APG IV system

{{Short description|2016 revision of a flowering plant classification}}

{{see also|Angiosperm Phylogeny Group}}

{{Use dmy dates|cs1-dates=ly|date=June 2020}}

File:Angiosperm_floral_evolution.png

The APG IV system of flowering plant classification is the fourth version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy for flowering plants (angiosperms) being developed by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG). It was published in 2016, seven years after its predecessor the APG III system was published in 2009, and 18 years after the first APG system was published in 1998.{{sfnp|ps=none|APG IV|2016}} In 2009, a linear arrangement of the system was published separately;{{sfnp|ps=none|Haston|Richardson|Stevens|Chase|2009}} the APG IV paper includes such an arrangement, cross-referenced to the 2009 one.{{sfnp|ps=none|APG IV|2016}}

Compared to the APG III system, the APG IV system recognizes five new orders (Boraginales, Dilleniales, Icacinales, Metteniusales and Vahliales), along with some new families, making a total of 64 angiosperm orders and 416 families.{{sfnp|ps=none|APG IV|2016}} In general, the authors describe their philosophy as "conservative", based on making changes from APG III only where "a well-supported need" has been demonstrated. This has sometimes resulted in placements that are not compatible with published studies, but where further research is needed before the classification can be changed.{{sfnp|ps=none|APG IV|2016|p=5}}

Short version

{{Angiosperm families|state=expanded}}

Detailed version

Key to symbols used:

:* = the family has been added or its circumscription changed since the APG III system of 2009

:† = the order has been added since the APG III system

=[[Basal angiosperms]]=

=[[Magnoliids]]=

=Independent lineage: unplaced to more inclusive clade=

=[[Monocots]]=

=Probable sister of eudicots=

=[[Eudicots]]=

=[[Core eudicots]]=

=[[Superrosids]]=

==[[Rosids]]==

===Fabids===

{{anchor|COM clade}}

====COM clade; placement uncertain====

===Malvids===

=[[Superasterids]]=

==[[Asterids]]==

===Lamiids===

===Campanulids===

Phylogeny

Like the earlier APG systems, the APG IV revision is based on a phylogenetic tree for the angiosperms, as shown below.{{sfnp|ps=none|Cole|Hilger|Stevens|2019}}

{{clade |style=font-size:100%;line-height:110%;

|label1=angiosperms

|1={{clade

|1=Amborellales

|2={{clade

|1=Nymphaeales

|2={{clade

|1=Austrobaileyales

|label2=Core angiosperms

|2={{clade

|1=Chloranthales

|label2=magnoliids

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Magnoliales

|2=Laurales

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Piperales

|2=Canellales

}}

}}

|3={{clade

|label1=monocots

|1={{clade

|1=Acorales

|2={{clade

|1=Alismatales

|2={{clade

|1=Petrosaviales

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Pandanales

|2=Dioscoreales

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Liliales

|2={{clade

|1=Asparagales

|label2=commelinids

|2={{clade

|1=Arecales

|2={{clade

|1=Poales

|2={{clade

|1=Commelinales

|2=Zingiberales

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Ceratophyllales

|label2=eudicots

|2={{clade

|1=Ranunculales

|2={{clade

|1=Proteales

|2={{clade

|1=Trochodendrales

|2={{clade

|1=Buxales

|label2=core eudicots

|2=(continued)

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

{{anchor|PENTA}} {{clade |style=font-size:100%;line-height:110%;

|label1=core eudicots

|1={{clade

|1=Gunnerales

|label2=Pentapetalae

|2={{clade

|1=Dilleniales

|label2=superrosids

|2={{clade

|1=Saxifragales

|label2=rosids

|2={{clade

|1=Vitales

|2={{clade

|label1=fabids

|1={{clade

|1=Zygophyllales

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Fabales

|2={{clade

|1=Rosales

|2={{clade

|1=Fagales

|2=Cucurbitales

}}

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Celastrales

|2={{clade

|1=Malpighiales

|2=Oxalidales

}}

}}

}}

}}

|label2=malvids

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Geraniales

|2=Myrtales

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Crossosomatales

|2={{clade

|1=Picramniales

|2={{clade

|1=Sapindales

|2={{clade

|1=Huerteales

|2={{clade

|1=Brassicales

|2=Malvales

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

|label3=superasterids

|3={{clade

|1=Berberidopsidales

|2={{clade

|1=Santalales

|2={{clade

|1=Caryophyllales

|label2=asterids

|2={{clade

|1=Cornales

|2={{clade

|1=Ericales

|2={{clade

|label1=campanulids

|1={{clade

|1=Aquifoliales

|2={{clade

|1=Asterales

|2=Escalloniales

|3={{clade

|1=Bruniales

|2={{clade

|1=Apiales

|2={{clade

|1=Dipsacales

|2=Paracryphiales

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

|label2=lamiids

|2={{clade

|1=Icacinales

|2={{clade

|1=Metteniusales

|2={{clade

|1=Garryales

|2={{clade

|1=Boraginales

|2=Gentianales

|3=Vahliales

|4=Lamiales

|5=Solanales

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

References

{{Reflist|20em}}

Bibliography

{{refbegin}}

  • {{Citation |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |ref={{harvid|APG III|2009}} |doi-access=free|hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}
  • {{Citation |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1111/boj.12385 |ref={{harvid|APG IV|2016}} |doi-access=free}}
  • {{Citation |last1=Haston |first1=E. |last2=Richardson |first2=J.E. |last3=Stevens |first3=P.F. |last4=Chase |first4=M.W. |last5=Harris |first5=D.J. |date=2009 |title=The Linear Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (LAPG) III: a linear sequence of the families in APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=128–131 |name-list-style=amp |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01000.x |doi-access=free}}
  • {{citation |last1=Fay |first1=Michael |author-link=Michael Francis Fay |title=APG - classification by consensus |url=http://www.kew.org/discover/blogs/kew-science/apg-classification-consensus |website=Kew Science |publisher=RBG Kew |access-date=2016-06-12 |date=9 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805051050/http://www.kew.org/discover/blogs/kew-science/apg-classification-consensus |archive-date=5 August 2016 |url-status=dead}}
  • {{citation |last1=Cole |first1=Theodor C.H. |last2=Hilger |first2=Hartmut H. |last3=Stevens |first3=Peter F. |title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Poster - Flowering Plant Systematics |date=2019 |url=https://d3amtssd1tejdt.cloudfront.net/2019/2320/6/APP-E-2019-V3-PPA.pdf |access-date=2023-06-16 |name-list-style=amp}}

{{refend}}

{{List of systems of plant taxonomy}}

APG 04

Category:2016 in science

Category:2016 introductions