digital nomad

One of the first digital nomads was Steven K. Roberts, who from 1983 to 1991 rode more than 10,000 miles across America on a computerized recumbent bicycle equipped with amateur radio (callsign N4RVE) and other equipment (satellite email and paging system) that allowed him to talk, type and work on the move during the day before camping at night. Roberts was featured in Popular Computing magazine; the magazine referred to him as a "high-tech nomad".{{cite journal |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_popular-computing_1984-08_3_10/page/116/mode/2up |title=High-Tech Nomad |journal=Popular Computing |date=August 1984 |volume=3 |issue=10 |publisher=McGraw-Hill, Inc. |pages=116–122 |last=Roberts |first=Steven K. }}

The term "digital nomad" started to be used in the early 1990s to describe a new type of high tech traveling lifestyle made possible by the growth of computer networking and popularization of mobile devices like laptops, tablets and PDAs. In his 1992 travelogue Exploring the Internet, Carl Malamud described a "digital nomad" who "travels the world with a laptop, setting up FidoNet nodes."{{cite book |title=Exploring the Internet: A Technical Travelogue |last=Malamud |first=Carl |authorlink=Carl Malamud |isbn=0132968983 |publisher=Prentice Hall |date=September 1992 |page=284 }} In 1993, Random House published the Digital Nomad's Guide series of guidebooks by Mitch Ratcliffe and Andrew Gore. The guidebooks, PowerBook, AT&T EO Personal Communicator, and Newton's Law, used the term "digital nomad" to refer to the increased mobility and more powerful communication and productivity technologies that new mobile devices introduced.{{cite book |last1=Gore |last2=Ratcliffe |first1=Andrew |first2=Mitch |publisher=Random House |date=1993 |title=AT&T EO personal communicator: A Digital Nomad's Guide |isbn=0-679-74695-1 }}{{cite book |last1=Gore |last2=Ratcliffe |first1=Andrew |first2=Mitch |publisher=Random House |date=1993 |title=PowerBook: A Digital Nomad's Guide |isbn=0-679-74588-2 }}{{cite book |last1=Gore |last2=Ratcliffe |first1=Andrew |first2=Mitch |publisher=Random House |date=1993 |title=Newton's Law: A Digital Nomad's Guide |isbn=0-679-74647-1 }}

Craig McCaw predicted in 1993 that the union of telecommunication and computing would create a new nomadic industry. By enabling people to conduct business from any location, wireless communication and digital assistants would facilitate a return to a nomadic lifestyle where people moved as they wished and took their environment and possessions with them.{{cite journal |title=Craig McCaw, McCaw Cellular |journal=Digital Media |volume=3 |issue=2 |date= July 1993 |last1=Caruso |first1=Denise |last2=Maloney |first2=Janice |page=7+ |url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/GALE%7CA14149964/AONE |publisher= Internet Media Strategies, Inc. }}

File:Bansko Nomad Fest Conference.jpg

The 1997 book Digital Nomad by Tsugio Makimoto and David Manners used the term to describe how technology allows for a return of societies to a nomadic lifestyle. Makimoto and Manners identified an emerging "digital nomad" lifestyle freed by technology "from the constraints of geography and distance."{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_PoAAAAIAAJ | title=Digital Nomad | first1=Tsugio | last1=Makimoto | first2=David | last2=Manners | date=1997 | page=242 |isbn=0471974994 | publisher=John Wiley & Sons}} One of the first use of digital nomads in research was in 2006 in the paper Towards the Epistemology of digital nomads by Patokorpi.{{Cite book |chapter=Abductive reasoning and ICT enhanced learning: Towards the epistemology of digital nomads |publisher=Springer Science+Business Media |editor1-last=Zielinski |editor1-first=C. |editor2-last=Duquenoy |editor2-first=P. |editor3-last=Kimppa |editor3-first=K. |series=Ifip International Federation For Information Processing |volume=195 |pages=101–117 |doi=10.1007/0-387-31168-8_7 |title=The Information Society: Emerging Landscapes |date=2006 |isbn=0-387-30527-0 }}{{Cite journal |last1=Šímová |first1=Tereza |title=A research framework for digital nomadism: a bibliometric study |journal=World Leisure Journal |volume=65 |issue=2 |pages=175–191 |year=2023 |doi=10.1080/16078055.2022.2134200|s2cid=253014894 |doi-access=free }}

In contemporary usage, the term broadly describes a category of highly mobile, location-independent professionals who are able to live and work remotely from anywhere in the world with internet access, due to the integration of mobile technology into everyday life and work settings.{{cite journal |title=In search of a digital nomad: defining the phenomenon |journal=Information Technology & Tourism |volume=22 |issue=3 |date= September 2020 |last1= Hannonen |first1= Olga |pages=335–353 | doi=10.1007/s40558-020-00177-z |publisher= Springer Nature|s2cid=256404642 |doi-access=free }}{{cite book |title=Digital Nomads: In Search of Meaningful Work in the New Economy |date=2021 |last1=Woldoff |last2=Litchfield |first1=Rachael A. |first2=Robert C. |pages=4–6 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190931780 }}

People typically become digital nomads due to a desire to travel, location independence{{Cite web |title=Digital nomad: More freedom on the job |url=https://www.ionos.co.uk/startupguide/get-started/digital-nomad/ |access-date=2022-07-21 |website=IONOS Startupguide |date=4 July 2022 |language=en}} and the lowered cost of living often provided by leaving expensive cities.{{Cite journal |last1=Ehn |first1=Karine |last2=Jorge |first2=Ana |last3=Marques-Pita |first3=Manuel |date=2022 |title=Digital Nomads and the Covid-19 Pandemic: Narratives About Relocation in a Time of Lockdowns and Reduced Mobility |journal=Social Media + Society |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=205630512210849 |doi=10.1177/20563051221084958 |s2cid=248243780 |issn=2056-3051|doi-access=free }} Cost of living ranks chief among the criteria that digital nomads value when selecting a destination, followed by climate, diversity, and available leisure activities. There are also benefits for employers, as a 2021 study concluded that there is a causal relationship between worker productivity and the option to "work from anywhere," as workers who were freed from geographic limitations showed an average output increase of 4.4% while controlling for other factors.{{Cite journal |last1=Choudhury |first1=Prithwiraj (Raj) |last2=Foroughi |first2=Cirrus |last3=Larson |first3=Barbara |date=April 2021 |title=Work-from-anywhere : The productivity effects of geographic flexibility |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smj.3251 |journal=Strategic Management Journal |language=en |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=655–683 |doi=10.1002/smj.3251 |issn=0143-2095|url-access=subscription }} Digital nomads also typically spend more than 35% of their income in the location in which they are staying, an injection of capital that has been shown to stimulate local economies in popular destinations, primarily promoting the service industry and the sale of consumer goods.{{Cite journal |last=Angiello |first=Gennaro |date=2022 |title=European cities embracing digital nomads |url=http://www.serena.unina.it/index.php/tema/article/view/9033 |journal=TeMA - Journal of Land Use |language=en |volume=Mobility and Environment |pages=157–161 Pages |doi=10.6093/1970-9870/9033}}

Although digital nomads enjoy advantages in freedom and flexibility, they report loneliness as their biggest struggle, followed by burnout.{{Cite news |last=Moss |first=Jennifer |title=Helping Remote Workers Avoid Loneliness and Burnout |work=Harvard Business Review |url=https://hbr.org/2018/11/helping-remote-workers-avoid-loneliness-and-burnout |date=November 30, 2018 |issn=0017-8012}} Feelings of loneliness are often an issue for digital nomads because nomadism usually requires freedom from personal attachments such as marriage.{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Blair |last2=Schlagwein |first2=Daniel |last3=Cecez-Kecmanovic |first3=Dubravka |last4=Cahalane |first4=Michael C. |date=2018 |title=Digital Work and High-Tech Wanderers: Three Theoretical Framings and a Research Agenda for Digital Nomadism |url=https://aisel.aisnet.org/acis2018/55/ |journal=Acis 2018 Proceedings}} The importance of developing face-to-face quality relationships has been stressed to maintain mental health in remote workers.{{Cite news |last=Snedden |first=Meggan |date=30 August 2013 |title=When work is a nonstop vacation |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20130829-when-work-is-a-nonstop-vacation}}

Other challenges include maintaining international health insurance with coverage globally, abiding by different local laws including payment of required taxes and obtaining work visas, and maintaining long-distance relationships with friends and family back home. Digital nomads also very rarely have access to retirement benefits, unemployment insurance, or set time off from work, and often make less money than they could make through traditional employment. As many digital nomads resort to gig work or freelancing, their opportunities for pay can be inconsistent and sporadic.{{Cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Beverly Yuen |date=2018 |title=Digital Nomads: Employment in the Online Gig Economy |journal=Glocalism: Journal of Culture, Politics and Innovation |issue=1 |doi=10.12893/gjcpi.2018.1.11 |s2cid=216932071 |issn=2283-7949|doi-access=free }} Other challenges may also include time zone differences, the difficulty of finding a reliable connection to the internet, and the absence of delineation between work and leisure time.{{Cite news |url=https://mashable.com/archive/digital-nomads |title=Digital nomads travel the world while you rot in your office | first=Todd | last=Wasserman | website=Mashable | date=November 10, 2014}}

There are a few contributing factors to the blurring of this line; certain paid work can be viewed as leisure when it is enjoyable, but many tasks that involve travel and acquiring accommodations can become viewed as another type of work, even though those would traditionally fall into the leisure category.{{Cite journal |last=Reichenberger |first=Ina |date=2018-05-27 |title=Digital nomads – a quest for holistic freedom in work and leisure |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/11745398.2017.1358098 |journal=Annals of Leisure Research |language=en |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=364–380 |doi=10.1080/11745398.2017.1358098 |s2cid=149218406 |issn=1174-5398}} Another issue faced by digital nomads is that of mobility; a travelling worker must be able to keep any necessary equipment with them as they move from location to location, and it is difficult for a digital nomad to manage personal belongings.{{Cite journal |last1=Richter |first1=Shahper |last2=Richter |first2=Alexander |date=2019 |title=Digital Nomads |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12599-019-00615-1 |journal=Business & Information Systems Engineering |language=en |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=77–81 |doi=10.1007/s12599-019-00615-1 |s2cid=210865282 |issn=2363-7005|url-access=subscription }} In fact, many digital nomads do not have a "home base," and must therefore adopt a minimalist lifestyle.{{Cite journal |last1=Nash |first1=(Evyn) Caleece |last2=Jarrahi |first2=Mohammad Hossein |last3=Sutherland |first3=Will |date=2021 |title=Nomadic work and location independence: The role of space in shaping the work of digital nomads |journal=Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies |language=en |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=271–282 |doi=10.1002/hbe2.234 |issn=2578-1863|doi-access=free }}

One potentially negative impact of digital nomadism, that does not affect the nomads themselves, is the possibility of 'transnational gentrification.' Concerns have been raised about the nature of the relationship between digital nomads, who are most often from the Global North, and the countries they travel to, generally in the Global South. The problem may arise in regards to housing competition between native people and travelling workers, as well as in personal interactions and the risk of tourism over-dependency. However, the exact scope and real-world impacts of this problem have not yet been settled by research.{{Cite journal |last=Holleran |first=Max |date=2022 |title=Pandemics and geoarbitrage: digital nomadism before and after COVID-19 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2022.2124713 |journal=City |volume=26 |issue=5–6 |pages=831–847 |doi=10.1080/13604813.2022.2124713 |bibcode=2022City...26..831H |s2cid=252447812 |issn=1360-4813|url-access=subscription }}

In 2020, a research study found that 10.9 million American workers described themselves as digital nomads, an increase of 49% from 2019. The primary reason for this rapid increase was office closure and the shift toward remote work due to the COVID-19 pandemic.{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|2452877384}} |title=Covid creates more 'digital nomads' in the US }} Multiple countries were prompted to offer new visa programs and to change their policies towards foreign workers as a result of the pandemic.{{Cite news |id={{ProQuest|2442164521}} |last=Westenberg |first=Kerri |title=In the age of COVID, digital nomads are on the rise as traveling for work takes on a new meaning |work=TCA Regional News }}

The pandemic had a larger impact, in terms of mobility, on traditional job holders than on independent workers. While the number of independent workers living as digital nomads increased slightly in 2020, the number of traditional workers who changed their lifestyle to live as digital nomads nearly doubled, from 3.2 million people in 2019 to 6.3 million in 2020. This is because many traditional jobs stopped requiring their employees to physically report to an office or set location everyday, so many people were subsequently able to travel freely while still working.

The majority of this increase consisted of Millennial and Generation Z workers, possibly due in part to their minimized concern about COVID-19.{{Cite news |title=Is the work-from-anywhere dream already over? |url=https://www.timeout.com/travel/is-the-dream-over-for-digital-nomadism |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241122154654/https://www.timeout.com/travel/is-the-dream-over-for-digital-nomadism |archive-date=2024-11-22 |access-date=2025-01-16 |work=Time Out Worldwide |language=en-GB}}{{Cite web |date=2024-07-19 |title=The rise and rise of the digital nomad |url=https://www.businesstravelnewseurope.com/QA/The-rise-and-rise-of-the-digital-nomad |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=www.businesstravelnewseurope.com |language=en}} At the same time, another effect of the pandemic was the limited ability to travel, particularly across national borders. For this reason, more and more digital nomads have chosen to remain domestic, especially in the United States. Living as a digital nomad often entails travelling from high-cost areas (e.g. major cities) to cheaper regions (foreign or domestic).

Many digital nomads prefer to travel on a tourist visa, which is more easily accessible than a working visa is, but which may not allow a visitor to work during their stay. Different countries have different permissions regarding remote work for a company based in another country, putting some digital nomads in a legal grey area.{{cite book |last1=Hall |first1=Grant |last2=Sigala |first2=Marianna |last3=Rentschler |first3=Ruth |last4=Boyle |first4=Stephen |title=Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2019 |chapter=Motivations, Mobility and Work Practices; the Conceptual Realities of Digital Nomads |year=2019 |pages=437–449 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-05940-8_34 |isbn=978-3-030-05939-2 |s2cid=59616398 |url=https://unisa.alma.exlibrisgroup.com/view/delivery/61USOUTHAUS_INST/12196588800001831}} Some countries have introduced clear digital nomad visas to cover this grey area, allowing individuals to stay in the country legally while freelancing for international organizations. For example, Estonia offers such visas and allows people to work remotely.{{Cite web |date=2020-07-07 |title=FAQs about Estonia's Digital Nomad Visa |url=https://www.e-resident.gov.ee/blog/posts/faqs-about-estonias-digital-nomad-visa/ |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=e-Residency |language=en}}

Several visa programs around the world are targeted at digital nomads:

In 2020, Antigua and Barbuda announced a digital nomad visa called the Nomad Digital Residence (NDR). The visa allows digital nomads who work for a company outside of Antigua and Barbuda to stay in the country for two years.{{Cite web |last=Morrison |first=Geoffrey |title=Antigua And Barbuda Launch Digital Nomad Visa |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/geoffreymorrison/2020/10/06/antigua-and-barbuda-launch-digital-nomad-visa/ |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=Forbes|language=en}}

In May 2022, the Argentinian government announced that it would be implementing a temporary visa targeted at digital nomads. The visa is valid for six months and can be renewed for an additional six.{{Cite web |last=Politi |first=Daniel |title=Argentina hoping to entice remote workers with new visa |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/argentina-hoping-entice-remote-workers-visa-84630285 |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=ABC News |language=en}}

On August 1, 2020, Bermuda opened applications for its digital nomad visa, entitled "Work From Bermuda." The visa is an expansion on an older residency program and allows digital nomads to live in the country for one year.{{Cite web |last=Ramani |first=Sandra |date=2020-07-27 |title=Bermuda Introduces a One-Year Visa That Allows Digital Nomads to Work From an Island |url=https://robbreport.com/travel/destinations/bermuda-visa-to-work-from-the-island-2938471/ |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=Robb Report |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Morrison |first=Geoffrey |title=Bermuda Opens Its Doors To Digital Nomads |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/geoffreymorrison/2020/07/28/bermuda-opens-its-doors-to-digital-nomads/ |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=Forbes |language=en}}

In February 2022, Brazil announced that it would be introducing a digital nomad visa for foreign nationals employed by a foreign company, under Resolution 45. The resolution allows non-Brazilian workers to apply for a visa that lets them stay in the country for 90 days in a 180-day period, or 180 days in a one-year period. The digital nomad visa is valid for one year and renewable for another year.{{Cite web |title=Brazil Joins the Growing List of Countries Offering "Digital Nomad" Visas |url=https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/brazil-joins-the-growing-list-of-9510084/ |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=JD Supra |language=en}}

On October 21, 2020, the Cayman Islands launched the Global Citizen Concierge Program. Foreign workers need to have an employment letter from an entity outside of the Cayman Islands and a minimum salary of $100,000.{{Cite web |last=Pitrelli |first=Monica Buchanan |date=2020-10-28 |title=Travelers can work abroad in an island paradise — if they make $100,000+ |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/28/remote-workers-can-live-in-cayman-islands-if-they-make-at-least-100k-.html |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=CNBC |language=en}}

On August 11, 2021, Costa Rica passed a law granting visas to digital nomads. The law allows foreign nationals and their families to live and work in the country for a year, and the visa can be extended for up to one year. The visa requires foreign nationals to have an income greater than US$3000 per month. Families applying for the visa need to have an income greater than US$5000 per month.{{Cite web |title=You can do your job from Costa Rica with this new 12-month digital nomad visa |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/news/costa-rica-digital-nomad |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Lonely Planet |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Costa Rica's Digital Nomad Visa Law Offers Tourists More Options in Latin America |url=https://nearshoreamericas.com/costa-rica-digital-nomad-visa-law-latin-america/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Nearshore Americas |date=23 November 2021 |language=en-US}}

In January 2021, Croatia began offering special visas to digital workers from outside of the European Union. The visa allows digital nomads to stay in the country for up to a year while being exempt from paying income taxes.{{Cite web |last=Gaubert |first=Julie |date=2021-06-02 |title=Croatia lures digital nomads with tax breaks |url=https://www.euronews.com/travel/2021/06/02/is-croatia-europe-s-new-digital-nomad-destination |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=euronews |language=en}}

E-Residency in Estonia was launched in December 2014, allowing remote workers to register their business in Estonia.{{Cite web |date=2015-02-06 |title=President Ilves annab täna üle esimese e-residendi kaardi |url=http://www.eas.ee/et/eas/pressikeskus/uudised?option=com_content&view=article&id=5694:president-ilves-annab-taena-uele-esimese-e-residendi-kaardi&catid=215:easist&Itemid=3982 |access-date=2022-06-24 |website= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206223942/http://www.eas.ee/et/eas/pressikeskus/uudised?option=com_content&view=article&id=5694:president-ilves-annab-taena-uele-esimese-e-residendi-kaardi&catid=215:easist&Itemid=3982 |archive-date=6 February 2015 |url-status=dead}} In 2020, Estonia launched a digital nomad visa, allowing remote workers to live in Estonia for up to a year and legally work for their employer or their own company registered abroad.{{Cite web |title=Estonian Digital Nomad Visa {{!}} Eligibility & How to Apply |url=https://www.e-resident.gov.ee/nomadvisa/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=e-Residency |language=en-US}}

In August 2020, Georgia launched a program entitled "Remotely from Georgia." Under the program, citizens from 95 countries can travel and work remotely in the country for at least 360 days without a visa.{{Cite web |title=Georgia beckons digital nomads with COVID-fighting success {{!}} Eurasianet |url=https://eurasianet.org/georgia-beckons-digital-nomads-with-covid-fighting-success |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=eurasianet.org |language=en}}{{Cite web |title='Remotely from Georgia': new state programme to allow foreigners to travel to, work remotely from Georgia |url=https://agenda.ge/en/news/2020/2654 |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Agenda.ge}}

In 2022, Hungary introduced the White Card, a residency permit for digital nomads. Under the permit, foreign nationals can live in Hungary while working for a company outside of the country. The permit is for one year and can be extended for an additional year.{{Cite web |date=2022-01-28 |title=Hungary Introduces New Residence Permit for Digital Nomads |url=https://www.schengenvisainfo.com/news/hungary-introduces-new-residence-permit-for-digital-nomads/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=SchengenVisaInfo.com |language=en}}

In November 2020, Iceland signed an amendment to allow foreign nationals to live in Iceland for up to six months under a long-term visa.{{Cite web |date=2020-11-03 |title=Iceland Introduces Long-Term Visa for non-EU/EEA Teleworkers |url=https://www.schengenvisainfo.com/news/iceland-introduces-long-term-visa-for-non-eu-eea-teleworkers/ |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=SchengenVisaInfo.com |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Iceland's New Remote-Work Visa Program Is Only for People Who Make More Than $88,000 a Year |url=https://www.insidehook.com/daily_brief/travel/work-remote-iceland |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=InsideHook |language=en-US}}

In June 2022, Indonesia announced plans to introduce a digital nomad visa that would allow remote workers to live in the country tax-free for five years. The announcement was made by Indonesia's Minister of Tourism, Sandiaga Uno. Uno stated that he hopes to bring up to 3.6 million digital nomads to the country with this plan.{{Cite web |date=June 24, 2022 |first=Medha |last=Chawla |title=Indonesia's nomad visa will let remote workers live in Bali tax-free for 5 years |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/travel/story/indonesia-s-nomad-visa-will-let-remote-workers-live-in-bali-tax-free-for-5-years-1966285-2022-06-24 |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Remote work in Bali? Indonesia plans five-year 'digital nomad' visa |url=https://fortune.com/2022/06/07/bali-indonesia-digital-nomad-visa-remote-work/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Fortune |language=en}}

In 2022, Italy announced that it would be launching a digital nomad visa. The visa was voted into law on March 28, 2022, as a part of a government decree known as "decreto sostegni ter." The bill remains to be implemented into law, and full details of the digital nomad visa application process and requirements remain unknown.{{Cite web |title=Italy May Soon Offer a Digital Nomad Visa for Remote Workers |url=https://www.travelandleisure.com/travel-news/italy-digital-nomad-visa-remote-workers |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Travel + Leisure |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Italy Plans to Offer New Visa, Open Up a World of Options for Remote Workers |url=https://www.thrillist.com/news/nation/italy-digital-nomad-visa-what-to-know |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Thrillist |date=7 April 2022 |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2022-03-31 |title=Italy approves 'digital nomad' visa for remote workers |url=https://www.thelocal.it/20220331/italy-approves-digital-nomad-visa-for-remote-workers/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=The Local Italy |language=en-US}}

Japan allows foreign nationals to live and engage in remote work there for up to six months under a digital nomad visa. Extensions are not permitted, but the same visa can be granted again six months after the end of the individual's previous stay under the visa.{{Cite web |title=Status of Residence of "Designated Activities" (for Digital Nomad / Spouse or child of Digital Nomad) {{!}} 出入国在留管理庁 |url=https://www.moj.go.jp/isa/applications/status/designatedactivities53_00001.html |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=www.moj.go.jp}}

In February 2022, Latvia's Cabinet of Ministers approved draft amendments to its immigration law to allow third-country nationals to apply for a one-year visa to reside in Latvia while working remotely either for a foreign-registered employer or as self-employed persons.{{Cite web |title=Government approves Latvia's nomad visa regulation |url=https://www.baltictimes.com/government_approves_latvia_s_nomad_visa_regulation/ |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=www.baltictimes.com}}{{Cite web |date=2022-04-13 |title=Latvia to Introduce Its Digital Nomad Visa |url=https://www.schengenvisainfo.com/news/latvia-to-introduce-its-digital-nomad-visa/ |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=SchengenVisaInfo.com |language=en}}

In September 2021, Malta opened applications for its year-long digital nomad visa program. The Malta government stated that the visa can be renewed at the discretion of Residency Malta.{{Cite web |title=Working from home? Malta has opened applications for year-long digital nomad visas |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/news/malta-digital-nomad-visa |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=Lonely Planet |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Hulme |first=Kyle |date=2021-09-29 |title=Malta Opens Registration For Year-Long Digital Nomad Visas |url=https://www.traveloffpath.com/malta-opens-registration-for-year-long-digital-nomad-visas/ |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=Travel Off Path |language=en}}

In February 2022, Mauritius announced that it would be expanding its premium visa to digital nomads. The premium visa allows remote workers to stay in the country for up to a year.{{Cite web |last=Braga |first=Brunno |date=2022-03-07 |title=Mauritius Wants You To Be One Of Its Many Digital Nomads, Here's How |url=https://travelnoire.com/mauritius-wants-you-to-be-one-of-its-many-digital-nomads-heres-how |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=Travel Noire |language=en}}

In May 2023, Philippines announced that it will be introducing a one year visa for digital nomads.{{Cite web |last=Andrade |first=Jeannette I. |date=2023-05-25 |title=Bill hopes 'digital nomad visa' clicks as tourism draw |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1774217/bill-hopes-digital-nomad-visa-clicks-as-tourism-draw |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=INQUIRER.net |language=en}}

In October 2022, Portugal announced it would be accepting applications for Remote Work/Digital Nomad VISAs starting from October 30, 2022.{{Cite web |last=Rodriguez |first=Cecilia |title=Live And Work In Europe: More Countries, Including Portugal, Offering Trendy Digital Nomad Visas |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ceciliarodriguez/2022/10/27/live-and-work-in-europe-more-countries-including-portugal-offering-trendy-digital-nomad-visas/ |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=Forbes |language=en}} According to the Nomad Report 2023 survey, Portugal is the most popular country for digital nomads with around 16,000 of them residing in the country's capital, Lisbon.{{Cite web |date=2023-05-12 |title=Digital nomads in Portugal: Can they be blamed for a housing crisis? |url=https://www.euronews.com/travel/2023/05/12/proto-gentrifies-are-digital-nomads-ruining-portugal |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=euronews |language=en}}

On December 21, 2021, Romanian parliament passed legislation for a digital nomad visa. The visa is valid for six months. It can be extended for another six months if foreign workers have proof of full or part-time employment for at least three years prior to their application and have a valid proof of income for the last six months that is three times the Romanian average gross salary.{{Cite web |last=Turp-Balazs |first=Craig |date=2021-12-22 |title=Romania becomes latest CEE country to offer digital nomad visas |url=https://emerging-europe.com/news/romania-becomes-latest-cee-country-to-offer-digital-nomad-visas/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Emerging Europe |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |date=2022-01-30 |title=Romania Launches Digital Nomad Visa |url=https://www.schengenvisainfo.com/news/romania-launches-digital-nomad-visa/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=SchengenVisaInfo.com |language=en}}

In 2021, Spain announced plans for a digital nomad visa.{{Cite news |last=Hawker |first=Cathy |title=What is a digital nomad visa and how do you get one? |newspaper=The Times |language=en |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/europe/article/what-is-a-digital-nomad-visa-and-how-do-you-get-one-f8n39pz6n |access-date=2022-06-24 |issn=0140-0460}} The law responsible for the digital nomad visa is known as the Startup Law. In December 2021, the law was presented to parliament, and in January 2022, a draft of the law was approved.{{Cite web |title=Spain moves closer to passing a startup law |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/12/10/spain-draft-startup-law/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=TechCrunch |date=10 December 2021 |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |title=Q&A on Spain's startup law, coming later this year |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/01/26/spain-startup-law-interview-francisco-polo/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=TechCrunch |date=26 January 2022 |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Madrid |first=Auxadi |date=2022-01-24 |title=Spain: Approved the draft of the Start-Ups Law |url=https://www.auxadi.com/news/spain-startup-law/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=Auxadi |language=en-US}} The Startup Act was approved by parliament in November 2022. In its first ten months, the government has granted 7,368 permits, bringing the total number of digital nomads in Spain to 753,000. According to the law, Digital Nomad Visas in Spain are initially valid for up to 12 months and can be renewed, which will allow digital nomads to reside in Spain for up to five years, and they receive special tax benefits by paying a reduced tax rate.{{Cite web |date=2022-06-21 |title=The tax cuts and other benefits Spain's new Startups Law will bring to entrepreneurs |url=https://www.thelocal.es/20220621/revealed-the-benefits-spains-new-startups-law-will-bring-to-entrepreneurs/ |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=The Local Spain |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |date=2023-01-30 |title=Spain's digital nomad visa - Check if you're eligible and how to apply |url=https://www.euronews.com/travel/2023/01/30/always-wanted-to-move-to-spain-a-new-digital-nomad-visa-could-let-you-stay-for-5-years |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=euronews |language=en}}

In March 2022, South Africa announced that it would update its visa laws to be allow digital nomads to stay in the country for more than 90 days.{{Cite web |date=2022-03-22 |title=South Africa Revamps Its Work Visas To Welcome Digital Nomads |url=https://allwork.space/2022/03/south-africa-revamps-its-work-visas-to-welcome-digital-nomads/ |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=Allwork.Space |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |date=2022-04-18 |title=South Africa, The First African Mainland Country To Introduce Digital Nomad Visa |url=https://www.travelinglifestyle.net/south-africa-the-first-african-mainland-country-to-introduce-digital-nomad-visa/ |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=Traveling Lifestyle |language=en-US}}

In January 2024, South Korea announced that it will start conducting a pilot operation of digital nomad (workplace) visa.{{Cite web |date=2023-12-29 |title=Ministry of Justice conducts pilot operation of digital nomad (workplace) visa |url=https://www.moj.go.kr/moj/233/subview.do?enc=Zm5jdDF8QEB8JTJGYmJzJTJGbW9qJTJGMTkzJTJGNTkxODQzJTJGYXJ0Y2xWaWV3LmRvJTNGcGFzc3dvcmQlM0QlMjZyZ3NCZ25kZVN0ciUzRCUyNmJic0NsU2VxJTNEJTI2cmdzRW5kZGVTdHIlM0QlMjZpc1ZpZXdNaW5lJTNEZmFsc2UlMjZwYWdlJTNEMSUyNmJic09wZW5XcmRTZXElM0QlMjZzcmNoQ29sdW1uJTNEJTI2c3JjaFdyZCUzRCUyNg%3D%3D

|website=Ministry of Justice of the Republic of South Korea}}

In January 2025, Taiwan began a "digital nomad visitor visa" program. To be eligible for the 180-day visa, applicants must have abided by the terms of a digital nomad visa issued by another country, be citizens of countries that are eligible for 90-day visa-free entry to Taiwan, and submit their resume and work contract for review. Additionally, applicants are required to have bank deposits averaging US$10,000 within the six-month period preceding the visa application, and meet income requirements based on their age. If aged 20–29, applicants must earn a yearly salary of US$20,000 within the past two years. Applicants who are 30 or older must have a yearly salary of US$40,000 within the same two-year period.{{cite news |last1=Thompson |first1=James |title=Taiwan quietly launches 180-day 'digital nomad' visitor visas |url=https://focustaiwan.tw/society/202501060014 |access-date=8 January 2025 |agency=Central News Agency |date=6 January 2025}} Republished as: {{cite news |title=Taiwan launches 'digital nomad' visa |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2025/01/07/2003829771 |access-date=8 January 2025 |work=Taipei Times |date=7 January 2025}}

In October 2020, the city of Dubai in the United Arab Emirates launched a visa program that allows digital nomads and remote workers to stay in the country for one year. To qualify, foreign workers need at least $5,000 in income per month and a letter confirming employment.{{Cite web |author=Ashleigh Stewart |title=Year-round sunshine, pool days and zero taxes: How to move to Dubai and work remotely for a year |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/dubai-remote-working-visas/index.html |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=CNN |date=2 April 2021 |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Hoeller |first=Sophie-Claire |title=You could move to Dubai and work there remotely for a year thanks to a new visa |url=https://www.insider.com/live-work-dubai-digital-nomad-remote-visa-2020-10 |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=Insider |language=en-US}}

Other countries such as Barbados and Greece{{Cite web |title=Tourism Ministry: New Initiative to Support Digital Nomads Working Remotely from Greece| url=https://news.gtp.gr/2021/11/24/tourism-ministry-new-initiative-to-support-digital-nomads-working-from-greece// |website=Greek Travel Pages |date=24 November 2021}} offer similar digital nomad visa programs. Some digital nomads have used Germany's residence permit for the purpose of freelance or self-employment{{Cite web | url=https://service.berlin.de/dienstleistung/305249/en/ |title=Residence permit for the purpose of freelance or self-employment - Issuance |website=service.berlin.de}} to legalize their stay, but successful applicants must have a tangible connection and reason to stay in Germany.{{Cite web |date=2023-09-08 |title=Exploring the newest option for digital nomad visas in Germany |url=https://n26.com/en-eu/blog/germany-digital-nomad-visa |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=n26.com |language=en}} Canada and the United Kingdom explicitly allow both visa-exempt and visa-required tourists to work remotely provided that the remote work does not involve Canadian or British clients respectively and is not the main purpose of their stay.{{Cite web |title=Tourist visa changes will allow remote working

| url=https://www.hrmagazine.co.uk/content/news/tourist-visa-changes-will-allow-remote-working/// |website=HR Magazine |date=17 January 2024}}{{Cite web |title= Canada: Digital Nomad Information

| url=https://resources.envoyglobal.com/global-news-alerts/canada-digital-nomad-information//// |website=Envoy Global |date=2 February 2024}}

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