edible-nest swiftlet

The edible-nest swiftlet was formally described in 1812 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Peter Thunberg under the binomial name Hirundo fuciphaga based on a specimen collected on the island of Java.{{ cite journal | last=Thunberg | first=Carl Peter | author-link=Carl Peter Thunberg | date=1812 | title=Anmärkningar om de Svalor, som bygga gelé-acktige ätbare nästen | language=Swedish, Latin | journal=Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar | volume=33 | pages=151–156 [153–154] | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47088097 }}{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1940 | title=Check-list of Birds of the World | volume=4 | publisher=Harvard University Press | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=222 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14476693 }} The specific epithet fuciphaga combines the Ancient Greek φυκος/phukos meaning "seaweed" with -φαγος/-phagos meaning "-eating".{{ cite web | last=Jobling | first=James A. | title=fuciphaga | work=The Key to Scientific Names | url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/key-to-scientific-names/search?q=fuciphaga | publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology | access-date=9 November 2024 }} The edible-nest swiftlet is now one of 25 swiftlets placed in the genus Aerodramus that was introduced in 1906 by the American ornithologist Harry C. Oberholser.{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | date=August 2024 | title=Owlet-nightjars, treeswifts & swifts | work=IOC World Bird List Version 14.2 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/swifts/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=9 November 2024}}

Eight subspecies are recognised:

• A. f. inexpectatus (Hume, 1873) – Andaman and Nicobar Islands
• A. f. vestitus (Lesson, RP, 1843) – Malay Peninsula (?introduced), Sumatra, Belitung (east of south Sumatra) and Borneo
• A. f. perplexus (Riley, 1927) – Maratua (east of northeast Borneo)
• A. f. fuciphagus (Thunberg, 1812) – Java, Kangean Islands (north of Bali), Bali, Lombok to Sumbawa (west Lesser Sunda Islands, Flores Sea islands south of Sulawesi)
• A. f. dammermani (Rensch, 1931) – Flores to Alor Island (central Lesser Sunda Islands)
• A. f. micans (Stresemann, 1914) – Sumba, Savu and Timor (central south Lesser Sunda Islands)
• A. f. germani (Oustalet, 1876) – southeast Asia, north Borneo islets, Panay and Palawan group (central west, southwest Philippines)
• A. f. amechanus (Oberholser, 1912) – Anambas (east of southeast Malay Peninsula)

The last two subspecies in the above list (germani and amechanus) have sometimes been treated as a separate species, Germain's swiftlet (Aerodramus germani). The species are lumped together as the morphological differences are minor and clinal while the genetic differences are small.{{ cite web | last1=Clements | first1=J.F.| author1-link=James Clements (ornithologist) | last2=Rasmussen | first2=P.C. | author2-link=Pamela C. Rasmussen | last3=Schulenberg | first3=T.S. | last4=Iliff | first4=M.J. | last5=Fredericks | first5=T.A. | last6=Gerbracht | first6=J.A. | last7=Lepage | first7=D. | last8=Spencer | first8=A. | last9=Billerman | first9=S.M. | last10=Sullivan | first10=B.L. | last11=Smith | first11=M. | last12=Wood | first12=C.L. | year=2024 | title=The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2024 | url=http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ | access-date=26 October 2024 }}{{Cite journal | last1=Cibois | first1=A. | last2=Thibault | first2=J.-C. | last3=McCormack | first3=G. | last4=Pasquet | first4=E. | date=2018 | title=Phylogenetic relationships of the Eastern Polynesian swiftlets (Aerodramus, Apodidae) and considerations on other Western Pacific swiftlets | journal=Emu - Austral Ornithology | volume=118 | issue=3 | pages=247–257 | doi=10.1080/01584197.2017.1420422| bibcode=2018EmuAO.118..247C }}{{ cite journal | last1=Cranbrook | first1=Earl of | last2=Goh | first2=W.L. | last3=Lim | first3=C.K. | last4=Mustafa | first4=A.R. | date=2013 | title=The species of white-nest swiftlets (Apodidae, Collocaliini) of Malaysia and the origins of house-farm birds: morphometric and genetic evidence | journal=Forktail | volume=29 | pages=107–119 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/58109384 }}

File: Balinsasayaw Couple.jpg

The edible-nest swiftlet, generally with a body length of {{cvt|14|cm}}, is a medium-sized representative of the salangans.{{ cite book | last1=Chantler | first1=Phil | last2=Driessens | first2=Gerald | date=2000 | title=Swifts: A Guide to the Swifts and Treeswifts of the World | edition=2nd | location=New Haven | publisher=Yale University Press | isbn=0-300-07936-2 | pages=150–152 | url=https://archive.org/details/swiftsguidetoswi0000chan/page/150/mode/1up | url-access=registration }} The upper part of the slender body is blackish-brown; the under part of the body ranges in colour from white to blackish-brown. The tail is short and has a slight notch. The bill and feet are black. Legs are very short and tarsi are usually unfeathered or lightly feathered. Allen Jeyarajasingam [https://books.google.com/books?id=XCwUDAAAQBAJ&dq=%22edible+nest+swiftlet%22&pg=PA224 A Field Guide to the Birds of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore] Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-963942-7}}

It weighs {{cvt|15|to|18|g}} C. M. Francis: The management of edible birds nest caves in Sabah. Sabah Forestry Department, Sandakan 1987 and the wings are long and narrow. In flight the swept-back wings resemble a crescent.

The subspecies micans is paler and greyer than the nominate while vestitus is dark with a rump that is less obviously paler. Subspecies germani has much paler underparts with a broad whitish rump, amechanus is similar to germani but has a greyer rump.{{ cite book | last=Chantler | first=P. | year=1999 | chapter=Family Apodidae (Swifts) | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | title=Handbook of the Birds of the World | volume=5: Barn-owls to Hummingbirds | location=Barcelona, Spain | publisher=Lynx Edicions | isbn=978-84-87334-25-2 | pages=388–457 [434] | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0005unse/page/434/mode/1up | chapter-url-access=registration }}

File: AerodramusFuciphagus.LipKee.jpg

The edible-nest swiftlet feeds over a range of habitats from coastal areas to the mountains, occurring up to 2,800 metres above sea-level on Sumatra and Borneo. These birds generally occur above forests, the forest edge, but also in open country.

These birds spend most of their lives in the air. Their diet consists of flying insects that are caught on the wing.{{Cite journal | last1=Lourie | first1=S.A. | last2=Tompkins | first2=D.M. | date=2000 | title=The diets of Malaysian swiftlets | journal=Ibis | volume=142 | issue=4 | pages=596–602 | doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.2000.tb04459.x}} They also drink on the wing. They often feed in large flocks with other species of swiftlet and swallow.

They breed in colonies in coastal areas, in limestone caves, in rock crevices, in a cleft in a cliff or sometimes on a building. The bracket-shaped nest is built on a vertical surface and the long legs are used for clinging. These swifts never settle voluntarily on the ground.[https://www.beautyofbirds.com/indianswiftlets.html Indian Swiftlets or Indian Edible-nest Swiftlets] The nest is white and translucent and is made of layers of hardened saliva attached to the rock.

A nest typically measures about 6 cm across with a depth of 1.5 cm and a weight of about 14 grams. Two white, oval, non-glossy eggs are laid.

At breeding colonies, the birds emit high-pitched and burbling calls. They also emit a rattling call used for echolocation, which enables them to look for their nesting sites in the darkness of caves. Hendrik A. Thomassen: [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Swift-as-sound.-Design-and-evolution-of-the-system-Thomassen/86e92a84b8094180912a957cb33fd2d59863a023 Swift as sound. Design and evolution of the echolocation system in Swiftlets (Apodidae: Collocaliini).] Universität Leiden, 2005

File:SwiftletBirdNests.jpg]]

The nest used in bird's nest soup is composed entirely of saliva. The soup is made by soaking and steaming the nests in water. It is said to improve kidney health, reduce phlegm, and to be an aphrodisiac.{{Cite web|date=2017-10-23| title=Bird's nest soup is more popular than ever, thanks to Swiftlet House farms|url=https://www.audubon.org/news/birds-nest-soup-more-popular-ever-thanks-swiftlet-house-farms|access-date=2020-06-29|website=Audubon|language=en}} The nests can fetch high prices and many colonies are harvested commercially.

Some populations such as those in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands have been harvested extensively leading to them being considered critically threatened under the IUCN criteria.{{cite journal |last=Sankaran | first=R. |year=2001 |title=The status and conservation of the edible-nest swiftlet (Collocalia fuciphaga) in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands | journal=Biological Conservation | volume=97 | issue=3 | pages=283–294 | doi=10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00124-5 | bibcode=2001BCons..97..283S }}

The use of artificial bird houses is growing.{{cite web|last=Boyle|first=Joe|title=Welcome to Indonesia's bird nest soup factory town|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12274825|publisher=BBC|date=2011}} A detailed account of modern nest farming and marketing techniques is given by David Jordan (2004). Jordan, David, 2004 [https://web.archive.org/web/20081021051925/http://jordanresearch.co.uk/pubs.html "Globalisation and Bird's Nest Soup"] International Development Planning Review, Volume 26, Number 1, Liverpool Unviversity Press 2004

In Indonesia and Malaysia, "farming" of nests is performed in purpose-built structures or old empty houses with "tweeters" playing recordings of bird calls on the roof to attract swiftlets. In urban areas, such "bird houses" may be considered a nuisance by neighbours due to the loud bird calls and bird feces.

{{Reflist}}

• MacKinnon, John & Phillipps, Karen (1993) A Field Guide to the Birds of Borneo, Sumatra, Java and Bali, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
• Manchi, Shirish S.; Sankaran, Ravi (2010). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40600416 Foraging habits and habitat use by edible nest and glossy swiftlets in the Andsman Islands] The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 122 (2): 259–272. ISSN 1559-4491.
• Robson, Craig (2002) A Field Guide to the Birds of South-East Asia, New Holland Publishers (UK) Ltd., London.

• {{Wikispecies-inline|Aerodramus fuciphagus}}
• {{Commons category-inline|Aerodramus fuciphagus}}
• [http://www.orientalbirdimages.org/search.php?action=searchresult&Bird_ID=559 Oriental Bird Images: Edible-nest Swiftlet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212173418/http://orientalbirdimages.org/search.php?action=searchresult&Bird_ID=559 |date=2012-02-12 }}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20071027132844/http://www.hkfsta.com.hk/articles/special/article7.htm Review of Scientific Research on Edible Bird's Nest]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q31801}}

{{Authority control}}

edible-nest swiftlet

Category:Birds of Southeast Asia

Category:Cave birds

edible-nest swiftlet