conservative wave

File:Macri con Piñera.jpg (2015–2019) alongside the Chilean president Sebastián Piñera (2010–2014, 2018–2022). Both represent moderate conservative figures.]]

In Argentina, the election of Mauricio Macri of the centre-right in November 2015 as President of Argentina brought a right-wing government to power, although the populist movements of Peronism and Kirchnerism, which are tied to its leader Cristina Fernández de Kirchner's popularity,[https://www.vice.com/en/article/cristina-kirchner-court-corruption-dollar-futures/ Argentina's Ex-President Wants Everyone to Know She's Not Scared of Corruption Probes] – VICE News, 14 April 2016. initially remained somewhat strong.{{cite news|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-year-the-pink-tide-turned-latin-america-in-2015/|title=The Year the 'Pink Tide' Turned: Latin America in 2015|last1=Noel|first1=Andrea|date=29 December 2015|work=VICE News|access-date=30 December 2015}} Macri, a former engineer and Buenos Aires mayor, cut energy subsidies, ended currency controls, and started other reforms that allowed Argentina to win back the favour of international financial markets.{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} In October 2017, Macri established a more firm hold on power when many candidates of his Cambiemos party enjoyed victories in the 2017 Argentine legislative election.{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/23/macris-coalition-sweeps-argentinas-mid-term-vote.html|title=Macri's coalition sweeps Argentina's mid-term vote|date=23 October 2017|work=CNBC|access-date=4 November 2017}}

In the 2019 Argentine presidential election, Macri lost to the left-leaning Alberto Fernández, who was sworn into office in December 2019.{{Cite news|publisher=Reuters|location=Buenos Aires|date=2019-12-10|title='We're back': Alberto Fernández sworn in as Argentina shifts to the left|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/10/argentina-alberto-fernandez-inauguration|access-date=2020-07-18|newspaper=The Guardian|language=en}} However, right-wing libertarian Javier Milei won the 2023 Argentine presidential election, defeating Peronist Sergio Massa.

In Brazil, a conservative wave began roughly around the time Dilma Rousseff won the 2014 Brazilian presidential election in a tight election, kicking off the fourth term of the Workers' Party in the highest position of government.{{cite journal|last=Boulos|first=Guilherme|title=Onda Conservadora|url=https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:fhDXDYBqEFcJ:scholar.google.com/+onda+conservadora&hl=pt-BR&lr=lang_pt&as_sdt=0,5|access-date=11 October 2017}}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} According to political analyst of the Inter-Union Department of Parliamentary Advice, Antônio Augusto de Queiroz, the National Congress of Brazil elected in 2014 may be considered the most conservative since the re-democratization movement, citing an increase in the number of parliamentarians linked to more conservative segments, such as ruralists, the military of Brazil, police of Brazil, and religious conservatives. The subsequent economic crisis of 2015 and investigations of corruption scandals led to a right-wing movement that sought to rescue ideas from economic liberalism and conservatism in opposition to left-wing politics. At the same time, young liberals such as those that make up the Free Brazil Movement emerged among many others. For José Manoel Montanha da Silveira Soares, within a single real generation there may be several generations that he called "differentiated and antagonistic". For him, it is not the common birth date that marks a generation, though it matters, but rather the historical moment in which they live in common. In this case, the historical moment was the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff. They can be called the "post-Dilma generation".{{cite journal|last=Montanha da Silveira Soares|first=José Manoel|date=2017|title=A onda conservadora: ensaios sobre os atuais tempos sombrios no Brasil|journal=Revista Em Pauta|volume=15|issue=39|issn=2238-3786|doi=10.12957/rep.2017.30390|url=http://www.e-publicacoes.uerj.br/index.php/revistaempauta/article/view/30390|doi-access=free}}

File:Encontro com o Senhor Donald Trump, Presidente dos Estados Unidos da América (47422559941).jpg with President Donald Trump in the White House, March 2019]]

Centrist interim President Michel Temer took office following the impeachment of Rousseff. Temer held 3% approval ratings in October 2017,{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/17/accused-of-graft-popularity-near-zero-so-why-is-brazils-president-still-in-office|title=Accused of corruption, popularity near zero – why is Temer still Brazil's president?|last1=Phillips|first1=Don|date=17 October 2017|access-date=5 November 2017|work=The Guardian}} facing a corruption scandal after accusations for obstructing justice and racketeering were placed against him.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-41755666|title=Brazil's President Temer avoids corruption trial|last1=Watson|first1=Kay|access-date=5 November 2017|agency=BBC}} He managed to avoid trial thanks to the support of the right-wing parties in the National Congress. On the other hand, President of the Senate, Renan Calheiros, who was acknowledged as one of the key figures behind Rousseff's destitution and member of the centrist Brazilian Democratic Movement, was himself removed from office after facing embezzlement charges.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/06/brazil-senate-president-ousted-embezzlement-renan-calheiros|title=Brazil's Senate president ousted over embezzlement charges|date=6 December 2016|access-date=5 November 2017|agency=The Guardian}}

Conservative candidate Jair Bolsonaro of the Social Liberal Party was the winner of the 2018 Brazilian presidential election followed by left-wing former mayor of São Paulo, Fernando Haddad, of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's Workers' Party.{{cite news|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2017/12/1940171-lula-lidera-e-bolsonaro-se-consolida-em-2-aponta-datafolha.shtml|title=Lula lidera, e Bolsonaro se consolida em 2º, aponta Datafolha|date=December 2, 2017|access-date=7 December 2017|agency=Poder}} Lula was banned to run after being convicted on criminal corruption charges and being imprisoned.{{cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2016/09/21/lulas-clear-conscious-and-brazils-inability-to-explain-petrobras/#26f4b43c3d55|title=Lula's 'Clear Conscience' And Brazil's Inability To Explain Petrobras Scandal|magazine=Forbes|last=Rapoza|first=Kenneth|date=21 September 2016|access-date=28 September 2016}}{{cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/pr/parana/noticia/lula-e-condenado-na-lava-jato-no-caso-do-triplex.ghtml|title=Lula é condenado na Lava Jato no caso do triplex|publisher=G1|first1=Alana|last1=Fonseca|first2=Erick|last2=Gimenes|first3=Thais|last3=Kaniak|first4=Bibiana|last4=Dionísio|language=pt|date=12 July 2017|access-date=23 September 2017}}{{Cite web | url=https://www.oantagonista.com/brasil/urgente-lula-e-condenado-por-unanimidade-pelo-trf-4/ |title = Urgente: Lula É Condenado Por Unanimidade Pelo TRF-4| date=24 January 2018 }} Bolsonaro would later lose to Lula in the 2022 Brazilian presidential election after his political rights were restored, becoming the first sitting president to lose a bid for a second term since the possibility of reelection for an immediately consecutive term became permitted by a constitutional amendment.{{cite news|date=30 October 2022|title=World leaders congratulate Lula on election victory|url=https://www.dw.com/en/brazil-presidential-election-lula-set-to-become-new-president-live-updates/a-63596512 |access-date=31 October 2022|work=Deutsche Welle}}{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/6226302/lula-wins-brazil-election-defeats-bolsonaro/|title=Lula Narrowly Wins Brazil's High-Stakes Election, Ending Bolsonaro's Far-Right Presidency|magazine=Time|last=Nugent|first=Clara|date=31 October 2022|access-date=31 October 2022}}

File:Guillermo Lasso inauguration (6) (cropped) III.jpg Guillermo Lasso (2021–2023)]]

In Ecuador, the policies and legacy of left-wing former President Rafael Correa is controversial. His successor, Lenín Moreno, was elected in the 2017 Ecuadorian general election defeating conservative banker Guillermo Lasso;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/04/guillermo-lasso-ecuador-election-170403214814759.html|title=Guillermo Lasso refuses to concede in Ecuador election|website=www.aljazeera.com}} a recount was needed amid allegations of fraud.{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/03/americas/ecuador-national-elections/index.html|title=Ruling party candidate claims win in Ecuadorian vote, rival vows challenge|author=Euan McKirdy and Rafael Romo|website=CNN|date=3 April 2017 |access-date=24 June 2017}}{{cite news |last1=Zapata |first1=Belen |title=Ángel Polibio Córdova: En el exit poll de las elecciones de 2017 Cedatos no se equivocó |url=https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/politica/angel-polibio-cordova-en-el-exit-poll-de-las-elecciones-de-2017-cedatos-no-se-equivoco-nota/ |access-date=7 June 2021 |publisher=El Universo |date=18 April 2021 |language=Spanish}} The presidency of Moreno was also seen as controversial due to his shift to the centre and neoliberal policies, overseeing controversial austerity measures in petroleum which sparked the 2019 Ecuadorian protests and his mishandling of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador.{{Cite web|url=https://www.expreso.ec/actualidad/desgaste-institucional-ocaso-funciones-100942.html|title=Desgaste institucional en el ocaso de las funciones|website=www.expreso.ec|access-date=15 April 2021}}

In the 2021 Ecuadorian general election, Lasso announced his third presidential campaign and eventually advanced to the run-off by a narrow second-place finish.{{cite web|url=https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/latin-america/eftist-arauz-conservative-lasso-advance-to-ecuador-presidential-run-off.phtml|title=Leftist Arauz, conservative Lasso advance to Ecuador presidential run-off|publisher=Buenos Aires Times|date=22 February 2021}} The election was noted as it saw Lasso, a conservative banker against socialist economist and Correa ally Andrés Arauz.{{cite web|url=https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/andres-arauz-correa-proxy-or-new-leadership-for-ecuador/|title=Who Is Andrés Arauz, Rafael Correa's Pick to Lead Ecuador?|date=26 October 2020|publisher=Americas Quarterly|access-date=3 May 2021}} Arauz was seen as the front-runner for the run-off election with him leading in several polls two weeks prior to the election.{{cite web|url=https://www.jacobinmag.com/2021/02/andres-arauz-ecuador-elections|title=Ecuador's Likely Next President, Andrés Arauz, Talks to Jacobin|publisher=Jacobin Magazine|date=20 February 2021}}{{cite web|url=https://www.grupolaprovincia.com/internacionales/segun-14-de-17-sondeos-arauz-vencera-a-lasso-en-el-balotaje-del-proximo-domingo-en-ecuador-692359|title=According to 14 of 17 polls, Arauz will beat Lasso in the ballot next Sunday in Ecuador|date=7 April 2021 |publisher=Grupo La Provincia|access-date=3 May 2021}} In the April run-off, Lasso managed to defeat Arauz in what some media called an upset victory after winning 52.4% of the vote, while Arauz won 47.6% of the vote.{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ecuadors-guillermo-lasso-wins-presidential-election-11618195085|title=Ecuador's Guillermo Lasso Wins Presidential Election|work=The Wall Street Journal|first=Ryan|last=Dube|date=11 April 2021|access-date=24 July 2021}}{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/public-health-rafael-correa-health-south-america-coronavirus-pandemic-fb947b78c70ac225c0982a76d44063f3|title=Ecuador goes with conservative banker in presidential vote|publisher=Associated Press|date=11 April 2021}}

During the 2023 general election that took place to replace Lasso as president, businessman and former National Assembly member Daniel Noboa was elected to the presidency.{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/f4c3f997-2c4c-44f3-b656-57af3a5ac308|title=Ecuador elects centre-right business heir Daniel Noboa as president|work=Financial Times |date=16 October 2023 |accessdate=16 October 2023 |last1=Daniels |first1=Joe }} His political ideology has been described as both centrist and centre-right.{{Cite web|url=https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/politica/daniel-noboa-candidato-presidencial-se-pueden-hacer-las-reformas-base-el-primer-ano-y-luego-la-persona-que-este-sentada-ahi-que-seguro-sere-yo-puede-buscar-la-reeleccion-nota/|title=Daniel Noboa, candidato presidencial: Se pueden hacer las reformas base el primer año, y luego la persona que esté sentada ahí, que seguro seré yo, puede buscar la reelección|accessdate=21 August 2023|date=8 June 2023|publisher=El Universo|language=es}}

In Guatemala, social democratic leader Alvaro Colom of the centre-left National Unity of Hope was elected president in the 2007 Guatemalan general election, being the only modern day leftist president in the country. Colom's successor, right-wing Otto Pérez Molina of the Patriotic Party, was forced to resign his presidency due to popular unrest,{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/02/world/americas/guatemala-votes-to-strip-its-president-of-immunity.html|title=President Otto Pérez Molina Is Stripped of Immunity in Guatemala|last1=Malkin|first1=Elisabeth|date=1 September 2015|newspaper=The New York Times|last2=Ahmed|first2=Azam}}{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/09/03/world/americas/ap-lt-guatemala-political-crisis.html|title=Guatemala President Resigns Amid Corruption Probe|date=3 September 2015|work=The New York Times|agency=Associated Press}} as well as corruption scandals that ended with his arrest.{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/03/americas/guatemala-president-arrest-warrant/index.html|title=Otto Pérez Molina out as Guatemala's President, jailed|last1=Romo|first1=Rafael|date=3 September 2015|work=CNN|last2=Botelho|first2=Greg}} Following Molina's resignation, right-wing Jimmy Morales was elected into office following the 2015 Guatemalan general election. As of 2018, he was under investigation for illegal financing.{{cite news|title=Presidente de Guatemala llega a la mitad de su mandato acechado por la corrupción|url=https://www.nacion.com/el-mundo/politica/presidente-de-guatemala-llega-a-la-mitad-de-su/IJHCFTAHYJEQLK5BRQKEEBKGMA/story/|access-date=21 March 2018|agency=La Nación}} Morales successor Alejandro Giammattei also experienced massive popular unrest, resulting in the 2020 Guatemalan protests.{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |title=Guatemala protesters set congress on fire during budget protests |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/22/guatemala-protesters-set-congress-on-fire-during-budget-protests |work=The Guardian |date=22 November 2020}}

File:Pro-Micheletti demonstrators.jpg

In Honduras, Manuel Zelaya's turn to the left during his tenure resulted in the 2009 Honduran coup d'état, which was condemned by the entire region, including the United States. Years later after the coup, Zelaya said his overthrow was the beginning of the "conservative restoration" in Latin America.{{cite news |last1=Luzzani |first1=Telma |title=La restauración conservadora comenzó con mi derrocamiento |url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/39228-la-restauracion-conservadora-comenzo-con-mi-derrocamiento |access-date=26 December 2019 |work=Página/12 |date=22 May 2017 |language=es}}

After the coup, the next democratically elected president was right-wing Porfirio Lobo Sosa (2010–2014), then right-wing Juan Orlando Hernández of the conservative National Party of Honduras won the 2013 Honduran presidential election over left-wing Xiomara Castro (Zelaya's wife) by a slight margin. Soon after, Hernández reformed the Constitution of Honduras to allow himself to be candidate for immediate reelection (something until then forbidden by Honduran law) and ran as candidate for the 2017 Honduran presidential election in what some observers question as undemocratic, authoritarian-leaning,{{cite news|url=https://cuslar.org/2017/10/25/honduran-elections-and-the-resurfacing-of-authoritarianism/|title=Honduran Elections and the Resurfacing Of Authoritarianism|last1=Galeana|first1=Fernando|date=2017|access-date=5 November 2017|agency=Committee on US-Latin America relations}}{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21720653-presidents-bid-second-term-alarms-democrats-eight-years-after-coup-heated|title=Eight years after a coup, a heated election in Honduras|date=Apr 12, 2017|access-date=5 November 2017|agency=The Economist}} and corrupt.{{cite news|url=http://www.chron.com/opinion/outlook/article/Frank-Hern-ndez-s-election-was-built-on-5174987.php|title=Frank: Hernández's election was built on corruption|last1=Frank|first1=Dana|date=January 25, 2014|access-date=5 November 2017|agency=Chron}}{{cite news|url=https://newint.org/features/web-exclusive/2015/07/06/juan-orlando-hernandez-should-resign|title=Juan Orlando Hernández – the man who should resign|date=6 July 2015|access-date=5 November 2017|agency=New Internationalist|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226124531/https://newint.org/features/web-exclusive/2015/07/06/juan-orlando-hernandez-should-resign/|url-status=dead}}

During the election, Hernández' tight self-proclaimed victory over Salvador Nasralla of the opposition alliance, alongside accusations of voter fraud, caused massive riots throughout Honduras. The declaration of a curfew from the country was labeled as illegal by some jurists,{{cite web|url=http://www.elciudadano.cl/portada/honduras-mesa-nacional-de-derechos-humanos-denuncia-asesinatos-y-detenciones/12/02/|title=Honduras: Mesa Nacional de Derechos Humanos denuncia asesinatos y detenciones tras protestas por fraude electoral|author=Camila Parodi, Nadia Fink, Julieta Lopresto, and Laura Salomé Canteros|date=2 December 2017|publisher=El Ciudadano|language=es|access-date=2017-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203035513/http://www.elciudadano.cl/portada/honduras-mesa-nacional-de-derechos-humanos-denuncia-asesinatos-y-detenciones/12/02/|archive-date=2017-12-03|url-status=dead}} and the violent repression of the protests left at least seven dead and dozens injured.{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.com.py/internacionales/honduras-posible-fraude-muertos-y-mucha-tension-1654877.html|title=Honduras: posible fraude, muertos y mucha tensión|date=2 December 2017|access-date=2 December 2017|publisher=ABC Color|agency=EFE|location=Tegucigalpa|language=es|trans-title=Honduras: possible fraud, deaths and great tension}} Due to the general popular unrest and voter fraud allegations, the Organization of American States requested a new election to no avail.{{cite news|url=https://nacla.org/news/2011/12/22/us-double-standard-elections-latin-america-and-caribbean|title=The U.S. Double Standard on Elections in Latin America and the Caribbean|last1=Main|first1=Alexander|access-date=19 December 2017|agency=NACLA|last2=McCurdy|first2=Daniel}}{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/17/world/americas/honduran-presidential-election.html|title=Honduran President Declared Winner, but O.A.S. Calls for New Election|last1=Malkin|first1=Elisabeth|date=17 December 2017|access-date=19 December 2017|work=The New York Times}}{{cite news|url=http://www.latinamericanpost.com/index.php/politics-latam/18645-oas-serious-questions-remain-over-honduras-election|title=OAS: "SERIOUS QUESTIONS REMAIN OVER HONDURAS ELECTION"|last1=Gómez|first1=Carlos Eduardo|date=2017|access-date=19 December 2017|agency=Latin American Post}}{{cite news|url=http://www.carswelllegalsolutions.com/news/news-id-50414|title=Clashes in Honduras after OAS says president vote win is illegitimate|date=2017|access-date=19 December 2017|agency=Reuters|archive-date=22 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052951/http://www.carswelllegalsolutions.com/news/news-id-50414|url-status=dead}}

Castro would eventually win the 2021 Honduran presidential election with Nasralla as her running mate, while Hernández was arrested and extradited on request of the United States for alleged involvement with the illegal narcotics trade.{{cite news |title=Xiomara Castro Edges Closer to Honduran Presidency as Opponent Concedes |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/30/world/americas/honduras-election-castro.html |access-date=1 December 2021 |work=The New York Times |agency=The Associated Press |date=1 December 2021}}{{Cite news |last1=Brigida |first1=Anna Catherine |last2=Sieff |first2=Kevin |last3=Sheridan |first3=Mary Beth |last4=Chaoul |first4=Alejandra Ibarra |date=21 April 2022 |title=Honduras ex-president Juan Orlando Hernández extradited to U.S. |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/04/21/honduras-president-hernandez-extradited/ |access-date=21 April 2022 |archive-date=21 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421203235/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/04/21/honduras-president-hernandez-extradited/ |url-status=live }}

{{see also|1954 Paraguayan coup d'etat|El Stronato}}

In Paraguay, the conservative, right-wing Colorado Party ruled the country for over sixty years, including the dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner that lasted thirty-five years, from 1954 to 1989, and was supported by the United States.{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3821/is_200610/ai_n17195860|title=Predatory States. Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America/When States Kill. Latin America, the U.S., and Technologies of Terror|last=Stanley|first=Ruth|work=Journal of Third World Studies|year=2006}}{{cite web|url=http://www.kstatecollegian.com/2006/10/11/exiled-professor-advocates-equality-democracy/|title=Exiled professor advocates equality, democracy|first=Jonas|last=Hogg|date=11 October 2006|access-date=9 January 2018|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714152057/http://www.kstatecollegian.com/2006/10/11/exiled-professor-advocates-equality-democracy/|url-status=dead}}

Paraguay is one of the poorest countries of South America and least developed countries according to the Human Development Index. This dominant-party system was temporarily broken in the 2008 Paraguayan general election, when practically the entire opposition united in the Patriotic Alliance for Change managed to elect Fernando Lugo, a former Bishop and member of the Christian Democratic Party, as President of Paraguay. Lugo's government was praised for its social reforms, including investments in low-income housing,{{cite web | url=http://www.rabobank.com/content/images/Paraguay-201101_tcm43-105909.pdf | title=Country report: Paraguay | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329233025/http://www.rabobank.com/content/images/Paraguay-201101_tcm43-105909.pdf | archive-date=29 March 2012 | url-status=dead }} the introduction of free treatment in public hospitals,{{cite web|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=44857|title=PARAGUAY: Mixed Results for Lugo's First 100 Days – IPS|date=25 November 2008|publisher=Ipsnews.net|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005044658/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=44857|archive-date=5 October 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=1 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}{{cite web|url=http://www.bti-project.org/countryreports/lac/pry/2012/#chap10|title=2012: Transformationsindex|access-date=9 January 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130414110612/http://www.bti-project.org/countryreports/lac/pry/2012/%23chap10|archive-date=14 April 2013|url-status=dead}} the introduction of cash transfers for Paraguay's most impoverished citizens,{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/13579202?story_id=13579202|title=The boy and the bishop|date=30 April 2009|newspaper=The Economist}} and indigenous rights.{{cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2008/8/19/inauguration_of_paraguays_new_president_fernando|title=The Bishop of the Poor: Paraguay's New President Fernando Lugo Ends 62 Years of Conservative Rule|publisher=Democracynow.org|access-date=5 January 2010}} Nevertheless, Lugo did not finish his period as he was impeached, despite enjoying very high approval ratings and popularity. The impeachment of Lugo was rejected by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights,IACHR, 23 June 2012, [http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/media_center/PReleases/2012/072.asp IACHR Expresses Concern over the Ousting of the Paraguayan President] condemned by both right-wing and left-wing governments,{{cite news|url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1484357-unasur-y-mercosur-tomaria-medidas-severas-ante-la-remocion-de-lugo|title=Argentina "no convalidará el golpe en Paraguay" mientras que Brasil sugirió que quedaría fuera de la Unasur y el Mercosur|date=22 June 2012|newspaper=La Nación|language=es|trans-title=Argentina "will not support the coup in Paraguay" and Brazil suggested that it would be left out of Unasur and Mercosur|access-date=22 June 2012|archive-date=26 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626230154/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1484357-unasur-y-mercosur-tomaria-medidas-severas-ante-la-remocion-de-lugo|url-status=dead}}{{cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2012/0624/Does-Paraguay-risk-pariah-status-with-president-s-ouster|title=Does Paraguay risk pariah status with president's ouster?|last=Orsi|first=Peter|date=24 June 2012|publisher=Associated Press}} and considered a coup d'état by UNASUR and Mercosur, which responded with sanctions and suspensions for Paraguay.{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/30/paraguay-suspended-mercosur|title=Paraguay suspended from Mercosur|agency=Associated Press|date=29 June 2012|work=The Guardian}} Lugo was later elected to the Senate of Paraguay and became President of the Senate. He was replaced by Vice President Federico Franco, who was distanced from Lugo by ideological reasons, opposed to the entry of Venezuela into the Mercosur, and was described as conservative.{{cite news |title=Federico Franco: un médico liberal 'enemigo' de Chávez al frente de Paraguay |url=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1519229/0/franco/nuevo-presidente-paraguay/perfil/ |access-date=26 December 2019 |work=20 minutos |agency=EFE |date=23 June 2012 |language=es}}{{cite news |title=Un médico y conservador asciende a la presidencia |url=https://www.nacion.com/el-mundo/un-medico-y-conservador-asciende-a-la-presidencia/AQN4V5PD2BCCPDHSIYGWQVZT44/story/ |access-date=26 December 2019 |work=La Nación |agency=AFP |date=23 June 2012 |language=es}}

The country's next democratically elected president after the 2013 Paraguayan general election, right-wing Horacio Cartes of the Colorado Party, described by human rights organizations as authoritarian and homophobic,{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/horacio-cartes-millionaire-criminal-business-titan-homophobe-the-next-president-of-paraguay-8580851.html|title=Horacio Cartes: Millionaire. Criminal. Business titan. Homophobe. The next president of Paraguay?|date=19 April 2013|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=9 January 2018|archive-date=8 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408004408/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/horacio-cartes-millionaire-criminal-business-titan-homophobe-the-next-president-of-paraguay-8580851.html|url-status=dead}} attempted to reform the Constitution of Paraguay to allow himself to be re-elected indefinitely, which caused popular uproar and the 2017 Paraguayan crisis.{{cite news |first=Simon |last=Romero |date=31 March 2017 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/31/world/americas/paraguay-protests-horacio-cartes.html |title=Protests Erupt in Paraguay Over Efforts to Extend President's Term |work=The New York Times |page=A9 |access-date=1 April 2017}}{{cite news|title='A coup has been carried out': Paraguay's congress set alight after vote to let president run again |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/01/paraguays-congress-set-on-fire-after-vote-to-let-president-run-again|access-date=1 April 2017|work=The Guardian |location=London |date=1 April 2017}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/protester-killed-paraguay-rodrigo-quintana-asuncion-horacio-cartes-a7662106.html|title=A protester was killed in Paraguay after a secret Senate vote for a constitutional amendment|last=Desantis|first=Daniela|date=1 April 2017|work=The Independent|access-date=3 April 2017|location=London}} He served until 2018, and his successor following the 2018 Paraguayan general election was fellow conservative Mario Abdo Benítez,{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43861104|title=Mario Abdo Benítez wins Paraguay's presidential election|work=BBC News|date=23 April 2018|access-date=3 November 2022}} who was in turn succeeded by the next conservative president, Santiago Peña, in 2023.{{cite news |author=Al Jazeera Staff |title=Santiago Peña takes office as Paraguay's president with pro-Taiwan message |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/15/santiago-pena-takes-office-as-paraguays-president-with-pro-taiwan-message |work=Al Jazeera |language=en}}

In Peru, Pedro Pablo Kuczynski won the 2016 Peruvian presidential election, with Peru becoming yet another country that departed from a centre-left government.{{cite web|url=http://www.postwesternworld.com/2016/06/08/kuczynski-broader-political/|title=Peru: Kuczynski victory is part of a broader political shift in the region|author=Oliver Stuenkel|date=June 8, 2016|publisher=Post Western World|access-date=June 12, 2016}} In this election, the third candidate with major support was leftist candidate Verónika Mendoza of the Broad Front with 18% of votes.{{cite web|url=https://resultadoselecciones2016.onpe.gob.pe/PRPCP2016/Resumen-GeneralPresidencial.html#posicion|title=ONPE – ELECCIONES GENERALES 2016: RESULTADOS PRESIDENCIALES|access-date=21 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610123549/https://resultadoselecciones2016.onpe.gob.pe/PRPCP2016/Resumen-GeneralPresidencial.html#posicion|archive-date=2016-06-10|url-status=dead}} Following corruption investigations surrounding Odebrecht, the Congress of the Republic of Peru demanded Kuczynski to defend himself in a session, with Marcelo Odebrecht stating that Kuczynski's involvement with the company was legal compared to the illegalities performed by his leftist predecessor.{{Cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/12/17/world/politics-diplomacy-world/perus-congress-prepares-oust-president-kuczynski/|title=Peru's Congress prepares to oust President Kuczynski|date=2017-12-17|work=The Japan Times|access-date=2017-12-18|language=en-US|issn=0447-5763|ref=JPtimePER|archive-date=2017-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217102214/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/12/17/world/politics-diplomacy-world/perus-congress-prepares-oust-president-kuczynski/|url-status=dead}} Due to the corruption scandal, the first impeachment process against Pedro Pablo Kuczynski was started,{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-42374771|title=Peru Odebrecht scandal: President Kuczynski faces impeachment|date=15 December 2017|agency=BBC}} but voted against by a slight margin in Congress.{{cite web|url=https://www.efe.com/efe/english/world/lawmakers-who-helped-peru-president-survive-impeachment-bid-say-democracy-won/50000262-3474525|title=Lawmakers who helped Peru president survive impeachment bid say democracy won|website=Efe.com|access-date=28 December 2017}}

After the Kenjivideos scandal in which videos were leaked to the public showing bribery from the Fujimorists to keep Kuczynski in office, Kuczyinski resigned on his own. Kuczynski's successor, centrist Martin Vizcarra, changed policies. Amid the 2019 Peruvian constitutional crisis, he dissolved Congress on 30 September, which angered Fujimorists. In the 2020 Peruvian parliamentary election, the main opposition parties Peruvian Aprista Party and Popular Force lost the majority in congress. The removal of Martín Vizcarra began after accuses of corruption. Many centrists and leftists were angry, as the conservative Manuel Merino took power in his place. This led to the 2020 Peruvian protests, and Merino resigned from office. Centrist Francisco Sagasti succeeded him. In the days leading to the run-off of the 2021 Peruvian presidential election, conservative candidate Keiko Fujimori had a slight lead in the polls over socialist candidate Pedro Castillo.{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/peruvians-head-polls-elect-president-divided-by-class-geography-2021-06-06/|title=Peru's Castillo says there is 'hope' as razor-thin margin keeps country on edge|work=Reuters|first1=Marco|last1=Aquino|first2=Marcelo|last2=Rochabrun|date=6 June 2021|access-date=24 July 2021}} On 19 July, Castillo was declared the winner in a close and highly contested election.{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402|title=Pedro Castillo declared president-elect of Peru|publisher=BBC|date=19 July 2021|access-date=20 July 2021}} However, president Castillo was removed from office by Congress on 7 December 2022.{{cite news |title=Pedro Castillo: Peru's leader ousted over 'rebellion attempt' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63899457 |date=8 December 2022}}

On the political changes that were happening in the country, a collection of twenty essays organized by Felipe Demier and Rejane Hoeveler, titled The Conservative Wave – Essays on the Current Dark Times in Brazil, was launched in 2016. In the synopsis, it is emphasized the rootedness of reactionary thinking and practices in Brazilian state powers and Brazilian society in multiple dimensions as well as the challenges that the left will have to face. Many Brazilians who support Jair Bolsonaro's government believe that the Workers' Party and rampant corruption in Brazil are to blame for difficulties in the economy.{{cite web|url=https://www.livrariacultura.com.br/p/livros/historia/a-onda-conservadora-46284567|title=A onda conservadora|work=Livraria Cultura|access-date=15 October 2017}}{{cite web|url=https://www.jornalopcao.com.br/entrevistas/brasil-levara-ao-menos-50-anos-para-se-livrar-da-massificacao-que-o-pt-criou-na-educacao-universitaria-75943/|title=Brasil levará ao menos 50 anos para se livrar da massificação que o PT criou na educação universitária|work=Jornal Opção|date=24 September 2016|access-date=2 December 2019}}

{{Accessibility dispute|section|date=September 2024}}

The timeline begins before the start of the wave in order to represent graphically the increase of conservative governments over the years.

ImageSize = width:1200 height:auto barincrement:25

PlotArea = left:100 bottom:60 top:0 right:10

Alignbars = justify

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy

Period = from:01/01/2002 till:07/01/2025

TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy

Colors =

id:centerright value:skyblue legend:Centre-right

id:right value:blue legend:Right

Legend = orientation:horizontal position:bottom

ScaleMajor = increment:5 start:2002

ScaleMinor = increment:1 start:2002

BarData =

bar:arg text:"Argentina"

bar:bol text:"Bolivia"

bar:bra text:"Brazil"

bar:chi text:"Chile"

bar:col text:"Colombia"

bar:crc text:"Costa Rica"

bar:ecu text:"Ecuador"

bar:sav text:"El Salvador"

bar:gua text:"Guatemala"

bar:hon text:"Honduras"

bar:mex text:"Mexico"

bar:nic text:"Nicaragua"

bar:pan text:"Panama"

bar:par text:"Paraguay"

bar:per text:"Peru"

bar:uru text:"Uruguay"

PlotData =

width:16 textcolor:black align:left anchor:from shift:(10,-4)

bar:arg from:02/01/2002 till:25/05/2003 color:centerright text:"Duhalde" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:arg from:10/12/2015 till:10/12/2019 color:centerright text:"Macri" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:arg from:10/12/2023 till:07/01/2025 color:right text:"Milei" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:bra from:01/01/2002 till:31/12/2002 color:centerright text:"Cardoso" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:bra from:01/01/2019 till:31/12/2022 color:right text:"Bolsonaro" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:bol from:01/01/2002 till:06/08/2002 color:centerright text:"JQ" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:bol from:06/08/2002 till:17/10/2003 color:centerright text:"Sánchez" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:bol from:12/11/2019 till:08/11/2020 color:right text:"Áñez" textcolor:black mark:(line,white)

bar:bol from:12/11/2019 till:08/11/2020 color:white width:3 # political crisis - Añez has been convicted as an unconstitutional de facto president like Maduro, so the style of Maduro in pink tide is applied here.

bar:chi from:11/03/2010 till:11/03/2014 color:centerright text:"Piñera" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:chi from:11/03/2018 till:11/03/2022 color:centerright text:"Piñera" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:col from:01/01/2002 till:07/08/2002 color:centerright text:"Pas" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:col from:07/08/2002 till:07/08/2010 color:right text:"Uribe" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:col from:07/08/2010 till:07/08/2018 color:centerright text:"Santos" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:col from:07/08/2018 till:07/08/2022 color:right text:"Duque" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:crc from:08/05/2002 till:08/05/2006 color:centerright text:"Pacheco" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:crc from:08/05/2022 till:07/01/2025 color:centerright text:"Chaves Robles" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:ecu from:01/01/2002 till:15/01/2003 color:centerright text:"Noboa" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:ecu from:24/05/2021 till:23/11/2023 color:centerright text:"Lasso" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:ecu from:23/11/2023 till:07/01/2025 color:centerright text:"Noboa" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:sav from:01/01/2002 till:01/06/2004 color:right text:"Flores" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:sav from:01/06/2004 till:01/06/2009 color:right text:"Saca" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:sav from:01/06/2019 till:07/01/2025 color:right text:"Bukele" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:gua from:01/01/2002 till:14/07/2004 color:right text:"Portillo" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:gua from:14/07/2004 till:14/01/2008 color:right text:"Berger" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:gua from:14/01/2012 till:03/09/2015 color:right text:"Pérez Molina" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:gua from:03/09/2015 till:14/01/2016 color:right text:"AM" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:gua from:14/01/2016 till:14/01/2020 color:right text:"Morales" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:gua from:14/01/2020 till:14/01/2024 color:right text:"Giammattei" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:hon from:27/01/2002 till:27/01/2006 color:right text:"Maduro" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:hon from:27/01/2010 till:27/01/2014 color:right text:"Lobo Sosa" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:hon from:27/01/2014 till:27/01/2022 color:right text:"Hernández" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:mex from:01/01/2002 till:30/11/2006 color:right text:"Fox" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:mex from:01/12/2006 till:30/11/2012 color:right text:"Calderón" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:mex from:01/12/2012 till:30/11/2018 color:centerright text:"Peña Nieto" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:nic from:10/01/2002 till:10/01/2007 color:centerright text:"Bolaños" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:pan from:01/01/2002 till:01/09/2004 color:centerright text:"Moscoso" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:pan from:01/07/2009 till:01/07/2014 color:centerright text:"Martinelli" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:pan from:01/07/2024 till:07/01/2025 color:right text:"Mulino" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:pan from:01/07/2014 till:01/07/2019 color:centerright text:"Varela" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:par from:15/08/2018 till:15/08/2023 color:centerright text:"Benítez" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:par from:15/08/2023 till:07/01/2025 color:right text:"Peña" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:par from:15/08/2013 till:15/08/2018 color:right text:"Cartes" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:par from:01/01/2002 till:15/08/2003 color:right text:"González Macchi" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:par from:22/06/2012 till:15/08/2013 color:centerright text:"Franco" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:per from:28/07/2016 till:23/03/2018 color:centerright text:"Kuczynski" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:per from:10/11/2020 till:15/11/2020 color:right text:"MM" textcolor:white

bar:per from:07/12/2022 till:07/01/2025 color:right text:"Baluarte" textcolor:white

Bar:per from:28/07/2006 till:28/07/2012 color:centerright text:"Alan garcia" textcolor:white

bar:uru from:01/01/2002 till:01/03/2005 color:centerright text:"Batlle Ibáñez" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

bar:uru from:01/03/2020 till:07/01/2025 color:centerright text:"Lacalle Pou" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)

AM = Alejandro Maldonado

MM = Manuel Merino

JQ = Jorge Quiroga

• Evangelical political parties in Latin America
• Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States
• Pacific Alliance
• Pasokification
• Tea Party movement
• Political tsunami (Malaysian politics)

{{reflist}}

{{Latin America topics}}

Category:2010s in South America

Category:Conservatism in South America

Category:Economic ideologies

Category:Political neologisms

Category:Political ideologies

Category:Politics of South America

Category:Right-wing populism in South America

Category:2010s neologisms