cockade

File:Coccarda FRANCIA.svg, which originated and spread among the revolts of the French Revolution]]

File:Coccarda ITALIA.svg, on which the national colours of Italy were based in 1789]]

In the 18th and 19th centuries, coloured cockades were used in Europe to show the allegiance of their wearers to some political faction, or to show their rank or to indicate a servant's livery.{{cite book|title=Patriots Against Fashion: Clothing and Nationalism in Europe's Age of Revolutions|author=Maxwell, A.|date=2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=9781137277145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JLpCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT94|access-date=2017-03-05}}{{cite book|title=Parades and the Politics of the Street: Festive Culture in the Early American Republic|author=Newman, S.P.|date=2010|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated|isbn=9780812200478|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WvKSSSZzrBoC&pg=PA161|page=161|access-date=2017-03-05}} Because individual armies might wear a variety of differing regimental uniforms, cockades were used as an effective and economical means of national identification.{{cite book|first=John|last=Mollo|page=22|title=Military Fashion|year=1972 |publisher=Barrie and Jenkins |isbn=0-214-65349-8}}

A cockade was pinned on the side of a man's tricorne or cocked hat, or on his lapel. Women could also wear it on their hat or in their hair.

In pre-revolutionary France, the cockade of the Bourbon dynasty was all white.{{cite book|title=The White Cockade; Or, Bourbon Songster: Being a Patriotic Collection of Songs on the Downfall of Tyranny, and Restoration of Louis XVIII., Etc. [A Chap-book.]|date=1814|publisher=J. Evans & Son|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jzZYAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA2|page=2|access-date=2017-03-05}}{{cite book|title=Cobbett's Political Register|author=Cobbett, W.|date=1814|volume=25|publisher=William Cobbett|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0hxbAAAAIAAJ&pg=PT219|access-date=2017-03-05}}{{cite book|title=Paris: Biography of a City|author=Jones, C.|date=2006|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=9780141941912|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5SsbYzVMR9gC&pg=PT356|access-date=2017-03-05}} In the Kingdom of Great Britain supporters of a Jacobite restoration wore white cockades, while the recently established Hanoverian monarchy used a black cockade.{{cite book|title=Revolution and Political Conflict in the French Navy 1789-1794|author=Cormack, W.S.|date=2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521893756|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JoYNr3k9I9kC&pg=PA65|page=65|access-date=2017-03-05}}{{cite book|title=The Hanoverian Army of the Napoleonic Wars|author1=Hofschröer, P.|author2=Fosten, B.|date=2012|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781780965178|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MbqHCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT40|access-date=2017-03-05}}{{cite book|title=Travels in Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia and Turkey: also on the coasts of the sea of Azof and of the Black sea; with a review of the trade in those seas, and of the systems adopted to man the fleets of the different powers of Europe, compared with that of England|author=Jones, G.M.|date=1827|publisher=J. Murray|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.7732|page=[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.7732/page/n36 22]|access-date=2017-03-05}}{{cite book|title=British Army Uniforms of the American Revolution 1751-1783|author=Franklin, C.|date=2012|publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited|isbn=9781848846906|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0DYFfcfgdsC&pg=PA111|page=111|access-date=2017-03-05}} The Hanoverians also accorded the right to all German nobility to wear the black cockade in the United Kingdom.

During the 1780 Gordon Riots in London, the blue cockade became a symbol of anti-government feelings and was worn by most of the rioters.{{cite book|title=Military Intervention in Britain: From the Gordon Riots to the Gibraltar Incident|author=Babington, A.|date=2015|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781317397717|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-SoCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21|page=21|access-date=2017-03-05}}{{cite book|title=The Covent Garden Journal ...|author=Stockdale, J.J.|date=1810|publisher=J.J. Stockdale|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xWVBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA130|page=130|access-date=2017-03-05}}{{cite book|title=Philosophical Melancholy and Delirium: Hume's Pathology of Philosophy|author=Livingston, D.W.|date=1998|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226487175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VP6Xjt8R1sC&pg=PA275|page=275|access-date=2017-03-05}}{{cite book|title=The popular educator|author=Popular educator|date=1767|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDECAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA254|page=254|access-date=2017-03-05}}{{cite book|title=Riot City: Protest and Rebellion in the Capital|author=Bloom, C.|date=2012|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781137029362|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4pg5BR2DS40C&pg=PA147|page=147|access-date=2017-03-05}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{cite book|title=The Vagabond|author1=Walker, G.|author2=Verhoeven, W.M.|date=2004|publisher=Broadview Press|isbn=9781460404256|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eARoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA253|page=253|access-date=2017-03-05}}{{cite book|title=Clifford for ever! O.P. and no P.B. The Trial between H. Clifford, plaintiff, and J. Brandon, defendant, for an assault and false imprisonment, etc|author1=CLIFFORD, H.|author2=Brandon, J.|date=1809|publisher=John Fairburn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=edpZAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA19|page=19|access-date=2017-03-05}}{{cite book|title=The Gordon Riots: Politics, Culture and Insurrection in Late Eighteenth-Century Britain|author1=Haywood, I.|author2=Seed, J.|date=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521195423|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ae9sYCAFJB4C&pg=PA107|page=107|access-date=2017-03-05}}

During the American Revolution, the Continental Army initially wore cockades of various colors as an ad hoc form of rank insignia, as General George Washington wrote:

{{blockquote |As the Continental Army has unfortunately no uniforms, and consequently many inconveniences must arise from not being able to distinguish the commissioned officers from the privates, it is desired that some badge of distinction be immediately provided; for instance that the field officers may have red or pink colored cockades in their hats, the captains yellow or buff, and the subalterns green.{{cite web|url=http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=42199|publisher=archive.defense.gov|title=Defense.gov News Article: Insignia: The Way You Tell Who's Who in the Military|access-date=2017-03-05|archive-date=2018-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123063615/http://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=42199|url-status=dead}}{{cite book|title=American archives|author=Force, P.|date=1844|publisher=Рипол Классик|isbn=9785885286961|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A5oTAwAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA1745|pages=2–1745|access-date=2017-03-05}}}}

Before long however, the Continental Army reverted to wearing the black cockade they inherited from the British. Later, when France became an ally of the United States, the Continental Army pinned the white cockade of the French Ancien Régime onto their old black cockade; the French reciprocally pinned the black cockade onto their white cockade, as a mark of the French-American alliance. The black-and-white cockade thus became known as the "Union Cockade".{{cite book|title=LincolnÂ?s 90-Day Volunteers 1861: From Fort Sumter to First Bull Run|author1=Field, R.|author2=Hook, A.|date=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781782009214|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KKWqCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47|page=47|access-date=2017-03-05}}{{cite book|title=Early American Drama|author=Richards, J.H.|date=1997|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=9781101177211|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rLpLlr1gBBoC&pg=PA68|page=68|access-date=2017-03-05}}{{cite book|title=Lincoln's Citadel: The Civil War in Washington, DC|author=Winkle, K.J.|date=2013|publisher=W. W. Norton|isbn=9780393240573|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQBVqYGnyfIC&pg=PT67|access-date=2017-03-05}}{{cite book|title=Patriots Against Fashion: Clothing and Nationalism in Europe's Age of Revolutions|author=Maxwell, A.|date=2014|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=9781137277145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JLpCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT86|access-date=2017-03-05}}{{cite book|title=The Imagined Civil War: Popular Literature of the North and South, 1861-1865|author=Fahs, A.|date=2010|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=9780807899298|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LV3qCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA43|page=43|access-date=2017-03-05}}

In the Storming of the Bastille, Camille Desmoulins initially encouraged the revolutionary crowd to wear green. This colour was later rejected as it was associated with the Count of Artois. Instead, revolutionaries would wear cockades with the traditional colours of the arms of Paris: red and blue. Later, the Bourbon white was added to this cockade, thus producing the original cockade of France. Later, distinctive colours and styles of cockade would indicate the wearer's faction; although the meanings of the various styles were not entirely consistent, and they varied somewhat by region and period.

The cockade of Italy is one of the national symbols of the country and is composed of the three colours of the Italian flag with the green in the centre, the white immediately outside and the red on the edge.{{Cite web|url=http://www.castellalfero.net/public/x/modules/news/print.php?storyid=2255|title=La Coccarda alla Biblioteca Museo Risorgimento|access-date=7 May 2017|language=it}} The cockade, a revolutionary symbol, was the protagonist of the uprisings that characterized the Italian unification, being pinned on the jacket or on the hats in its tricolour form by many of the patriots of this period of Italian history. The Italian tricolour cockade appeared for the first time in Genoa on 21 August 1789,{{cite journal |last1=Ferorelli |first1=Nicola |date=1925 |title=La vera origine del tricolore italiano |url=http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera= |journal=Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento |volume=XII |issue=fasc. III |language=it |pages=662 |access-date=2019-09-25 |archive-date=2019-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331181159/http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera= |url-status=dead }} and with it the colours of the three Italian national colours. Seven years later, the first tricolour military banner was adopted by the Lombard Legion in Milan on 11 October 1796,{{cite web|url=http://www.difesa.it/InformazioniDellaDifesa/periodico/IlPeriodico_AnniPrecedenti/Documents/LEsercito_del_primo_Tricolore.pdf|title=L'Esercito del primo Tricolore|access-date=8 March 2017|language=it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309071221/http://www.difesa.it/InformazioniDellaDifesa/periodico/IlPeriodico_AnniPrecedenti/Documents/LEsercito_del_primo_Tricolore.pdf|archive-date=9 March 2017}} and eight years later, the birth of the flag of Italy had its origins on 7 January 1797, when it became for the first time a national flag of an Italian sovereign State, the Cispadane Republic.{{Cite web|url=http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/statico/simboli/tricolore/tricolore.pdf|title=I simboli della Repubblica|language=it|access-date=7 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006182656/http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/statico/simboli/tricolore/tricolore.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2015}}

File:Dom João, Príncipe Regente, passando revista às tropas na Azambuja - Domingos Sequeira, 1803 (cropped1).png wearing the blue-and-red cockade of Portugal on a military cocked hat]]

File:Kokarde Schwarz-Weiß-Rot 1897.jpg helmet.]]

From the 15th century, various European monarchy realms used cockades to denote the nationalities of their militaries.{{cite book|title=The Little Bombardier, and Pocket Gunner. By Ralph Willett Adye|author=ADYE, R.W.|date=1802|publisher=T. Egerton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0-thAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA271|page=271|access-date=2017-03-05}}{{cite book|title=Don Troiani's Soldiers in America, 1754-1865|author1=Troiani, D.|author2=Kochan, J.L.|author3=Coates, J.|author4=Kochan, J.|date=1998|publisher=Stackpole Books|isbn=9780811705196|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780811705196|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780811705196/page/99 99]|access-date=2017-03-05}} Their origin reverts to the distinctive colored band or ribbon worn by late medieval armies or jousting knights on their arms or headgear to distinguish friend from foe in the field of battle. Ribbon-style cockades were worn later upon helmets and brimmed hats or tricornes and bicornes just as the French did, and also on cocked hats and shakoes. Coloured metal cockades were worn at the right side of helmets; while small button-type cockades were worn at the front of kepis and peaked caps.{{cite book|title=The Kaiser's Army: The German Army in World War One|author=Stone, D.|date=2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781844862924|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-u7sCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT175|access-date=2017-03-05}}{{cite book|title=MILITARY UNIFORMS IN EUROPE 1900 - 2000 Volume One|author=Kidd, R.S.|date=2013|publisher=LULU Press|isbn=9781291187441|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FE4DBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA128|page=128|access-date=2017-03-05}} In addition to the significance of these symbols in denoting loyalty to a particular monarch, the coloured cockade served to provide a common and economical field sign at a time when the colours of uniform coats might vary widely between regiments in a single army.{{cite book|first=John|last=Mollo|pages=30–31|title=Military Fashion|year=1972 |isbn=0-214-65349-8}}

During the Napoleonic wars, the armies of France and Russia, had the imperial French cockade or the larger cockade of St. George pinned on the front of their shakos.{{cite book|title=Napoleon's Mercenaries: Foreign Units in the French Army Under the Consulate and Empire, 1799-1814|author=Dempsey, G.|date=2002|publisher=Greenhill Books|isbn=9781853674884|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cUuaBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA267|page=267|access-date=2017-03-05}}

The Second German Empire (1870–1918) used two cockades on each army headgear: one (black-white-red) for the empire; the other for one of the monarchies the empire was composed of, which had used their own colors long before. The only exceptions were the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Württemberg, having preserved the right to keep their own armed forces which were not integrated in the Imperial Army. Their only cockades were either white-blue-white (Bavaria) or black-red-black (Württemberg).{{cite book|first=R.Spencer|last=Kidd|page=5|title=Military Uniforms in Europe 1900-2000 Vol. One|date=October 2013 |isbn=978-1-291-18744-1}}{{cite book|title=Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History [4 volumes]: 400 Years of Military History|author=D, D.T.Z.P.|date=2014|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781598849813|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rCWMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA494|page=494|access-date=2017-03-05}}

The Weimar Republic (1919–1933) removed these, as they might promote separatism which would lead to the dissolution of the German nation-state into regional countries again.{{cite book|title=U-Boat Crews 1914–45|author1=Williamson, G.|author2=Pavlovic, D.|date=2012|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781780967905|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WI3vCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT57|access-date=2017-03-05}}

When the Nazis came to power, they rejected the democratic German colours of black-red-gold used by the Weimar Republic. Nazis reintroduced the imperial colours (in German: die kaiserlichen Farben or Reichsfarben) of black on the outside, white next, and a red center. The Nazi government used black-white-red on all army caps.{{cite book|title=Imperial German Colonial and Overseas Troops 1885?1918|author1=de Quesada, A.|author2=Dale, C.|author3=Walsh, S.|date=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=9781780961651|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVGbCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47|page=47|access-date=2017-03-05}} These colours represented the biggest and the smallest countries of the Reich: large Prussia (black and white) and the tiny Hanseatic League city states of Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck (white and red).

France began the first Air Service in 1909 and soon picked the traditional French cockade as the first national emblem, now usually termed a roundel, on military aircraft. During World War I, other countries adopted national cockades and used these coloured emblems as roundels on their military aircraft. These designs often bear an additional central device or emblem to further identify national aircraft, those from the French navy bearing a black anchor within the French cockade.{{cite book|title=The U.S. Air Service in the Great War, 1917-1919|author=Cooke, J.J.|date=1996|publisher=Praeger|isbn=9780275948627|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pvHjd79SgzIC&pg=PA202|page=202|access-date=2017-03-05}}

Hungarian revolutionaries wore cockades during the Hungarian revolution of 1848 and during the 1956 revolution. Because of this, Hungarians traditionally wear cockades on 15 March.{{cite book|title=Democracy and Myth in Russia and Eastern Europe|author1=Wöll, A.|author2=Wydra, H.|date=2007|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781134089086|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vCUHwCwLAr8C&pg=PA182|page=182|access-date=2017-03-05}}{{cite book|title=Constructing and Communicating Europe|author1=Gyarfasova, O.|author2=Liebhart, K.|date=2014|publisher=Lit Verlag|isbn=9783643905154|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lBCSAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA202|page=202|access-date=2017-03-05}}

Echoing their use when Americans rebelled against Britain, cockades – usually made with blue ribbons and worn on clothing or hats – were widespread tokens of Southern support for secession preceding the American Civil War of 1861–1865.{{cite web| url= http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/11/15/female-partisans/ |title= Female Partisans| first= Adam| last= Goodheart | work= The New York Times |format= blog| date= November 15, 2010| access-date= October 14, 2022}}

{{See also|Military aircraft insignia}}

File:Кокарда-лоцманов-Финляндии.png, 1913.]]

File:2june2006 274.jpg in full uniform at the military parade of the Festa della Repubblica of 2 June 2006. On their hat, under the coat of arms, is the cockade of Italy.]]

Below is a list of national cockades (colors listed from center to ring):{{cite web| url= http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53093616d/f1.item.r=cocardes.zoom| publisher= | via= gallica.bnf.fr |title=Tableau comparatif de la superficie, population totale et pop. par m. géogr. de tous les Etats du monde, avec les cocardes et pavillons les plus connus / dressé d'après Malte-Brun, Hassel, Balbi et autres sources authentiques par C. Desjardins; A. Haas, script. |place= Gallica| year= 1833 | language= fr |access-date=2017-03-05}}{{cite web| url= http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b53093617v/f1.item.r=cocardes.zoom|publisher= | via= gallica.bnf.fr| title=Tableau comparatif de la superficie et de la population absolue et relative de tous les Etats du monde avec leurs pavillons et cocardes / dressé d'après les documens les plus récens par Ct. Desjardins,...; Lith. de Mantoux,... |place= Gallica| year= 1842 | language= fr |access-date=2017-03-05}}

File:Tafel XVII Kokarden.jpg

The German Empire had, besides the national cockade, also cockades for several of its states,{{Cite book|title=Das kleine Buch vom Deutschen Heere 1901|last=Hein}} seen in the following table:

• Cap badge
• Rosette (politics)
• Roundel

{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite book|last=Adye|first=Ralph Willett|title=The Little Bombardier, and Pocket Gunner|year=1802|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0-thAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA271|publisher=T. Egerton|language=en|isbn=}}
• {{cite book|last=Lucchetti|first=Marco|title=1001 curiosità sulla storia che non ti hanno mai raccontato|year=2014|publisher=Newton Compton|language=it|isbn=978-88-541-7155-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Do2XBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT19}}
• {{cite book|last1=Troiani|first1=Don |last2=Kochan |first2=James |last3=Coates|first3=Earl |title=Soldiers in America, 1754–1865|year=1998|publisher=Stackpole Books|language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-X2vvS698p4C&pg=PA99|isbn=978-0-8117-0519-6|ref={{sfnref|Troiani|1998}}}}

{{refend}}

• {{Commons category-inline|Cockades}}

{{Hats}}

Category:Hats

Category:Ceremonial clothing

Category:Symbols