Global Witness|access-date=2011-04-11|date=1998-12-01}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=raO8jHBdDhYC|page=233|title=Glitter & Greed: The Secret World of the Diamond Empire|author=Janine P. Roberts|publisher=The Disinformation Company|year=2003|isbn=0-9713942-9-6}} With the passing of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1173 in 1998, the United Nations identified the conflict diamond issue as a funding for war. The Fowler Report in 2000 detailed in depth how UNITA was financing its war activities, and in May 2000, led directly to the passing of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1295 and the diamond producing countries of southern Africa meeting in Kimberley, South Africa to plan a method by which the trade in conflict diamonds could be halted, and buyers of diamonds could be assured that their diamonds have not contributed to violence.{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/202/41606.html|title=Final Report of the UN Panel of Experts ("The "Fowler Report")|publisher=Global Policy Forum|date=2000-03-10|access-date=2010-03-20|author=Robert Fowler|author-link=Robert Fowler (diplomat)}}{{cite web|url= http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N00/396/56/PDF/N0039656.pdf |title=Resolution 1295 (2000) }} In this resolution the Security Council wrote:

Welcomes the proposal that a meeting of experts be convened for the purpose of devising a system of controls to facilitate the implementation of the measures contained in Resolution 1173 (1998), including arrangements that would allow for increased transparency and accountability in the control of diamonds from their point of origin to the bourses, emphasizes that it is important that, in devising such controls, every effort be made to avoid inflicting collateral damage on the legitimate diamond trade, and welcomes the intention of the Republic of South Africa to host a relevant conference this year.{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2001/SC6988.doc.htm|title=Resolution and Statements of the Security Council 2000|work=un.org}}

{{Main|Kimberley Process Certification Scheme}}

On July 19, 2000, the World Diamond Congress at Antwerp adopted a resolution to strengthen the diamond industry's ability to block sales of conflict diamonds.{{cite web|url=http://www.diamondfacts.org/facts/fact_06.html|title=Fact #6 – The Facts |work=DiamondFacts.org|access-date=2006-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012153143/http://diamondfacts.org/facts/fact_06.html|archive-date=2007-10-12|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2000-07-19/world/africa.diamonds.01.reut_1_conflict-diamonds-diamond-industry-rough-diamonds?_s=PM:WORLD|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403165546/http://articles.cnn.com/2000-07-19/world/africa.diamonds.01.reut_1_conflict-diamonds-diamond-industry-rough-diamonds?_s=PM%3AWORLD|title=Diamond leaders in pact to ban 'conflict gems' funding African wars|archive-date=3 April 2012|work=CNN|url-status=dead}} The resolution called for an international certification system on the export and import of diamonds, legislation in all countries to accept only officially sealed packages of diamonds, for countries to impose criminal charges on anyone trafficking in conflict diamonds, and instituted a ban on any individual found trading in conflict diamonds from the diamond bourses of the World Federation of Diamond Bourses. The Kimberley Process was at the start led by South Africa and Canada as vice president and since then every year a new chair and vice chair country are elected to maintain the legitimacy of their practices.{{cite web |title=Chair |url=https://www.kimberleyprocess.com/en/chair |website=Kimberley Process |access-date=27 October 2018}} This system tracks diamonds from the mine to the market and regulates the policing surrounding the export, manufacture and sale of the products. Also in tourist countries like the United Arab Emirates and the United Kingdom. All the Kimberley member states are not allowed to trade with non-members.{{Clarify|date=January 2014}} Before a gemstone is allowed through the airports to other countries, the Kimberley Certification must be presented by the gem's owner or obtained from a renowned attorney. The certificate should also be requested by the customer when the gems have reached a retail store to ensure its provenance.{{cite web |url=http://www.debeersgroup.com/ImageVaultFiles/id_841/cf_5/Diamonds-_development_and_democracy_April_2008.PDF |title=Diamonds, Development, and Democracy |first=Nicky |last=Oppenheimer |publisher=debeersgroup.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005102236/http://www.debeersgroup.com/ImageVaultFiles/id_841/cf_5/Diamonds-_development_and_democracy_April_2008.PDF |archive-date=2012-10-05 }}

On January 17–18 of 2001, diamond industry figures convened and formed the new organization, the World Diamond Council. This new body set out to draft a new process, whereby all diamond rough could be certified as coming from a non-conflict source.{{Cite web|url=http://www.worlddiamondcouncil.com/chairmansreportforlondon.shtml%257|title=World Diamond Council |website=www.worlddiamondcouncil.com|access-date=2017-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515044024/http://www.worlddiamondcouncil.com/chairmansreportforlondon.shtml%257|archive-date=2018-05-15|url-status=dead}}

The KPCS was given approval by the UN on March 13, 2002,{{cite web|url= http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N01/497/66/PDF/N0149766.pdf |title=UN Resolution 56/263 – The role of diamonds in fueling conflict: breaking the link between the illicit transaction of rough diamonds and armed conflict as a contribution to prevention and settlement of conflicts }} UN 96th plenary meeting, 13 March 2002, accessed online November 6, 2006 and in November, after two years of negotiation between governments, diamond producers, and non-government organizations, the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme was created.

The KPCS attempted to curtail the flow of conflict diamonds, help stabilize fragile countries and support their development. As the KPCS has made life harder for criminals, it has brought large volumes of diamonds onto the legal market that would not otherwise have made it there. This has increased the revenues of poor governments, and helped them to address their countries' development challenges. For instance, around $125 million worth of diamonds were legally exported from Sierra Leone in 2006, compared to almost none at the end of the 1990s.{{cite news

|title = Kimberley Process basics

|url = http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/web/kimberley-process/kp-basics

|newspaper = Kimberley Process

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120905181753/http://www.kimberleyprocess.com/web/kimberley-process/kp-basics

|archive-date = 2012-09-05

}}

The KPCS has ultimately failed to stem the flow of blood diamonds, leading key proponents such as Global Witness to abandon the scheme.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-16027011|title=NGO Global Witness leaves diamond vetting scheme|date=5 December 2011|access-date=5 December 2011|work=BBC News}} In addition, there is no guarantee that diamonds with a KPCS Certification are in fact conflict-free. This is due to the nature of the corrupt government officials in the leading diamond producing countries. It is common for these officials to be bribed with $50 to $100 a day in exchange for paperwork declaring that blood diamonds are KPCS Certified.{{cite web|author=Ryan, E. Kieron|title=Blood Diamond Farce|date=11 August 2010|access-date=12 December 2011|url=http://archive.lewrockwell.com/orig11/ryan-k1.1.1.html}}

The Kimberley system attempted to increase governments' transparency by forcing them to keep records of the diamonds they are exporting and importing and how much they are worth. In theory, this would show governments their finances so that they can be held accountable for how much they are spending for the benefit of the country's population. However non-compliance by countries such as Venezuela has led to the failure of accountability.

The company Materialytics claims that it can trace the origin of virtually any diamond using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy.{{cite web|url=http://materialytics.com/gsa2015determinationofdiamondprovenance/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404201008/http://materialytics.com/gsa2015determinationofdiamondprovenance/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2018-04-04|title=Diamonds: GSA 2015: Determination of Diamond Provenance|work=materialytics.com}} However, there is no way to know whether a diamond purchased online is blood free or not.{{Cite web|url=http://www.thediamondringreview.com/2017/10/the-real-story-history-of-conflict_14.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020191028/http://www.thediamondringreview.com/2017/10/the-real-story-history-of-conflict_14.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-10-20|title=The Real Story & History of Conflict Blood Diamonds|website=www.thediamondringreview.com|access-date=2017-10-20}}

{{Wikisource|Executive Order 13194}}

On January 18, 2001, President Bill Clinton issued Executive Order 13194 which prohibited the importation of rough diamonds from Sierra Leone into the United States in accordance with the UN resolutions.Clinton, William {{cite web|url= http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr23ja01-143.pdf |title=FR Doc. 01–2140 – Executive Order 13194 of January 18, 2001 – Prohibiting the Importation of Rough Diamonds From Sierra Leone }} The White House, January 18, 2001, accessed online December 24, 2006 On May 22, 2001, President George W. Bush issued Executive Order 13213 which banned rough diamond importation from Liberia into the United States. Liberia had been recognized by the United Nations as acting as a pipeline for conflict diamonds from Sierra Leone.Bush, George W. {{cite web|url= http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=2001_register&docid=fr24my01-113.pdf |title=FR Doc. 01–13381 – Executive Order 13213 – Additional Measures With Respect To Prohibiting the Importation of Rough Diamonds From Sierra Leone }} The White House, May 22, 2001, accessed online December 24, 2006

The United States enacted the Clean Diamond Trade Act (CDTA) on April 25, 2003,{{cite web|url= http://www.fas.org/asmp/resources/govern/108th/pl_108_19.pdf |title=Public Law 108-19 – An Act To implement effective measures to stop trade in conflict diamonds, and for other purposes. Apr. 25, 2003 }} {{small|(42.1 KiB)}} 108th Congress of the United States, April 25, 2003, accessed online December 24, 2006 implemented on July 29, 2003, by Executive Order 13312.Bush, George W {{cite web |url= http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-19676.pdf |title= FR Doc. 03-19676 – Executive Order 13312 of July 29, 2003 – Implementing the Clean Diamond Trade Act |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120409/http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-19676.pdf |archive-date= September 29, 2007 }}  {{small|(26.3 KiB)}} The White House, July 29, 2003, accessed online December 24, 2006{{cite web|url=http://www.gao.gov/htext/d06978.html|title=GAO-06-978, Conflict Diamonds: Agency Actions Needed to Enhance Implementation of the Clean Diamond Trade Act|date=27 September 2006|work=gao.gov|access-date=9 December 2006|archive-date=14 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214000648/http://www.gao.gov/htext/d06978.html|url-status=dead}} The CDTA installed the legislation to implement the KPCS in law in the United States. The implementation of this legislation was key to the success of the KPCS, as the United States is the largest consumer of diamonds. The CDTA states: 'As the consumer of a majority of the world's supply of diamonds, the United States has an obligation to help sever the link between diamonds and conflict and press for implementation of an effective solution.

The United States Department of State also maintains an office for a Special Adviser for Conflict Diamonds. As of October 14, 2015, the position is held by Ashley Orbach.[https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/diamonds/ United States Department of State]

During the 1990s, diamond-rich areas were discovered in Northern Canada. Canada is one of the key players in the diamond industry. Partnership Africa Canada was created in 1986 to help with the crisis in Africa. This organization is also part of the Diamond Development Initiative. The Diamond Development Initiative helps improve and regulate the legal diamond industry.

The KPCS was initiated in May 2000 by South Africa with Canada, a major supporter of instituting the scheme. Canada has now passed several laws that help stop the trade of conflict diamonds. The laws deal with the export and import of rough diamonds, and also how they are transferred. In December 2002, the Export and Import of Rough Diamonds Act was passed by the Canadian government. This law acts as a system that helps control the importing, exporting and transporting of rough diamonds through Canada. The Export and Import of Rough Diamonds Act also states that the Kimberley Process is the minimum requirement of certifying rough diamonds and a certificate is also required for all shipments of diamonds. This certificate is called the Canadian Certificate, it gives permission for an officer to seize any shipment of diamonds that does not meet the requirements of the Export and Import of Rough Diamonds Act.{{cite web|url=http://www.stopblooddiamonds.org/Canadian-Policy-Laws.asp|title=Stop Blood Diamonds – Creating a Conflict Free Diamond World|work=stopblooddiamonds.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510200002/http://www.stopblooddiamonds.org/Canadian-Policy-Laws.asp|archive-date=2007-05-10}}

The Government of the Northwest Territories of Canada (GNWT) also has a unique certification program. They offer a government certificate on all diamonds that are mined, cut, and polished in the Northwest Territories. Canadian diamonds are tracked from the mine, through the refining process, to the retail jeweler with a unique diamond identification number (DIN) laser inscribed on the diamond's girdle. To obtain this certificate one must cut and polish the diamond in the NWT.

Technical services have emerged that may act as a solution for tracking diamond movement across borders. A service was launched in July 2016 that allows managers to build systems using a blockchain database for tracking high-value or highly regulated items through a supply chain. Everledger is one using such a system to "record the movement of diamonds from mines to jewelry stores" and is one of the inaugural clients of a new blockchain-based tracking service from IBM.{{cite news |last=Nash |first=Kim S. |date=14 July 2016 |title=IBM Pushes Blockchain into the Supply Chain |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ibm-pushes-blockchain-into-the-supply-chain-1468528824 |work=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=24 July 2016}}

In addition, the rise of lab-grown diamonds presents an alternative to mined diamonds. Lab-grown diamonds are chemically and physically identical to mined diamonds but without the ethical and environmental downsides of traditional mining.{{Cite web |last=McCreddie-Doak |first=Laura |date=2020-09-28 |title=Can lab-grown diamonds replace the real thing? |url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/lab-grown-diamonds-ethical-luxury-sept/index.html |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=CNN |language=en}}

{{unreferenced section|date=February 2021}}

• "Diamonds from Sierra Leone" is a Grammy-winning song by American rapper Kanye West about blood diamonds in Sierra Leone. The remix version has verses that detail the blood diamond trade in Sierra Leone, and comments about the Western public unawareness of the origins of the diamonds linked to the conflict.
• Conflict diamonds are a central plot point throughout the James Bond film Die Another Day (2002).
• The movie Lord of War starring Nicolas Cage, Eamonn Walker features a scene where diamonds are exchanged for weapons in Sierra Leone (2005).
• The origins of the KPCS were dramatized in Ed Zwick's motion picture Blood Diamond (2006), starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Djimon Hounsou. The film helped to publicize the controversy surrounding conflict diamonds and led to worldwide awareness of the Western African involvement in the diamond trade.
• The CSI: Miami episode "Man Down" (2007) involves the trafficking of African blood diamonds.
• Season 3, episode 2 of CSI: NY, first started out as a jewelry store robbery soon uncovered a group of criminals desperate to reacquire a blood diamond stolen during the commission of the robbery.
• Law & Order episode "Soldier of Fortune" (2001) involves the murder of a diamond broker who has knowledge of a blood diamond connection between Sierra Leone and a Swiss diamond company.
• Danish filmmaker Mads Brügger's documentary Ambassadøren (2011, in English: "The Ambassador") addresses the trade in diplomatic passports in order to make money with blood diamonds.
• Players compete in Diamond Trust of London to extract diamonds out of Angola before the implementation of the Kimberley Process.
• Blood Diamonds is a thriller fiction book title by Jon Land, copyright 2002; {{ISBN|0-765-30226-8}}
• The Hawaii Five-0 (2010) episode Kalele revolves around the smuggling of conflict diamonds.
• The 2009 Tamil movie Ayan portrays an insurgent group in the Democratic Republic of the Congo selling blood diamonds to international buyers to purchase AK-47s in exchange.
• The video game Far Cry 2 uses blood diamonds as a currency and it also serves a plot point in the main story.
• In the video games Grand Theft Auto IV, Grand Theft Auto: The Lost and Damned, and Grand Theft Auto: The Ballad of Gay Tony, there are a few missions involving blood diamonds being traded on the black market.
• The 2018 film Uncut Gems features blood diamonds being traded on the black market.

• List of diamonds

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Refbegin|40em}}

• {{cite journal|author=Bell, Udy|title=Sierra Leone: Building on a Hard-Won Peace|year=2000|journal=UN Chronicle Online Edition|issue=4|access-date=2007-05-31|url=https://www.un.org/Pubs/chronicle/2005/issue4/0405p42.html}}
• {{cite book |first=Daniel |last=Bergner |title=In the Land of Magic Soldiers: A Story of White and Black in West Africa |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |location=New York |year=2003 |isbn=0-374-26653-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/inlandofmagicsol00berg }}
• {{cite book|first=Greg |last=Campbell |title=Blood Diamonds: Tracing the Deadly Path of the World's Most Precious Stones|publisher=Westview Press |location=Boulder, Colo |year=2002 |isbn=0-8133-3939-1 }}
• {{cite book|author=Cilliers, Jakkie|author2=Christian Dietrich|title=Angola's War Economy|location=Pretoria|publisher=Institute for Security Studies|year=2000|url=http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/BOOKS/ANGOLA.HTML|isbn=978-0-620-26645-1|access-date=2006-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060923170249/http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/BOOKS/Angola.html|archive-date=2006-09-23|url-status=dead}}
• {{cite book |first=Edward Jay|last=Epstein|title=The Rise and Fall of Diamonds: The Shattering of a Brilliant Illusion|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|year=1982|isbn=0-671-41289-2}}
• {{cite book|first=Philippe Le|last=Billon|title=Fuelling War: Natural Resources and Armed Conflicts|publisher=Routledge|location=London|year=2005|isbn=0-415-37970-9}}
• {{cite book|first=Arthur V.|last=Levy|title=Diamonds and Conflict: Problems and Solutions|publisher=Hauppauge |location=New York|year=2003|isbn=1-59033-715-8}}
• {{cite journal|author=Le Billon, Philippe|title=Fatal Transactions: Conflict Diamonds and the (Anti)terrorist Consumer|journal=Antipode|year=2006|volume=38|issue=4|pages=778–801|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8330.2006.00476.x}}
• {{cite book|first=William|last=Reno|title=Corruption and State Politics in Sierra Leone |publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK |year=1995|isbn=0-521-47179-6}}
• {{cite book|first=Janine |last=Roberts |title=Glitter and Greed: The Secret World of the Diamond Cartel |publisher=Disinformation |location=New York |year=2007 |orig-year=2003 |isbn=978-1-932857-60-3}}
• {{cite book|first=Ingrid J. |last=Tamm|title=Diamonds In Peace and War: Severing the Conflict Diamond Connection |publisher=World peace foundation|location=Cambridge, Mass|year=2002|isbn=0-9721033-5-X}}{{cite web|url= http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/cchrp/Web%20Working%20Papers/WPF-Tamm%20Diamond%20Report.pdf |title=PDF |date=11 September 2023 }} {{small|(673 KiB)}}
• {{cite journal|author=Unruh, Jon|title=Housing, land and property rights as war-financing commodities: A typology with lessons from Darfur, Colombia and Syria|year=2022|journal=Stability: International Journal of Security and Development |volume=10|issue=10|doi=10.5334/sta.811|s2cid=247565996|doi-access=free}}
• {{cite book|first=Tom|last=Zoellner|title=The Heartless Stone: A Journey the Money Through the World of Diamonds, Deceit and Desire|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=New York|year=2006|isbn=0-312-33969-0|url=https://archive.org/details/heartlessstonejo00zoel}}

{{Refend}}

• [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703589404575417460834079500 The Truth About Blood Diamonds – The international focus on "conflict minerals" is a self-serving charade.; The Wall Street Journal]
• [http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/diamond/index.htm Diamonds in Conflict – Global Policy Forum]
• [http://pawss.hampshire.edu/topics/conflictdiamonds/index.html PAWSS Conflict Topics – Conflict Diamonds]
• [http://www.diamondfacts.org DiamondFacts.org] – World Diamond Council
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20110630113046/http://www.allasone.org/diamond.php AllAsOne.org] – Blood diamond trade awareness
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20061026183958/http://www.stopblooddiamonds.org/ Stop Blood Diamonds] – Blood diamonds awareness initiative
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070418170222/http://www.israelidiamond.co.il/English/news.aspx?boneId=741&objid=1710 Stopping Blood Diamonds] – The success of the Kimberley Process
• [http://www.thediamondringcompany.co.uk/conflict-diamonds Africa's War with Blood Diamonds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404084005/http://www.thediamondringcompany.co.uk/conflict-diamonds |date=2019-04-04 }}
• [http://www.seattlediamonds.com/diamonds/canadian-diamonds Canadian Mined Diamonds]
• [http://www.icij.org/project/swiss-leaks/diamond-dealers-deep-trouble-bank-documents-shine-light-secret-ways Diamond Dealers in Deep Trouble as Bank Documents Shine Light on Secret Ways] – Documentation about financial flows between HSBC Private Bank and blood diamond dealers (see also Swiss Leaks)
• [https://time.com/blood-diamonds/ Blood Diamonds] – Time magazine
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091753/http://www.makaangola.org/images/files/Diamantes%20de%20Sangue_Rafael%20Marques.pdf Editora Oferece "Diamantes de Sangue" em Formato Digital a Todos]. Maka Angola, Editora da Tinta da China {{in lang|pt|nocat=true}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Blood Diamond}}

Category:Diamond mines

Category:Politics of mining in Africa

Category:Aftermath of war

Category:Luxury brands

Category:Mining in Angola

Category:Mining in Liberia

Category:Mining in Sierra Leone

Category:Natural resources in Africa

Category:Mining in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Category:Resource extraction

Category:Smuggling

Category:Articles containing video clips

Category:Illegal mining

Category:Funding of terrorism

Category:Organized crime activity

Category:Human rights abuses in Angola

Category:Human rights abuses in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Category:Human rights abuses in Liberia

Category:Human rights abuses in Sierra Leone

Category:War crimes in the Sierra Leone Civil War

Category:Mining in Ivory Coast

Category:Human rights abuses in Ivory Coast