dipterocarpaceae

The family name comes from the type genus Dipterocarpus which is derived from Greek words {{lang|el|δι}} di "two", {{lang|el|πτερόν}} pteron "wing", and {{lang|el|καρπός}} karpós "fruit"; the words combined refer to the two-winged fruit available from trees of that genus, other related genera with winged fruits of more than two are included in the family as well.{{cite book |last1=Ghazoul |first1=Jaboury |title=Dipterocarp Biology, Ecology, and Conservation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bATnDAAAQBAJ&dq=Dipterocarpaceae++Dipterocarpus++greek&pg=PT51 |date=2016 |location=Oxford, England, UK |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-108784-4 |page=51 }}

The dipterocarp family is generally divided into two subfamilies:

{{Cladogram|title=Phylogeny of the Dipterocarpaceae

|clades={{clade

|label1=Dipterocarpaceae

|1={{clade

|label1=Dipterocarpoideae

|1={{clade

|label1=Dipterocarpeae

|1={{clade

|1=Anisoptera

|2=Cotylelobium

|3=Dipterocarpus

|4=Stemonoporus

|5=Upuna

|6=Vateria

|7=Vateriopsis

|8=Vatica

}}

|label2=Shoreae

|2={{clade

|1=Anthoshorea

|2=Doona

|3=Dryobalanops

|4=Hopea

|5=Neobalanocarpus

|6=Neohopea

|7=Parashorea

|8=Pentacme

|9=Richetia

|10=Rubroshorea

|11=Shorea

}}

}}

|label2=Monotoideae

|2={{Clade

|label1=

|1={{clade

|1= Marquesia

|2= Monotes

|3= Pseudomonotes

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

• Dipterocarpoideae: the largest of the subfamilies, it contains 13 genera and about 475 species. Distribution includes the Seychelles, Sri Lanka, India, Southeast Asia to New Guinea, and a large distribution in Borneo, where they form the dominant species in the lowland forests. North Borneo (Brunei, Sabah, and Sarawak) is the richest area in the world for dipterocarp species. The Dipterocarpoideae can be divided morphologically into two groups,Maury-Lechon, G. and Curtet, L. Biogeography and Evolutionary Systematics of Dipterocarpaceae. In A Review of Dipterocarps: Taxonomy, ecology and silviculture, 1998. Appanah, S. and Turnbull, J. M. eds. Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia. {{ISBN|979-8764-20-X}} and the tribe names Shoreae and Dipterocarpeae are sometimes used, but genetic evidence so far does not support this division:{{cite journal|title=Phylogeny of the tropical tree family Dipterocarpaceae based on nucleotide sequences of the chloroplast RBCL gene|author1=S Dayanandan|author2=P S Ashton|author3=S M Williams|author4=R B Primack|year=1999|journal=American Journal of Botany|pmid=10449398|doi=10.2307/2656982|volume=86|issue=8|pages=1182–90|jstor=2656982|doi-access=free}}{{cite journal|title=Molecular phylogeny of Dipterocarpaceae in Indonesia based on chloroplast DNA|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution|year=2006|volume=261|issue=1–4|pages=99–115|author1=S. Indrioko |author2=O. Gailing |author3=R. Finkeldey |doi=10.1007/s00606-006-0435-8|s2cid=26395665}}
• Valvate - Dipterocarpeae group (Anisoptera, Cotylelobium, Dipterocarpus, Stemonoporus, Upuna, Vateria, Vateriopsis, Vatica). The genera of this group have valvate sepals in fruit, solitary vessels, scattered resin canals, and basic chromosome number x = 11.
• Imbricate - Shoreae group (Anthoshorea, Doona, Dryobalanops, Hopea, Neobalanocarpus, Neohopea, Parashorea, Pentacme, Richetia, Rubroshorea, and Shorea). The genera of this group have imbricate sepals in fruit, grouped vessels, resin canals in tangential bands, and basic chromosome number x = 7. The genera in the tribe have been substantially reorganized based on recent molecular Ashton, P.S., Heckenhauer, J. Tribe Shoreae (Dipterocarpaceae subfamily Dipterocarpoideae) Finally Dissected. Kew Bulletin 77, 885–903 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12225-022-10057-w
• Monotoideae: three genera, 30 species. Marquesia is native to Africa. Monotes has 26 species, distributed across Africa and Madagascar. Pseudomonotes is native to the Colombian Amazon.

A recent genetic study found that the Asian dipterocarps share a common ancestor with the Sarcolaenaceae, a tree family endemic to Madagascar.M. Ducousso, G. Béna, C. Bourgeois, B. Buyck, G. Eyssartier, M. Vincelette, R. Rabevohitra, L. Randrihasipara, B. Dreyfus, Y. Prin. The last common ancestor of Sarcolaenaceae and Asian dipterocarp trees was ectomycorrhizal before the India-Madagascar separation, about 88 million years ago. Molecular Ecology 13: 231 January 2004. This suggests that ancestor of the dipterocarps originated in the southern supercontinent of Gondwana, and that the common ancestor of the Asian dipterocarps and the Sarcolaenaceae was found in the India-Madagascar-Seychelles land mass millions of years ago, and were carried northward by India, which later collided with Asia and allowed the dipterocarps to spread across Southeast Asia and Malaysia. Although associated with Southeast Asia in contemporary times, recent studies using fossil pollen and molecular data suggest an African origin in the mid-cretaceous.{{Cite journal |last1=Bansal |first1=Mahi |last2=Morley |first2=Robert J. |last3=Nagaraju |first3=Shivaprakash K. |last4=Dutta |first4=Suryendu |last5=Mishra |first5=Ashish Kumar |last6=Selveraj |first6=Jeyakumar |last7=Kumar |first7=Sumit |last8=Niyolia |first8=Deepti |last9=Harish |first9=Sachin Medigeshi |last10=Abdelrahim |first10=Omer Babiker |last11=Hasan |first11=Shaa eldin |last12=Ramesh |first12=Bramasamdura Rangana |last13=Dayanandan |first13=Selvadurai |last14=Morley |first14=Harsanti P. |last15=Ashton |first15=Peter S. |date=2022-01-28 |title=Southeast Asian Dipterocarp origin and diversification driven by Africa-India floristic interchange |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abk2177 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=375 |issue=6579 |pages=455–460 |doi=10.1126/science.abk2177 |pmid=35084986 |s2cid=246360938 |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription }} Prior to this research, the first dipterocarp pollen was found in Myanmar (which at that time was part of the Indian Plate) and it dates from the upper Oligocene.Morley, R.J. 2000. Origin and Evolution of Tropical Rain Forests. Wiley-Blackwell, NY. The sample appears to slowly increase in terms of diversity and abundance across the region into the mid-Miocene. Chemical traces of dipterocarp resins have been found dating back to the Eocene of India. The oldest fossil of the family are from the latest Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) aged Intertrappean Beds of India, assignable to the extant genus Dipterocarpus.{{Cite journal|last1=Khan|first1=Mahasin Ali|last2=Spicer|first2=Robert A.|last3=Spicer|first3=Teresa E. V.|last4=Roy|first4=Kaustav|last5=Hazra|first5=Manoshi|last6=Hazra|first6=Taposhi|last7=Mahato|first7=Sumana|last8=Kumar|first8=Sanchita|last9=Bera|first9=Subir|date=2020-11-03|title=Dipterocarpus (Dipterocarpaceae) leaves from the K-Pg of India: a Cretaceous Gondwana presence of the Dipterocarpaceae|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-020-01718-z|journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution|language=en|volume=306|issue=6|pages=90|doi=10.1007/s00606-020-01718-z|s2cid=228870254 |issn=1615-6110|url-access=subscription}}

Subfamily Pakaraimoideae containing the sole genus Pakaraimaea, formerly placed here and native to the Guaianan highlands of South America, is now found to be more closely related the Cistaceae and is placed there in the APG IV (2016).{{Citation|last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=161|issue=2|pages=105–20|year=2016|doi=10.1111/boj.12385|doi-access=free}}

Some 52-million-year-old amber found in the Gujarat province, India, containing a large amount of fossilized arthropods, was identified as sap from the family Dipterocarpaceae.Sample, Ian. [https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/oct/25/prehistoric-creatures-indian-amber-haul "Prehistoric creatures discovered in huge Indian amber haul"] The Guardian, 25 October 2010. Retrieved: 26 October 2010.

File:Dipterocarpaceae_displayed_at_Philippine_National_Museum.jpg]]

Dipterocarpaceae species can be either evergreen or deciduous.{{cite journal | last1 = Smitinand | first1 = Tem | last2 = Santisuk | first2 = Thatwatchai | year = 1981 | title = Dipterocarpaceae of Thailand with Special Reference to Silvicultural Ecology | journal = Malaysian Forester | volume = 44 | pages = 377–85 }} Species occurring in Thailand grow from sea level to about 1300 m elevation. Environments in which the species of the family occur in Thailand include lowland dipterocarp forest 0–350 m, riparian fringe, limestone hills, and coastal hills.

The dipterocarps has dominated the Borneo lowland rain forests for millions of years.{{cite news |title=A prehistoric forest grows in Brunei |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/04/220428104015.htm |work=ScienceDaily |date=28 April 2022}}

File:Dipterocarp Forest at Danum Valley (13997709808).jpg, Sabah, Malaysia]]

File:Kabark-Tree Taksin Maharat NP.jpg at Taksin Maharat National Park, Thailand]]

As the dominant tree in Southeast Asia, the Dipterocarp family has seen extensive study relating to its conservation status. They are a keystone species of the native forests of this region, and are essential to their function and structure.

One study by Pang et al. examined the impacts of climate change and land cover on the distribution of this important tree family in the Philippines. They used species distribution models (SDMs) for 19 species that were projected onto both current and future climate scenarios, with current land cover incorporated as well. They found that the current land cover alone reduced the species distributions by 67%, and 37% in protected areas. On the other hand, climate change reduced species distributions by 16-27% in both protected and unprotected areas. There was also an upward shift in elevation of species distribution as a result of climate change, as habitats changed. They concluded that there was a need to improve protected area planning as refuges for critical species, with SDMs proving to be a useful tool for providing projections that can then be incorporated into this planning process.{{Cite journal|last1=Pang|first1=Sean E. H.|last2=De Alban|first2=Jose Don T.|last3=Webb|first3=Edward L.|date=2021-01-11|title=Effects of climate change and land cover on the distributions of a critical tree family in the Philippines|url= |journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=276|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-79491-9|issn=2045-2322|pmc=7801684|pmid=33432023}}

Another paper by Shishir et al. also investigated the potential effects of climate change on a threatened Dipterocarp tree in Purbachal, Bangladesh. Using a model that incorporated nine different environmental variables such as climate, geography, and soil conditions, they looked at two climate scenarios. They found that precipitation and soil nitrogen were the largest determinants of distribution, and that suitable habitat for this species will decline by 21-28% relative to the present land area as a result of climate change.{{Cite journal|date=2020-12-01|title=Predicting the probable impact of climate change on the distribution of threatened Shorea robusta forest in Purbachal, Bangladesh|journal=Global Ecology and Conservation|language=en|volume=24|pages=e01250|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01250|issn=2351-9894|doi-access=free|last1=Shishir|first1=Sharmin|last2=Mollah|first2=Tanjinul Hoque|last3=Tsuyuzaki|first3=Shiro|last4=Wada|first4=Naoya}}

In Borneo, nearly all species of the Dipterocarp family are imperiled.{{Cite news |last=Einhorn |first=Catrin |title=How Are the World’s Trees Doing? A New Assessment Has Answers. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/28/climate/trees-extinction-iucn-report-biodiversity.html |work=New York Times}}

• Dipterocarp timber classification

{{Reflist}}

{{Commons category|Dipterocarpaceae}}

{{Wikispecies}}

• {{cite book|url=http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/Dipterocarps.pdf|title=A Review of Dipterocarps: Taxonomy, ecology and silviculture (PDF version)|author=Center for International Forestry Research|year=1998|publisher=CIFOR |isbn=978-979-8764-20-2|access-date=2004-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725191751/http://www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/pdf_files/Books/Dipterocarps.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-25|url-status=dead}}
• [https://rbg-web2.rbge.org.uk/diptero/ Dipterocarpaceae Data Base] {{sic}}

{{Angiosperm families}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q580593}}

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Category:Malvales families

Category:Pantropical flora

Category:Taxa described in 1825

Category:Taxa named by Carl Ludwig Blume