duit
{{Short description|Dutch coin}}
{{about|the Dutch coin|the extinct Chibcha language|Duit language}}
{{distinguish|Duits}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2009}}
File:VOC duit.jpg monogram on the obverse and the crowned coat of arms of the Province of Holland on the reverse.]]
The duit ({{IPA|nl|ˈdœyt|pron}}) (plural: duiten; {{langx |en| doit}}{{oed | doit}} - "A small Dutch coin formerly in use, the eighth part of a stiver, or the half of an English farthing; hence (chiefly in negative phrases) as the type of a very small or trifling sum.") was an old low-value Dutch copper coin.{{cite book |date=1984 |title= Van Dale Groot woordenboek der Nederlandse taal (Eerste deel) |url= |location= Utrecht/Antwerpen |publisher= Van Dale Lexicografie |language= nl |page= 678 |isbn= 90-6648-402-0}} Struck in the 17th and 18th centuries
{{cite book
|last1 = Hazlitt
|first1 = William Carew
|author-link1 = William Carew Hazlitt
|year = 1897
|title = Supplement to the Coinage of the European Continent
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Xa5AAAAAYAAJ
|publication-place = London
|publisher = Swan Sonnenschein
|page = 63
|access-date = 14 April 2024
|quote = The earliest duit which we have seen is of 1614; and there is also a separate colonial series down at least to 1794.
}}
in the territory of the Dutch Republic, it became an international currency.{{cite encyclopedia |year= 1947 |title= Duit |encyclopedia= Winkler Prins Encyclopaedie |publisher= Elsevier |language= nl |location= Amsterdam/Brussels |isbn= }}{{sfn|Shimada|2006|p= 94}} It held significant importance in both Dutch domestic and colonial trade, particularly in the Dutch East Indies (modern-day Indonesia). The coin had the nominal value of 1/8 stuiver.
Etymology
Etymologically, the word duit comes from Middle Dutch and means a type of small coin.
History
File:Duit_1769_-_Netherlands_(Zeeland).jpg (1769)]]
The Dutch East India Company (VOC) commissioned a special coin with a monogram engraved on it in order to prevent smuggling. The coin was first minted during the 17th century in the Dutch Republic and was issued in the Netherlands until the year 1816, when it was replaced by cents and ½ cents. Later it became an internationalized currency and was also issued in the Dutch East Indies, Dutch Ceylon, and Dutch Malabar.{{sfn|Shimada|2006|p=94}} Only these types of coins were valid for use in colonial-era Indonesia, where it was issued by the Dutch East India Company from the beginning till the end of the 18th century.{{sfn|Shimada|2006|p= 96}}{{cite web |url=https://anmm.emuseum.com/objects/15851/duit-issued-for-the-netherlands-east-indies-by-the-voc-vere |title=Duit issued for the Netherlands East Indies by the VOC (Vereenigde Oost- Indische Compagnie) |publisher=Australian National Maritime Museum |access-date=April 3, 2025}} The biggest destination for duit coins was Java.{{sfn|Shimada|2006|p=94}} The duit was also used in parts of the Americas while under Dutch rule, such as New Amsterdam (present-day New York City) and Suriname, and in Africa in the Dutch Cape Colony.
The coin's name was preserved in the Netherlands for a long time as vierduitstuk (or 'plak'{{OED|plack}}), because it was worth 4 duiten = half a stuiver (or 2½ cents).{{cite encyclopedia |year=1949 |title=Duit |encyclopedia=De Kleine Winkler Prins. Encyclopedie van A tot Z |publisher=Elsevier |language=nl |location=Amsterdam |isbn= }}
Nominal value
Weight and composition
;Weight
Various standards existed, with official weights of:{{cite web |url=https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces105317.html |title=Duit |publisher=Numista |access-date=April 3, 2025}}
- 4.24 grams from 1590
- 3.93 grams in later periods
;Composition
Originally duit coins were minted in copper, but proof coinage of the duit was also minted in silver and gold.{{Cite web|url = http://members.chello.nl/c.vanderley/|title = Verouderd, antiek of achterhaald | Klantenservice | Ziggo|date = 3 January 2022|access-date = 6 May 2010|archive-date = 7 June 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014109/http://members.chello.nl/c.vanderley/|url-status = live}}
Dutch expressions
The Dutch language has many expressions, proverbs and sayings which feature the word duit, including:
- "Putting a doit in the bag" ({{lang|nl|Een duit in het zakje doen}}) – to contribute a little something
- "He is a doit-thief." ({{lang|nl|Hij is een duitendief}}) – he is a miser.
- "He has a lot of kaka, but not many doits." ({{lang|nl|Hij heeft veel kak, maar weinig duiten}}) – he is a braggart.
- "To have courage like a three-doit haddock" ({{lang|nl|Moed hebben als een schelvis van drie duiten}}) – to be cowardly
- "To give someone four doits back" ({{lang|nl|Iemand van vier duiten weerom geven}}) – to tell someone the truth
Legacy
As the monetary unit was widespread throughout the Malay archipelago, the word duit eventually was absorbed into Malay vocabulary becoming a slang word for 'money' besides wang (Malaysian spelling) and uang (Indonesian spelling).
The Duit is also used in Dutch India making Duttu (துட்டு) a slang for low denomination money in Tamil.
The duit is also referred to as the "New York penny" due to its use as a Colonial monetary unit in Dutch New Amsterdam (later New York) and for years later, long after Dutch rule had passed.{{cite web |url=https://www.scotsman.com/hays-way/metal-detectorists-mind-blowing-mary-queen-of-scots-1500s-coin-and-other-remarkable-discoveries-5086347 |title=Metal detectorist's 'mind-blowing' Mary, Queen of Scots coin |publisher=The Scotsman |date= April 17, 2025 |access-date=May 5, 2025}}
The Duit circulated also in the duchy of Cleves and Guelders, which may be the reason why in the 18th century the expression kein Deut entered the German language, meaning not a bit.{{cite web|title=Duden – Deut – Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft|periodical=Duden.de|url=https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Deut|accessdate=2018-07-22|language=German|archive-date=2023-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204140551/https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Deut|url-status=live}}
Bibliography
{{Refbegin}}
- {{cite book|language=en|last=Shimada|first=Ryūto|title=The Intra-Asian Trade in Japanese Copper by the Dutch East India Company During the Eighteenth Century|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVIPPwVo8eAC&pg=PA94|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=90-04-15092-7|access-date=2018-06-11|archive-date=2024-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208085225/https://books.google.com/books?id=nVIPPwVo8eAC&pg=PA94#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}
{{refend}}
References
{{Portal|Money|Numismatics}}
{{Reflist}}
External links
- {{Commons category-inline||Duit}}
{{wiktionary | duit}}
{{Currency and coinage of the Netherlands}}
Category:Coins of the Netherlands
Category:Dutch East India Company
Category:Coins of the Dutch East Indies
Category:Dutch words and phrases
Category:Indonesian words and phrases