hat

File:Willendorf-Venus-1468.jpg may depict a woman wearing a woven hat.]]

While there are not many official records of hats before 3,000 BC, they probably were commonplace before that. The 27,000-to-30,000-year-old Venus of Willendorf figurine may depict a woman wearing a woven hat.{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/725803.stm|title=BBC News {{!}} SCI/TECH {{!}} World's oldest hat revealed|website=news.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2018-09-25}} One of the earliest known confirmed hats was worn by a Bronze Age man (nicknamed Ötzi) whose body (including his hat) was found frozen in a mountain between Austria and Italy, where he had been since around 3250 BC. He was found wearing a bearskin cap with a chin strap, made of several hides stitched together, essentially resembling a Russian fur hat without the flaps.{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/aug/18/it-becometh-the-iceman-otzi-clothing-study-reveals-stylish-secrets-of-leather-loving-ancient|title=It becometh the iceman: clothing study reveals stylish secrets of leather-loving ancient|first=Nicola|last=Davis|archive-date=30 August 2016|work=The Guardian|access-date=30 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160830164637/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/aug/18/it-becometh-the-iceman-otzi-clothing-study-reveals-stylish-secrets-of-leather-loving-ancient|date=30 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}{{Cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/08/otzi-iceman-european-alps-mummy-clothing-dna-leather-fur-archaeology|title=Here's What the Iceman Was Wearing When He Died 5,300 Years Ago|first=Kristin|last=Romey|date=18 August 2016|publisher=National Geographic|access-date=18 August 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819105927/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/08/otzi-iceman-european-alps-mummy-clothing-dna-leather-fur-archaeology/|archive-date=19 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}{{Cite journal|last1=O’Sullivan|first1=Niall J.|last2=Teasdale|first2=Matthew D.|last3=Mattiangeli|first3=Valeria|last4=Maixner|first4=Frank|last5=Pinhasi|first5=Ron|last6=Bradley|first6=Daniel G.|last7=Zink|first7=Albert|date=18 August 2016|title=A whole mitochondria analysis of the Tyrolean Iceman's leather provides insights into the animal sources of Copper Age clothing|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=6|pages=31279|doi=10.1038/srep31279|pmid=27537861|issn=2045-2322|df=dmy-all|pmc=4989873|bibcode=2016NatSR...631279O }}

One of the first pictorial depictions of a hat appears in a tomb painting from Thebes, Egypt, which shows a man wearing a conical straw hat, dated to around 3200 BC. Hats were commonly worn in ancient Egypt. Many upper-class Egyptians shaved their heads, then covered it in a headdress intended to help them keep cool. Ancient Mesopotamians often wore conical hats or ones shaped somewhat like an inverted vase.

File:Inquilinos.gif (with horse) wears a hat of greater height than the accompanying inquilino (1821 Chile).]]

Other early hats include the Pileus, a simple skull-like cap; the Phrygian cap, worn by freed slaves in Greece and Rome (which became iconic in America during the Revolutionary War and the French Revolution, as a symbol of the struggle for liberty against the Monarchy); and the Greek petasos, the first known hat with a brim. Women wore veils, kerchiefs, hoods, caps and wimples.

Like Ötzi, the Tollund Man was preserved to the present day with a hat on, probably having died around 400 BC in a Danish bog, which mummified him. He wore a pointed cap made of sheepskin and wool, fastened under the chin by a hide thong.{{Cite web|url=http://www.tollundman.dk/udseende.asp|title=The Tollund Man – Appearance|date=2004|website=The Tollund Man – A face from prehistoric Denmark|access-date=2016-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719132454/http://www.tollundman.dk/udseende.asp|archive-date=2011-07-19|url-status=dead}}

St. Clement, the patron saint of felt hatmakers, is said to have discovered felt when he filled his sandals with flax fibers to protect his feet, around 800 AD.{{cite web|url=http://www.hatsandcaps.co.uk/Hat-History-Ahat_history/ |title=History of Hats |publisher=Hatsandcaps.co.uk |access-date=2011-07-02}}

In the Middle Ages, hats were a marker of social status and used to single out certain groups. The 1215 Fourth Council of the Lateran required that all Jews identify themselves by wearing the Judenhat ("Jewish hat"), marking them as targets for anti-Semitism.{{cite web|last=Waldman |first=Katy |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_eye/2013/10/17/the_history_of_the_witch_s_hat_origins_of_its_pointy_design.html |title=The history of the witch's hat |publisher=Slate.com |date=2013-10-17 |access-date=2014-03-26}} The hats were usually yellow and were either pointed or square.{{cite book |url={{Google books |plainurl=yes |id=h1s8K0_hCfoC |page=331 }} |title=All Things Medieval: An Encyclopedia of the Medieval World |first=Ruth A. |last=Johnston |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |access-date=2014-03-26}}

File:charles-vernet-top-hat.jpg" greeting each other, one with what appears to be a top hat, perhaps its first recorded appearance.]]

In the Middle Ages, hats for women ranged from simple scarves to elaborate hennin,Vibbert, Marie, Headdresses of the 14th and 15th Centuries, No. 133, SCA monograph series (August 2006) and denoted social status. Structured hats for women similar to those of male courtiers began to be worn in the late 16th century.{{cite web|url=http://www.hatsuk.com/hatsuk/hatsukhtml/bible/history.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000914041825/http://www.hatsuk.com/hatsuk/hatsukhtml/bible/history.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2000-09-14 |title=Hat history |publisher=Hatsuk.com |access-date=2012-01-07 }} The term 'milliner' comes from the Italian city of Milan, where the best quality hats were made in the 18th century. Millinery was traditionally a woman's occupation, with the milliner not only creating hats and bonnets but also choosing lace, trimmings and accessories to complete an outfit.{{cite web|url=http://vintagefashionguild.org/fashion-history/the-history-of-womens-hats/ |title=History of Women's Hats |publisher=Vintagefashionguild.org |access-date=2012-01-07}}

File:Gruppbild sv arbetsförmän vid Läten Hospitalbygge - Nordiska Museet - NMA.0056803.jpg, peaked cap, Borsalino, bowler hat (Sweden, early 20th century).]]

In the first half of the 19th century, women wore bonnets that gradually became larger, decorated with ribbons, flowers, feathers, and gauze trims. By the end of the century, many other styles were introduced, among them hats with wide brims and flat crowns, the flower pot and the toque. By the middle of the 1920s, when women began to cut their hair short, they chose hats that hugged the head like a helmet.

The tradition of wearing hats to horse racing events began at the Royal Ascot in Britain, which maintains a strict dress code. All guests in the Royal Enclosure must wear hats.{{cite news|author=Lauren Turner |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/new-dress-code-a-hit-at-ascots-ladies-day-7872665.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220509/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/new-dress-code-a-hit-at-ascots-ladies-day-7872665.html |archive-date=2022-05-09 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=New dress code a hit at Ascots' Ladies Day |publisher= Independent.co.uk |date=2012-06-21 |access-date=2013-08-29}} This tradition was adopted at other horse racing events, such as the Kentucky Derby in the United States.{{cite web |url=http://www.hats-plus.com/chronicles/?p=634 |title=Hats in History: The Kentucky Derby |publisher=Hats-plus.com |date=2012-04-28 |access-date=2013-08-29 |archive-date=2013-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819005633/http://www.hats-plus.com/chronicles/?p=634 |url-status=dead }}

Extravagant hats were popular in the 1980s, and in the early 21st century, flamboyant hats made a comeback, with a new wave of competitive young milliners designing creations that include turban caps, trompe-l'œil-effect felt hats and tall headpieces made of human hair. Some new hat collections have been described as "wearable sculpture". Many pop stars, among them Lady Gaga, have commissioned hats as publicity stunts.{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/04/fashion/04iht-rhats04.html?pagewanted=all |title=Millinery Madness: Hat Makers With Attitude |website=The New York Times |date=3 October 2011 |access-date=2017-02-27 |archive-date=2017-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630065123/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/04/fashion/04iht-rhats04.html?pagewanted=all |url-status=live |last1=Young |first1=Robb }}

File:RhofHutladen1.jpg.]]

One of the most famous London hatters is James Lock & Co. of St James's Street.See Whitbourn, F.: 'Mr Lock of St James's St Heinemann, 1971. The shop claims to be the oldest operating hat shop in the world.{{Cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/01/fashion/hats-lock-and-co-london.html?_r=0 |title=Centuries of hats |website=The New York Times |date=30 March 2016 |access-date=2017-02-27 |archive-date=2017-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228172743/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/01/fashion/hats-lock-and-co-london.html?_r=0 |url-status=live |last1=Mitic |first1=Ginanne Brownell }} Another was Sharp & Davis of 6 Fish Street Hill.For an account of the Sharp family's hat-making business, see Knapman, D. – 'Conversation Sharp – The Biography of a London Gentleman, Richard Sharp (1759–1835), in Letters, Prose and Verse'. [Private Publication, 2004]. British Library. In the late 20th century, museums credited London-based David Shilling with reinventing hats worldwide. Notable Belgian hat designers are Elvis Pompilio and Fabienne Delvigne (Royal warrant of appointment holder), whose hats are worn by European royals.{{cite web |url= http://www.brusselslife.be/en/article/brusselslife-with-fabienne-delvigne |title=Brussels life |publisher=Brusselslife.be |access-date=2013-04-15}} Philip Treacy OBE is an Irish milliner whose hats have been commissioned by top designers{{cite news|title=Philip Treacy 'Hatforms' at IMMA Thursday |url=http://www.rte.ie/ten/2001/0405/treacyp.html |access-date=11 December 2010 |newspaper=Raidió Teilifís Éireann |date=5 April 2001 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817233050/http://www.rte.ie/ten/2001/0405/treacyp.html |archive-date=August 17, 2012 }} and worn at royal weddings.[http://www.independent.ie/world-news/royal-wedding/philip-treacy-king-of-royal-wedding-hats-2633003.html Philip Treacy: King of Royal wedding hats] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831081900/http://www.independent.ie/world-news/royal-wedding/philip-treacy-king-of-royal-wedding-hats-2633003.html |date=2011-08-31 }} Irish Independent, 2011-04-29 In North America, the well-known cowboy-hat manufacturer Stetson made the headgear for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Texas Rangers.{{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Jeffrey B. |year=1997 |title=Stetson Hats and the John B. Stetson Company 1865–1970 |page=57 |location=Atglen |publisher=Schiffer |isbn=0-7643-0211-6 }} John Cavanagh was one of the notable American hatters.{{Cite web|url=https://bernardhats.com/hat-companies/cavanagh-hats/|title=Cavanagh Hats|website=Bernard Hats|date=22 June 2014 |language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-06}} Italian hat maker Borsalino has covered the heads of Hollywood stars and the world's rich and famous.Hats and Headwear around the World: A Cultural Encyclopedia, Beverly Chico, ABC-CLIO, 03.10.2013, p. 155.

The Philippi Collection is a collection of religious headgear assembled by a German entrepreneur, Dieter Philippi, located in Kirkel.{{cite web|url=http://www.nzzfolio.ch/www/21b625ad-36bc-48ea-b615-1c30cd0b472d/showarticle/17b78ab1-fd69-4400-8848-a44e6459cac8.aspx |title=Neue Zürcher Zeitung FOLIO |publisher=Nzzfolio.ch |date=2011-02-08 |access-date=2012-01-07}} The collection features over 500 hats,{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/gesellschaft/0,1518,665012,00.html |title=Der Spiegel |date=4 December 2009 |publisher=Spiegel.de |access-date=2012-01-07|last1=Smoltczyk |first1=Alexander }} and is currently the world's largest collection of clerical, ecclesiastical and religious head coverings.{{cite web|url=http://philippi-collection.blogspot.com/2011/11/jewish-white-hat.html |title=Philippi Collection |publisher=Philippi-collection.blogspot.com |date=2011-11-23 |access-date=2012-01-07}}

{{further|List of hat styles|List of headgear}}

This is a short list of some common and iconic examples of hats. There is a longer version at List of hat styles

Hat sizes are determined by measuring the circumference of a person's head about {{convert|1|cm|in|frac=5}} above the ears. Inches or centimeters may be used depending on the manufacturer. Felt hats can be stretched for a custom fit. Some hats, like hard hats and baseball caps, are adjustable. Cheaper hats come in "standard sizes", such as small, medium, large, extra large: the mapping of measured size to the various "standard sizes" varies from maker to maker and style to style, as can be seen by studying various catalogues, such as Hammacher Schlemmer.{{cite web |url=http://www.enduroworld.com.au/helmet_sizes.htm |title= Helmet sizes |publisher=Enduroworld.com.au |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325032202/http://www.enduroworld.com.au/helmet_sizes.htm|archive-date=March 25, 2012}}

US hat size is a measurement of head diameter in inches. It can be computed from a measurement of circumference in centimeters by dividing by 8, because multiplying 2.54 (the number of centimeters per inch) by {{pi}} (the multiplier to give circumference from diameter) is almost exactly 8.

File:Hermes warrior Louvre G515.jpg|Hermes wearing a petasos hat, Attic red-figure krater, {{circa|380–370 BC}}

File:Altes Museum-Tanagra-lady with fan.jpg|Ancient Greek statue of a lady with blue and gilt garment, a fan and a sun hat, from Tanagra, {{circa|325–300 BC}}

File:1822-Millinery-shop-Paris-Chalon.jpg|Paris millinery shop, France, 1822

File:Ion Theodorescu-Sion - Iluzie optică, Furnica, 30 oct 1908.JPG|Hat fashions have sometimes been the subject of ridicule. This 1908 cartoon by Ion Theodorescu-Sion, which first appeared in a Romanian publication, satirised the popularity of mushroom hats.

File:Mode. Hattar. Modeplansch från 1911 - Nordiska Museet - NMA.0033994.jpg|Women's picture hats from 1911.

File:Douglas Fairbanks at third Liberty Loan rally HD-SN-99-02174.JPEG|New York City, 1918: A large crowd of people, almost all wearing hats

File:Heatfacroty 1.jpg|Family-owned hat factory in Montevarchi, Italy, date unknown

File:A customer tries on a new hat in the millinery department of Bourne and Hollingsworth on London's Oxford Street in 1942. D6596.jpg|Millinery department of Bourne & Hollingsworth, in London's Oxford Street in 1942. Unlike most other clothing, hats were not strictly rationed in wartime Britain and there was an explosion of adventurous millinery styles.

File:John Paul II Medal of Freedom 2004.jpg|John Paul II wearing a zucchetto

File:Hat MET 1988.342.1a.jpg|17th century openwork hat Metropolitan Museum of Art{{cite web |url= https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/81227 |title=Hat, British, 17th century |website=Metropolitan Museum of Art website }}

• Chapeaugraphy
• Headgear
• List of hat styles
• List of headgear
• List of outerwear

{{reflist|30em}}

• {{wikiquote-inline}}
• {{Commons category-inline|Hats}}
• {{wiktionary-inline}}

{{Hats}}

{{Headgear}}

{{Clothing}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:History of fashion