emilian language

{{Main|Gallo-Italic languages}}

Emilian is a Gallo-Italic language. Besides Emilian, the Gallo-Italic family includes Romagnol, Piedmontese, Ligurian and Lombard, all of which maintain a level of mutual intelligibility with Emilian.

{{Redirect-distinguish|Mirandolese|Mirandese}}

The historical and geographical fragmentation of Emilian communities, divided in many local administrations (as signorie then duchies, with reciprocal exchanges of land), has caused a high dialectal fragmentation, to the point the existence of an Emilian koiné has been questioned.

Linguasphere Observatory recognises the following dialects:{{cite web |url=http://linguasphere.info/?page=inner&id_inner=1017741 |work=Linguasphere |title=51-AAA-ok. emiliano + romagnolo}}

• Mantuan, spoken in all but the very north of the Province of Mantua in Lombardy. It has a strong Lombard influence.
• File:Pavel speaking Emilian.webmVogherese (Pavese-Vogherese), spoken in the Province of Pavia in Lombardy. It is closely related phonetically and morphologically to Piacentine. It is also akin to Tortonese.{{what|date=October 2013}}
• Piacentine, spoken west of the River Taro in the Province of Piacenza and on the border with the province of Parma. The variants of Piacentine are strongly influenced by Lombard, Piedmontese, and Ligurian.
• Parmesan, spoken in the Province of Parma. Those from the area refer to the Parmesan spoken outside Parma as Arioso or Parmense, although today's urban and rural dialects are so mixed that only a few speak the original. The language spoken in Casalmaggiore in the Province of Cremona to the north of Parma is closely related to Parmesan.
• Reggiano (Arzân), spoken in the Province of Reggio Emilia, although the northern parts (such as Guastalla, Luzzara and Reggiolo) of the province are not part of this group and closer to Mantuan.
• Modenese, spoken in the centre of the Province of Modena, although Bolognese is more widespread in the Castelfranco area.
• Mirandolese, spoken in the northern part of the Province of Modena, it is very different from the modenese dialect in the phonology, grammar and vocabulary.
• Bolognese, spoken in all the Metropolitan City of Bologna but the Romagnol comuni of: Imola, Dozza, Borgo Tossignano, Fontanelice, Castel del Rio, Mordano and Casalfiumanese (all beyond the river Santerno); in around Castelfranco Emilia (Modena); in the Province of Ferrara (Cento, Poggio Renatico, Sant'Agostino and Mirabello) and in Pavana (Province of Pistoia, Tuscany).
• Ferrarese, spoken in the Province of Ferrara (except for Cento and surroundings), southern Veneto, and Comacchio.

File:Manifesto in dialetto carrarese.jpg

• Carrarese and Lunigiano dialects, spoken in Carrara, Lunigiana, in almost all of the Province of Massa-Carrara in northwestern Tuscany, and a good portion of the Province of La Spezia in eastern Liguria. Historically, this region has been part of Tuscany and the duchies of Modena and Parma at different times, so it has a close economic relationship with the Emilian area and is geographically proximate due to the Magra and Vara rivers.

Other definitions include the following:{{cn|date=October 2013}}

• Massese (mixed with some Tuscan features)
• Casalasco, spoken in Casalmaggiore, Lombardy.
• Comacchiese, as distinct from Ferrarese

There is no widespread standard orthography. The words below are written in a nonspecific Emilian script.

• Affricate sounds [{{IPA link|t͡s}}, {{IPA link|d͡z}}] can also be heard as alternates of fricative sounds /{{IPA link|θ}}, {{IPA link|ð}}/ particularly among southern dialects.
• In the Piacentino dialect, an /{{IPA link|r}}/ sound can be heard as either an alveolar trill [{{IPA link|r}}], or as a uvular fricative [{{IPA link|ʁ}}] sound.

• Rounded front vowel sounds /{{IPA link|y}}, {{IPA link|ø}}, {{IPA link|œ}}/ and a mid-central vowel sound /{{IPA link|ə}}/ are mainly common in the Piacentino and western dialects.
• In the Piacentino dialect, five vowel sounds being followed by /{{IPA link|n}}/, are then recognized as nasalized {{IPA|[ĩ ẽ ã õ ũ]}}, unless /{{IPA link|n}}/ occurs between two vowel sounds.

• Vowel length is also distinguished for the following vowels {{IPA|[iː eː ɛː aː ɔː oː uː]}}.{{Cite book |last=Foresti |first=Fabio |title=Profilo linguistico dell'Emilia-Romagna |publisher=Laterza |year=2009 |location=Roma |language=it}}{{Cite book |last1=Lepri |first1=Luigi |title=Dizionario bolognese-italiano italiano-bolognese / Dizionèri bulgnaiṡ-itagliàn itagliàn-bulgnaiṡ |last2=Vitali |first2=Daniele |publisher=Pendragon |year=2009 |edition=2nd |location=Bologna}}{{Cite book |last=Hajek |first=John |title=The Dialects of Italy |publisher=Routledge |year=1997 |editor-last=Maiden |editor-first=Martin |location=London |pages=275 |chapter=Emilia-Romagna |editor-last2=Parry |editor-first2=Mair}}

Emilian is written using a Latin script that has never been standardised, and spelling varies widely among the dialects.

The dialects were largely oral and rarely written until some time in the late 20th century; a large amount of written media in Emilian has been created since World War II.

{{Reflist|2}}

• {{cite thesis |last=Colombini |first=F. |year=2007 |title=La negazione nei dialetti emiliani: microvariazione nell'area modenese |publisher=University of Padua |degree=MA}}
• {{cite book |first=Luca |last=Rognoni |chapter=Il sistema fonologico del dialetto modenese |title=L'Italia dialettale: rivista di dialettologia italiana |volume=74 |pages=135–148 |year=2013 |isbn=9788846739957}}

• {{cite book |first=Fabio |last=Foresti |title=Bibliografia dialettale dell'Emilia-Romagna e della Repubblica di San Marino (BDER) |location=Bologna |publisher=Compositori |year=1997}}
• {{cite book |first=Pietro |last=Mainoldi |title=Manuale dell'odierno dialetto bolognese, Suoni e segni, Grammatica – Vocabolario |orig-year=1950, Bologna: Società tipografica Mareggiani |publisher= Forni |year=2000 |isbn=9788827129173}}
• {{cite journal |first=E. F. |last=Tuttle |title=Nasalization in Northern Italy: Syllabic Constraints and Strength Scales as Developmental Parameters |journal=Rivista di Linguistica |volume=III |pages=23–92 |year=1991}}

{{Incubator|egl|Wiktionary}}

{{wiktionary category|category=Emilian language}}

• [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ier\rom&first=0 Emilian basic lexicon] at the Global Lexicostatistical Database

{{Languages of Italy}}

{{Romance languages}}

Category:Emilia (region of Italy)

Category:Emilian-Romagnol language

Category:Languages of Italy

Category:Languages of Emilia-Romagna

Category:Languages of Lombardy

Category:Languages of Liguria

pl:Język emilijski