demographics of Finland

{{As of|2024}}, there are 5,635,971 people in Finland.

The first human settlement in Finland originated around 11,000 BC, following the end of the Ice Age. The initial inhabitants of modern-day Finland were presumably hunter-gatherers. There is no information about the language spoken by the first inhabitants. However, it is known that the Finnish and Sámi languages emerged thousands of years later.{{cite web |url= https://www.hs.fi/tiede/art-2000007976760.html |title= Ensimmäisillä suomalaisilla oli käytössään aikakautensa kehittynyttä teknologiaa: näin Suomi asutettiin jääkauden jälkeen |publisher= Helsingin Sanomat | language=fi |date=17 May 2021 |access-date= 3 October 2023}} Archaeological, linguistic, and genetic studies support the notion that the country was inhabited from south to north, with a population of a few thousand during prehistoric times. The Sámi people then succeeded the previous inhabitants, followed by the influx of Finnic people from the east, west, and south who eventually replaced them. The Sámi people now number around 10,000 in Finland as a minority. Although they have lived north of the Arctic Circle for 7,000 years, they make up only 5% of the population of the province of Lapland.

The reliable population data is available from 1749, when Sweden first compiled population statistics. At that time, the population of Finland stood at 410,400 individuals. The threshold of one million inhabitants was surpassed subsequent to the Finnish War (1808–1809) in 1811, upon the annexation of the Old Finland region. The milestone of five million inhabitants was reached in 1991.{{cite web |url= https://tilastokoulu.stat.fi/verkkokoulu_v2.xql?page_type=sisalto&course_id=tkoulu_vaesto&lesson_id=12&subject_id=1 |title= Väestötieteen perusteet - 12.1 Suomen väestö kautta aikojen |publisher= Statistics Finland | language=fi |access-date= 1 October 2023}}

Exceeding the million population milestones:

1. million in 1811
2. million in 1879
3. million in 1912
4. million in 1950
5. million in 1991

Until the beginning of the 20th century, annual population growth fluctuated between 1% and 2%. There were a few exceptional years of negative growth during times of war and destruction. The significant demographic and economic transformations that took place in Finland post-World War II affected the composition of Finnish families. Over time, family sizes reduced noticeably, declining from an average of 3.6 individuals in 1950 to an average of 2.7 in 1975. Despite this change, family structures remained relatively constant during the 25-year period, with 24.4% of families consisting of a man and a woman, 61.9% comprising a couple and children, 11.8% consisting of a woman with offspring, and 1.9% consisting of a man with offspring. There were no substantial differences in percentages compared to 1950.

Nonetheless, fewer children were born per family; the average decreased from 2.24 in 1950 to 1.7 in the 1980s. Large families were infrequent, with only 2% having four or more children, while 51% had a single child; 38% had two children, and 9% had three children.Text from PD source: US Library of Congress: [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/fitoc.html A Country Study: Finland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214114830/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/fitoc.html |date=14 February 2015 }}, Library of Congress Call Number DL1012 .A74 1990. Population growth declined to below 0.5% in the 1970s, and to approximately 0.2% in the 1990s. In recent years, however, population growth has recovered partially, rising to approximately 0.5%, partly due to increased immigration.

{{Historical populations

| title= Historical population

| percentages = pagr

| align = none

| cols = 3

|type=Finland

|1750|421000

|1760|490000

|1770|560000

|1780|660000

|1790|706000

|1800|837000

|1810|863000

|1820|1177500

|1830|1372100

|1840|1445600

|1850|1636900

|1860|1746700

|1870|1768800

|1880|2060800

|1890|2380100

|1900|2655900

|1910|2943400

|1920|3147600

|1930|3462700

|1940|3695610

|1950|4029800

|1960|4496220

|1970|4598330

|1980|4787770

|1990|4998480

|2000|5181000

|2010|5375300

|2020|5536146

|footnote = Population size prior to 1812 may be affected by changes on administrative divisions.
1990-2020 source: Statistics Finland

|}}

File:Population map of Finland.svg

{{As of|2024}}, the population density of Finland was 18.5 persons per square kilometre. The region of Uusimaa was the most densely populated region with around 196 persons per square kilometre, while Lapland was the least densely populated region with only around two persons per square kilometre. The populace is heavily clustered in the west and south of Finland, where the largest urban centres are situated.{{cite web |url= https://toolbox.finland.fi/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/Facts-about-Finland-Finfo.pdf |title= Facts about Finland |date= 2015 |publisher= Ministry for Foreign Affairs in 2015 |access-date= 1 October 2023}} There are a total of nine cities in Finland with more than 100,000 residents.{{cite web |url= https://eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-education-systems/finland/population-demographic-situation-languages-and-religions |title= Eurydice: 1. Political, social and economic background and trends: 1.3 Population: demographic situation, languages and religions |date= 16 June 2022 |publisher= European Commission |access-date= 2 October 2023}}

The geographical center of population (Weber point) of the Finnish population is currently located in Hauho, in the village of Sappee, now part of the town of Hämeenlinna. The coordinates of this point are 61' 17" N, 25' 07" E.Matka väestölliseen keskipisteeseen, Helsingin Sanomat, 30 July 2012, p. A5. [http://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/art-2000002547894.html Online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190205125025/https://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/art-2000002547894.html |date=5 February 2019 }}

File:Finland Animated Population Pyramid.gif

{{As of|2023}}, the birth rate dropped to its lowest level on record since 1776 with a total fertility rate of 1.26. A total of 43,320 children were born, and 38,179 (85%) of them were delivered by women who speak Finnish, Swedish or Sámi, the country's national languages.{{Cite web | url=https://stat.fi/en/publication/clmixlq2e5fnt0bw60d4l2t7g | title=Immigration record high in Finland in 2023 | date=25 January 2024 | publisher=Statistics Finland | access-date=25 January 2024 | language=en }} {{As of|2020}}, the average age of first-time mothers was 29.7 years old. The mean age of women who have given birth to a live child was 31.3 years.{{cite web |url= https://www.stat.fi/til/synt/2020/synt_2020_2021-04-23_tie_001_en.html |title= Decrease in birth rate stopped in 2020 |publisher= Statistics Finland | language=en | date= 23 April 2021 |access-date= 2 October 2023}}

{{As of|2021}}, people with a foreign background in Finland had higher fertility rates than those with Finnish roots. Women of foreign descent, either born abroad (1.7) or in Finland (1.65), had the most substantial total fertility rates, averaging 1.45 for all women in Finland. Women of Finnish lineage had a slightly higher fertility rate of 1.4. For men, the total fertility rate was just above 1.3, with Finnish men slightly under the average. In contrast, men of foreign origin, whether born abroad or in Finland, exhibited a fertility rate of approximately 1.45 each. Since 2018, the most frequent countries of affiliation for women of foreign origin delivering infants have been former Soviet Union countries, Somalia, and Iraq.{{cite web|url=https://www.schengenvisainfo.com/news/more-babies-of-foreign-background-born-in-finland-in-2021-than-of-finnish-roots-statistics-show/|title=More Babies of Foreign Background Born in Finland in 2021 Than of Finnish Roots, Statistics Show|website=schengenvisainfo.com|date=13 December 2022|access-date=19 February 2023|archive-date=24 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324195245/https://www.schengenvisainfo.com/news/more-babies-of-foreign-background-born-in-finland-in-2021-than-of-finnish-roots-statistics-show/|url-status=live}}

In the 18th century, Finland recorded a fertility rate of 5-6 children per woman, but population growth was hindered by high infant mortality, with approximately 1 in 5 infants dying before their first birthday. Fertility remained relatively steady in the 19th century, with occasional variations. During times of conflict, such as the Finnish war, and periods of famine, birth rates declined, but eventually normalised. Presently, some developing countries have fertility rates similar to those of Finland in the 18th and 19th centuries.{{cite web |url= https://tilastokoulu.stat.fi/verkkokoulu_v2.xql?page_type=sisalto&course_id=tkoulu_vaesto&lesson_id=12&subject_id=2 |title= Väestötieteen perusteet - 12.2 Hedelmällisyyden kehitys – lapsiluku pienenee |publisher= Statistics Finland | language=fi |access-date= 1 October 2023}}

As the 19th century drew to a close, the traditional agrarian society began to crumble. Simultaneously, the industrial and service sectors witnessed a surge in job opportunities, and urban migration intensified. Manufacturing plants mushroomed in proximity to rivers. Fewer children being born played a role in the rising living standards. However, it is important to note that contraceptive methods were limited to the rhythm method and interrupted intercourse.

The decline in fertility experienced a noteworthy acceleration in the early 20th century. In 1900, the fertility rate stood at 4.8, which plummeted to 2.3 by 1933. In the late 1930s, fertility rates experienced an uptick, but it later plummeted due to the war, particularly in 1940 as a result of the Winter War. Although the ceasefire caused a spike in births, the resumption of hostilities stalled family planning efforts. Post-war in autumn 1944, there was a resurgence in births, leading to a total fertility rate of 3.1 in 1945, reaching a peak of 3.5 in 1947–1948, a record that remains unbroken. However, fertility rates began a steady decline, dipping below the generational renewal threshold of 2.1 by 1969. Finnish fertility rates have not recovered to this level since.

The decline persisted until 1973, when it hit a historic low of 1.5 children per woman. In recent years, there have been fluctuations, with fertility rates fluctuating between 1.7 and 1.9. As of the 2020s, Finland's overall fertility rate has fallen below 1.4.

The fertility rate in Finland exceeded that of neighbouring countries for the duration of the 20th century. However, since 2010, there has been a significant decline, whereas other Nordic countries have not experienced such a trend until more recently. It is a recent development that Sweden and Finland have similar social policies and incomes, however, Finland is the only country experiencing natural population decrease (excluding immigration).{{cite news |last=Bauer |first=Elizabeth |date=1 October 2019 |title=Why Has Finland's Fertility Rate Collapsed – And Are There Lessons For Us? |magazine=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ebauer/2019/10/01/why-has-finlands-fertility-rate-collapsedand-are-there-lessons-for-us/ |access-date=21 September 2020 |archive-date=20 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920053138/https://www.forbes.com/sites/ebauer/2019/10/01/why-has-finlands-fertility-rate-collapsedand-are-there-lessons-for-us/ |url-status=live }}

File:Life_expectancy_in_Finland.svg

File:Life expectancy by WBG -Finland -diff.png

File:Live births and deaths over time in Finland.svg

File:Crude birth rate and death rate over time in Finland.svg

The Finnish population is ageing. Life expectancy has also increased in recent decades. Population growth has mainly been driven by immigration. Furthermore, the population is increasingly concentrated in urban areas in southern and western Finland.

• {{As of|2024}}, the average age of the Finnish population was 44.0 years, with an average age of 42.7 years for men and 45.2 years for women.
• {{As of|2020}}, the average age of death was 75.3 for men and 82.1 for women, indicating a margin of 6.9 years.{{cite web |url= https://www.stat.fi/til/kuol/2020/kuol_2020_2021-04-23_tie_001_en.html |title= Number of deaths increased from the previous year |publisher= Statistics Finland | language=en |date=23 April 2021 |access-date= 3 October 2023}}
• {{As of|2022}}, infant mortality was very low in Finland. There were two deaths per thousand live births, with 2.3 deaths per thousand for male infants and 1.8 deaths per thousand for female infants.

{{Main|List of Finnish regions by life expectancy}}

In the mid-18th century, when population statistics were initially recorded, Finland recorded an annual death rate of over 10,000, with yearly fluctuations. The overall mortality rate was at 26 and men had a life expectancy of 36.1 years during the 1750s, while women had an expectancy of 38.4 years. The gender gap in life expectancy was a few years at that time.{{cite web |url= https://tilastokoulu.stat.fi/verkkokoulu_v2.xql?page_type=sisalto&course_id=tkoulu_vaesto&lesson_id=12&subject_id=3 |title= Väestötieteen perusteet - 12.3 Kuolevuuden kehitys – elinaikaa lisää |publisher= Statistics Finland | language=fi |access-date= 1 October 2023}}

The rapid spread of various infectious diseases such as cholera caused mortality up until the 1870s. The war years significantly increased mortality rates in the civilian population. During this time, the highest mortality rates were recorded during the Finnish War of 1808-09 and the cholera outbreak of 1832–33, which caused the deaths of a significant portion of the population. The years 1867-68 were marked as years of high death rates, with the latter year seeing a peak of 137,700 deaths.

Before the turn of the 20th century, mortality rates were notably high, but they gradually decreased thereafter. During that time period, the life expectancy of a newborn saw a significant increase to 42.8 years for men and 45.7 years for women. The gender gap in life expectancy already stood at three years. Starting from the beginning of the 20th century, improvements in hygiene, prevention of communicable diseases, and advancements in vaccinations and medicines played crucial roles in accelerating the decline in mortality rates, as compared to previous decades. On the eve of World War II, life expectancy for males stood at 53.4 years and for females, 59.0 years, constituting a five-year gap between them. The life expectancy took almost two centuries to increase by 20 years since the 18th century. In contrast, the succeeding two decades only required 40 years to attain the same growth by the mid-20th century.

Data from Statistics Finland, which is the official agency for the collection of statistics in Finland.{{cite web| url = http://tilastokeskus.fi/til/synt/tau.html| title = Statistics Finland| access-date = 12 February 2011| archive-date = 23 September 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200923183322/http://www.tilastokeskus.fi/til/synt/tau.html| url-status = live}}{{cite web| url = http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__kuol/?tablelist=true| title = List of Tables in English| access-date = 27 May 2017| archive-date = 24 February 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210224085704/http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__kuol/?tablelist=true| url-status = dead}}

{{sort under}}

{{cite web|title=Vital statistics by month|url=https://statfin.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vamuu/statfin_vamuu_pxt_11ll.px}}{{Cite web |title=Preliminary population statistics – Statistics Finland |date=25 January 2024 |url=https://stat.fi/en/statistics/vamuu}}

In the year 2023 36,174 (83.4%) babies were born to mothers with Finnish background, and 7,209 (16.6%) to mothers with foreign background. Persons with Finnish background are defined as persons who have at least one parent born in Finland. Of those newborns that have mothers with foreign background 2,741 had Asian mothers, 2,683 had European mothers (both EU and non-EU countries), 1,355 had African mothers, and 171 had American mothers. 249 babies were born to mothers with unknown background.{{cite web|title=Statistics Finland’s free-of-charge statistical databases|url=https://pxdata.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__synt/statfin_synt_pxt_12dp.px/table/tableViewLayout1}}

{{Main|Languages of Finland}}

[[File:Languages of Finnish municipalities (2016).svg|thumb|200px|Languages of Finnish municipalities as of 2016.

{{legend|#EEEEC1|unilingually Finnish}}

{{legend|#37ABC8|bilingual with Finnish as majority language, Swedish as minority language}}

{{legend|#0055D4|bilingual with Swedish as majority language, Finnish as minority language}}

{{legend|#000080|unilingually Swedish}}

{{legend|#800033|bilingual with Finnish as majority language, Sami as minority language}}]]

Finland has two official languages (national languages): Finnish and Swedish. In addition, there are other languages that are officially recognised by the authorities, but are not national languages. The Sámi languages are those of Finland's indigenous people. Indigenous languages with a long history in Finland include Finnish Romani (Kalo), Finnish Sign Language, Finnish-Swedish Sign Language and Karelian. Finnish, which belongs to the Uralic languages, is spoken by approximately 4.9 million people in Finland as a first language and by more than 0.5 million as a second language. It is also spoken in Sweden, Norway, Eastern Karelia, Ingria (Russia), the USA and Australia, with various dialects. Written Finnish dates back 500 years.{{cite web |url=https://www.kotus.fi/en/on_language/languages_of_finland |title=Languages of Finland |publisher=The Institute for the Languages of Finland |access-date=4 October 2023 |language=en }}

Swedish, an Indo-European language within the North Germanic branch, is spoken by approximately 9 million people worldwide, including 285,360 (2024) speakers in Finland. Finland Swedish is a regional variety that aims to remain similar to the Swedish spoken in Sweden. The Sámi languages, which are indigenous to Europe and closely related to the Finnic languages, have approximately 60,000-100,000 speakers, of whom 10,000 live in Finland. There are three Sámi languages in Finland: Inari Sámi, Skolt Sámi and Northern Sámi, each with its own written form. Since 1992 they have had official status in certain areas of Lapland.

Karelian, spoken in Finland and Russia, is the closest linguistic relative of Finnish. There are fewer than 100,000 speakers of Karelian, with approximately 5,000 in Finland. Romani, an Indo-European language, belongs to the Indo-Aryan subgroup of the Indo-Iranian branch. Finnish Romani is one of the Northern Romani dialects and has been spoken in Finland for approximately 450 years. Efforts to preserve it as a literary language began in the 1970s. Finnish Sign Language serves as the primary language for 4,000-5,000 deaf Finns and is used as a first or second language by 6,000-9,000 hearing Finns. Finnish-Swedish Sign Language, on the other hand, is endangered, with only 90 users left.

All mainland municipalities are monolingual in Finnish or bilingual in Finnish and Swedish. None is monolingual Swedish. However, Swedish is the only official language on the autonomous island of Åland.{{cite web |url=https://um.fi/the-special-status-of-the-aland-islands |title=The special status of the Åland Islands |publisher=Ministry for Foreign Affairs |access-date=4 October 2023 |language=en }}

{{Pie chart

|thumb = left

|direction=row

|caption = Population by
mother tongue (2024)

|label1 = Finnish

|value1 = 84.1

|color1 = #002F6C

|label2 = Swedish

|value2 = 5.1

|color2 = #FFCD00

|label3 = Russian

|value3 = 1.8

|color3 = #D52B1E

|label4 = Estonian

|value4 = 0.9

|color4 = #0072CE

|label5 = Arabic

|value5 = 0.8

|color5 = #165D31

|label6 = Ukrainian

|value6 = 0.7

|color6 = #0057B7

|label7 = English

|value7 = 0.7

|color7 = #FFFFFF

|label8 = Other

|value8 = 5.9

|color8 = #C5C5C5

}}

{{As of|2024}}, 610,148 people, or 10.8%, live in Finland with a first language other than Finnish, Swedish or Sámi. More than 150 foreign languages are spoken in Finland. However, most of them have only few speakers. Historically, Finland has been a bilingual country where only Finnish or Swedish was spoken. This is slowly changing as the rate of immigration has increased in last three decades.{{cite web |url=https://www.stat.fi/en/publication/cl8n2djzw3b360cvz35t3up2r |title=Number of immigrations nearly 50,000 in 2022 |publisher=Statistics Finland |date=24 May 2023 |access-date=4 October 2023 |language=en }} The majority of the Finnish population is able to communicate in English. However, the foreign population is expected to study and speak Finnish or Swedish if they want to integrate into Finnish society.{{cite web |url=https://www.familiary.fi/fluent-finnish-required.html |title=Fluent Finnish required |publisher=Familia |access-date=4 October 2023 |language=en }}

{{As of|2024}}, the most common foreign languages are Russian (1.8%), Estonian (0.9%), Arabic (0.8%), Ukrainian (0.7%), English (0.7%), Somali (0.5%) and Persian (0.4%). Approximately 70% of the country's foreign speakers live in Finland's six largest cities.{{cite web |url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20021667 |title=Suomen suurimmat kaupungit haluavat keskustella maahanmuutosta suoraan pääministerin kanssa – sanovat maksavansa itse nyt kaiken |publisher=Yle |date=13 March 2023 |access-date=5 October 2023 |language=fi }}

{{collapse top|Population of Finland according to mother tongue (excluding Åland) 1990–2020|border=2px|border2=0px|padding=1px}}

{{collapse bottom}}

{{Main|Immigration to Finland|Ethnic groups in Finland}}

{{As of|2024}}, Statistics Finland produces statistics on foreign nationals in three different ways:

1. Origin and background country: 623,949 people or 11.1%, have a foreign background.
2. Country of birth: 583,155 people, or 10.3%, were born in a foreign country.
3. Language: 610,148 people, or 10.8%, have a first language other than Finnish, Swedish or Sámi.

No official statistics exist on ethnicities. Nonetheless, the Finnish population statistics are available according to the birth countries of the residents' parents (foreign background/origin statistics). International census recommendations define an ethnic group by the perception of its members of historical, regional, or national origin. Therefore, data on ethnic status should always be sourced from a person's own statement. Due to the fact that Finland's census is registry-based, official statistics regarding ethnic groups cannot be provided.{{cite web |last=Nieminen |first=Jari |date=2013 |title=Etnisyystiedon merkitys kasvaa maahanmuuton lisääntyessä |url=http://www.stat.fi/artikkelit/2013/art_2013-09-23_003.html?s=0 |access-date=21 January 2017 |website=Tilastokeskus |publisher=Statistics Finland |language=fi |archive-date=30 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830132737/http://www.stat.fi/artikkelit/2013/art_2013-09-23_003.html?s=0 |url-status=live }}

Origin and background country - the definition used by Statistics Finland includes all individuals with at least one parent born in Finland as being of Finnish background. Individuals with both parents or only one known parent born abroad are classified as having foreign heritage. If both parents of an individual were born abroad, the mother's country of birth is primarily considered as the background country. For all individuals of Finnish heritage, the background country is Finland.{{Cite web |last=Tilastokeskus |title=Statistics Finland |url=https://stat.fi/tup/maahanmuutto/maahanmuuttajat-vaestossa/ulkomaalaistaustaiset_en.html |access-date=14 April 2023 |website=stat.fi |language=en |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414160043/https://stat.fi/tup/maahanmuutto/maahanmuuttajat-vaestossa/ulkomaalaistaustaiset_en.html |url-status=live }}{{refn|In 2012, Statistics Finland implemented a classification system for determining origin and background comparable to that employed by other Nordic countries. This system utilizes data on parental birthplaces to differentiate between Finnish natives and foreign-born individuals. It is important to note that data regarding individuals who passed before 1964 is unavailable in the Population Information System. Approximately 900,000 Finnish-born residents, whose parental birthplaces are unknown due to the pre-system death of their parents, are categorized as Finnish given that their native language is either Finnish, Swedish, or Sámi. Individuals with at least one parent born in Finland are classified as having a Finnish background. For those with foreign-born parents or missing parental data, a foreign background is assigned, regardless of whether they were born in Finland or abroad. In cases where both parents were born abroad, the mother's birthplace takes precedence in determining the background. If only the father's birthplace is known, it is used to determine the background. If the parental data and foreign background of a person born in Finland are unknown, their birthplace is considered their background. However, if someone is born in Finland with unknown parental information and foreign background deduction, their background remains unknown. In the case of internationally adopted children by Finnish-born parents, they are treated as having a Finnish background, with Finland as their birth country.{{Cite web | url=https://www.stat.fi/meta/kas/syntypera_ja_ta_en.html | title=Origin and background country - definition 1 | date=31 May 2023 | publisher=Statistics Finland | access-date=5 October 2023 | language=en }} |group=note}}

{{collapse top|Origin and background country of population in Finland by continent 1990–2020|border=2px|border2=0px|padding=1px}}

{{collapse bottom}}

File:Population pyramid of Finland by origin groups.svg

File:Finnish and foreign born population pyramid in 2021.svg

File:Finnish background population pyramid in 2021.svg

File:Foreign born in Finland population pyramid in 2021.svg

File:Foreign born descendants in Finland in 2021 population pyramid.svg

The definition used by Statistics Finland for country of birth is based on the mother's country of permanent residence at the time of birth. Consequently, Estonian immigrants born before Estonian independence are recorded as being born in the Soviet Union, and those born in territories ceded by Finland are listed as being born in Finland, regardless of subsequent territorial changes. This information reflects the government in power at the time of birth and is devoid of subjective evaluations.{{Cite web | url=https://www.stat.fi/meta/kas/syntymamaa_en.html | title=Country of birth - definition 1 | date=31 May 2023 | publisher=Statistics Finland | access-date=5 October 2023 | language=en }}

{{static row numbers}}{{sort under}}

{{Main|Finnish diaspora}}

[[File:Map of the Finnish Diaspora in the World.svg|thumb|300x300px|Map of the Finnish diaspora in the world (includes people with Finnish ancestry or citizenship).

{{Legend|#000000|Finland}}

{{Legend|#003580|+ 100,000}}

{{Legend|#2E8EFF|+ 10,000}}

{{Legend|#A3CAFF|+ 1,000}}]]

Historically, Finnish emigration began in the 16th century, when Finns worked in Swedish mines, and continued until the 1970s. About 100,000 Finns emigrated to Russia during the Tsarist period, mainly to St Petersburg. Large-scale emigration began in the late 19th century, with about 400,000 Finns moving to the United States and Canada by 1980. After the Second World War, many Finns emigrated to Sweden, reaching a peak in 1970 when 41,000 settled there. An estimated 250,000 to 300,000 Finns became permanent residents of Sweden after the war. However, migration slowed in the 1980s, with more Finns returning than leaving.

The impact of emigration on the Finnish labour force and birth rate has been significant. Finland has experienced two major waves of emigration: one at the beginning of the 20th century, when more than 300,000 Finns went to North America, and another from the 1950s to the 1970s, when 400,000 Finns moved to Sweden, forming large expatriate communities.{{cite web |url= https://siirtolaisuusinstituutti.fi/en/research/emigration/ |title= Emigration |publisher= The Migration Institute of Finland |access-date= 6 October 2023}}

Apart from these major flows, there have been smaller migrations around the world and some Finns live in different countries. In the 21st century about 14,000 people, mostly of Finnish origin, emigrate every year. Many are well-educated and may return to Finland after a few years. About 300,000 Finnish citizens live abroad and it is estimated that about 1.5 million people of Finnish origin live overseas.

File:Evakointia-karjalan-kannaksella-1939-12-02.jpg in the early days of the Winter War.]]

Migration has played an important role in shaping Finnish society throughout its history. Notable instances are the Forest Finns' migration to Sweden during the 15th century and the relocation of Ingrians to the present-day St Petersburg region during the 17th century. Changes in borders resulted in the formation of Finnish settlements outside its territory. Wars and political conflicts led to massive population movements, such as the Karelian evacuation during World War II, which exiled roughly 420,000 individuals within Finland's borders.{{cite web |url= https://siirtolaisuusinstituutti.fi/en/research/internal-migration/ |title= Internal Migration |publisher= The Migration Institute of Finland |language=en |access-date= 6 October 2023}}

Until the 1960s, Finland was predominantly an agricultural society. However, waves of urbanization and political transitions have contributed to migration movements. Currently, urbanization continues to be a significant internal migration pattern, with growth centers and sparsely populated regions. Approximately 250,000 people, mainly young adults, make annual municipal moves, which have notable implications for regional development in the 21st century.

{{Main|Religion in Finland}}

{{Pie chart

|thumb = right

|caption = Registered members of religions groups in Finland by the Statistics Finland (2024)

|label1 = Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland

|value1 = 62.2

|color1 = DodgerBlue

|label2 = Orthodox Church of Finland

|value2 = 1.0

|color2 = Orchid

|label3 = Other Christian

|value3 = 1.0

|color3 = DarkOrchid

|label4 = Other Religions

|value4 = 0.9

|color4 = Chartreuse

|label5 = Unaffiliated

|value5 = 34.9

|color5 = Honeydew

}}

Before Christianisation, Finnish paganism prevailed, venerating deities such as Ukko, the god of thunder and sky. Currently, most of the Finnish population consider themselves nominal Christians, though the proportion of non-religious individuals has increased since the 1980s. {{As of|2024}}, 62.2% of the population were affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church, 1.0% with the Orthodox Church and 1.9% were members of another religious group. A total of 34.9% have no religious affiliation. The Evangelical Lutheran Church and the Orthodox Church are both entitled to collect church tax. There are around 140 registered religious communities, including Islam, Catholicism, and Jehovah's Witnesses.{{cite web |url= https://www.infofinland.fi/en/information-about-finland/cultures-and-religions-in-finland |title= Cultures and religions in Finland |publisher= InfoFinland.fi |date = 24 October 2022 |access-date= 6 October 2023}}

In Finland, there are also revival movements, which began as spiritual reform movements and are now organized and active within the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. The historic Finnish revivalist movements emerged in the late 1700s and 1800s and consisted of the Prayer Movement, the Awakened Movement, the Lutheran Evangelical Movement, and the Laestadian Movement. These movements laid out an important religious and social influence on Finnish society during this period.{{cite web |url= https://evl.fi/research/surveys/revival-movements |title= Revival movements |publisher= The Church Research Institute |access-date= 6 October 2023}}

Religious freedom is highly valued in Finland and all residents have the right to choose and practice their faith. Religious education is mandatory in Finnish schools, customized to a student's registered denomination if there are a minimum of three pupils who profess that religion.{{cite web |url= https://www.suol.fi/index.php/religious-education-in-finland |title= Religious Education in Finland |publisher= Suomen uskonnonopettajain liitto ry |language=en |access-date= 6 October 2023}}

{{Main|Education in Finland}}

The Finnish educational framework encompasses several developmental phases, from early childhood through pre-primary, primary, and lower secondary (basic education), to gymnasium (lukio), vocational, higher, and adult education. Compulsory education is mandatory for 6 to 18-year-olds, covering pre-primary to upper secondary levels.{{cite web |url=https://www.oph.fi/en/education-system |title= Finnish education system |publisher= Finnish National Agency for Education | language=en |date = 24 October 2022 |access-date= 6 October 2023}}

Upon completion of the nine-year basic education, students may opt between gymnasium, culminating in a matriculation exam, or vocational upper secondary, culminating in a vocational qualification. Higher education in Finland consists of universities and universities of applied sciences, which place emphasis on education and research. While universities are authorized to grant doctorates, universities of applied sciences offer vocational education and practical research.

In 2012 OECD survey, adults aged 16 to 65 in Finland exhibit exceptional literacy, numeracy, and problem-solving skills in technology compared to other countries surveyed. Young adults aged 16–24 have above-average literacy, whereas those aged 55–65 perform at an average level, resulting in a massive 37-point age-related gap. In contrast, foreign-language immigrants in Finland demonstrate lower literacy proficiency than native Finns, consistent with the international average.{{cite web |url=https://www.oecd.org/skills/piaac/Country%20note%20-%20Finland.pdf |title= FINLAND – Country Note –Survey of Adult Skills first results |publisher= OECD | language=en |access-date= 6 October 2023}}

Low literacy is correlated with poor health, with individuals reporting low literacy being twice as likely to experience health problems. Furthermore, in Finland, individuals with advanced skill sets have a significantly higher likelihood of being employed when compared to those with lower skill sets, with a difference of almost double.

{{Portal|Finland}}

• Ageing of Europe
• Finnish Youth Survey Series

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• [http://findikaattori.fi/en/46 Findicator – Life expectancy]
• [http://findikaattori.fi/en/16 Findicator – Total fertility rate in 1776-]
• [http://findikaattori.fi/en/15 Findicator – Vital statistics 1749-]
• [http://findikaattori.fi/en/14 Findicator – Age structure of population]

{{Finland topics}}

{{Demographics of Europe}}