execution by firing squad

A firing squad is normally composed of at least several shooters, all of whom are usually instructed to fire simultaneously, thus preventing both disruption of the process by one member and identification of who fired the lethal shot. To avoid disfigurement due to multiple shots to the head, the shooters are typically instructed to aim at the heart, sometimes aided by a paper or cloth target. The prisoner is typically blindfolded or hooded as well as restrained. Executions can be carried out with the condemned either standing or sitting. There is a tradition in some jurisdictions that such executions are carried out at first light or at sunrise, giving rise to the phrase "shot at dawn".

Associated Press writer Jeffrey Collins described the execution by firing squad of a murderer, Brad Sigmon, in 2025 as follows:

:"Mr. Sigmon’s lawyer read his final statement. The hood was put over Mr. Sigmon’s head, and an employee opened the black pull shade that shielded where the three prison-system volunteer shooters were. About two minutes later, they fired. There was no warning or countdown. The abrupt crack of the rifles startled me. And the white target with the red bull’s-eye that had been on his chest, standing out against his black prison jumpsuit, disappeared instantly as Mr. Sigmon’s whole body flinched. A jagged red spot about the size of a small fist appeared where Mr. Sigmon was shot. His chest moved two or three times. Outside of the rifle crack, there was no sound. A doctor came out in less than a minute, and his examination took about a minute more. Mr. Sigmon was declared dead at 6:08 p.m."{{Cite news |last=Collins |first=Jeffrey |date=2025-03-09 |title=Firing Squad Execution Witness Recounts Experience: A Rifle Crack, Then Silence |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/09/us/firing-squad-execution-south-carolina.html |access-date=2025-03-10 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}

The National News Desk reporter Brian McConchie, who attended the execution of Mikal Mahdi in 2025, spoke at the Mahdi execution press conference:

:"This seemed like a very fast process. The curtain opened seconds before 6 p.m. and within four and a half to five minutes the process is over, and you are exiting the chamber in silence, you're not speaking to anyone."{{Cite news |last=Jordon |first=Kei'Yona |date=2025-04-11 |title=Witnesses recount harrowing final moments of Mikal Mahdi's execution by firing squad in SC |url=https://abcnews4.com/newsletter-daily/witnesses-recount-harrowing-final-moments-of-mikal-mahdis-execution-by-firing-squad-in-sc |accessdate = 2025-04-14 |work=WCIV}}

Associated Press journalist Jeffrey Collins provided more detail:

:"Mahdi, 42, cried out as the bullets hit him, and his arms flexed. A white target with the red bull’s-eye over his heart was pushed into the wound in his chest.

Mahdi groaned two more times about 45 seconds after that. His breaths continued for about 80 seconds before he appeared to take one final gasp."{{cite web | url=https://apnews.com/article/firing-squad-execution-south-carolina-mikal-mahdi-25466963350812080385524ccc3a9298 | title=South Carolina executes second man by firing squad in 5 weeks | website=Associated Press News }}

File:Firing Squad in Iran.jpg

Execution by firing squad is a specific practice that is distinct from other forms of execution by firearms, such as an execution by shot(s) to the back of the head or neck. However, the single shot to the brain by the squad's officer with a pistol at point blank (coup de grâce) is sometimes incorporated in a firing squad execution, particularly if the initial volley turns out not to be immediately fatal. Before the introduction of firearms, bows or crossbows were often used—Saint Sebastian is usually depicted as executed by a squad of Roman auxiliary archers in around AD 288; King Edmund the Martyr of East Anglia, by some accounts, was tied to a tree and executed by Viking archers on 20 November 869 or 870.

Sometimes, one or more of the members of the firing squad may be issued a rifle containing a blank cartridge.{{Cite book |last=Huie |first=William Bradford |title=The Execution of Private Slovik |title-link=The Execution of Private Slovik |publisher=Duell, Sloan & Pearce |year=1954 |isbn=978-1594160035 |page=208}} In such cases, the shooters are not told beforehand whether they are using live or blank ammunition. This is believed to reinforce the sense of diffusion of responsibility among the firing squad members.{{cite web |date=18 June 2010 |title=The Psychology of Firing Squads |url=https://nickkam.com/2010/06/18/the-psychology-of-firing-squads/}} It provides each member with a measure of plausible deniability that they, personally, did not fire a bullet at all.{{cite web |date=December 1947 |title=Procedure for Military Executions |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/procedure_dec-1947.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/procedure_dec-1947.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |access-date=2017-01-23 |publisher=Department of the Army}} In practice however, firing a live round produces significant recoil, while firing a blank round does not.{{Cite book |last1=Carver |first1=Field Marshal Lord Michael |title=Britain's Army in the Twentieth Century |date=1999 |isbn=978-0330372008}} Gas-operated actions such as recoil depend on a high pressure state that only exists when the gas is trapped between the breech and the moving projectile. As there is no bullet in the blank, the recoil is greatly reduced. In more modern times such as during the 2010 execution of Ronnie Lee Gardner in Utah, US, one rifleman may be given a "dummy" cartridge containing a wax bullet, which provides a more realistic recoil.{{cite news |last1=Westcott |first1=Kathryn |date=June 18, 2010 |title=How and why Gardner was shot |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/us_and_canada/10254279.stm |work=BBC News}}

File:Austrians executing Serbs 1917.JPG arranged in a semi-circle, executed by an Austro-Hungarian firing squad in World War I]]

File:Poprava vůdců rumburské vzpoury 1918.jpg of Czech leaders of a mutiny against their superior officers, 1918]]

File:The Bochnia massacre German-occupied Poland 1939.jpg, near Kraków, following the Nazi invasion of Poland, December 18, 1939]]

The method is often the capital punishment or disciplinary means employed by military courts for crimes such as cowardice, desertion, espionage, murder, mutiny, or treason.

If the condemned prisoner is an ex-officer who is acknowledged to have shown bravery throughout their career, they may be afforded the privilege of giving the order to fire. Cases of this are the executions of Marshals Michel Ney and Joachim Murat. As a means of insulting the condemned, however, past executions have had them shot in the back, denied blindfolds, or even tied to chairs. When Galeazzo Ciano, son-in-law of Benito Mussolini, and several other former fascists who voted to remove Mussolini from power were executed, they were tied to chairs facing away from their executioners. By some reports, Ciano managed to twist his chair around at the last second to face them, but this is unconfirmed.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

{{Main|Capital punishment in Argentina}}

File:Fusilamiento de Dorrego.jpg]]

Manuel Dorrego, a prominent Argentine statesman and soldier who governed Buenos Aires in the 1820s, was executed by firing squad on 12 December 1828 after being defeated in battle by Juan Lavalle and later convicted of treason.

{{Main|Capital punishment in Belgium}}

On 12 October 1915 British nurse Edith Cavell was executed by a German firing squad at the Tir national shooting range at Schaerbeek, after being convicted of "conveying troops to the enemy" during the First World War.

On 1 April 1916 a Belgian woman, Gabrielle Petit, was executed by a German firing squad at Schaerbeek after being convicted of spying for the British Secret Service during World War I.

During the Battle of the Bulge in World War II, three captured German spies were tried and executed by a U.S. firing squad at Henri-Chapelle on 23 December 1944. Thirteen other Germans were also tried and shot at either Henri-Chapelle or Huy.Pallud, p. 15 These executed spies took part in Waffen-SS commando Otto Skorzeny's Operation Greif, in which English-speaking German commandos operated behind U.S. lines, masquerading in U.S. uniforms and equipment.{{cite web|url=http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675044510_execution-of-German-spies_509th-military-police_execution-spot_spies-are-tied|title=HD Stock Video Footage – Military police execute German spies in Belgium.|website=Criticalpast.com|access-date=23 November 2017}}

{{Main|Capital punishment in Brazil}}

The Brazilian Constitution of 1988 expressly prohibits the usage of capital punishment in peacetime, but authorizes the use of the death penalty for military crimes committed during wartime.{{cite web|url=http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleII.html|title=Brazilian Laws – the Federal Constitution – Individual and collective rights and duties|website=V-brazil.com|access-date=23 November 2017}} War must be declared formally, in accordance with international law and article 84, item 19 of the Federal Constitution, with due authorization from the Brazilian Congress. The Brazilian Code of Military Penal Law, in its chapter dealing with wartime offences, specifies the crimes that are subject to the death penalty. The death penalty is never the only possible sentence for a crime, and the punishment must be imposed by the military courts system. Per the norms of the Brazilian Code of Military Penal Procedure, the death penalty is carried out by firing squad.

Although Brazil still permits the use of capital punishment during wartime, no convicts were actually executed during Brazil's last military conflict, the Second World War. The military personnel sentenced to death during World War II had their sentences reduced by the President of the Republic.

File:BatistaFireSquad.jpg 1956.]]

{{Main|Capital punishment in Cuba}}

Cuba, as part of its penal system, still utilizes death by firing squad, although the last recorded execution was in 2003. In January 1992 a Cuban exile convicted of "terrorism, sabotage and enemy propaganda" was executed by firing squad.{{cite news |title=Cuban Firing Squad Executes Exile|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/21/world/cuban-firing-squad-executes-exile.html|date=21 January 1992|work=The New York Times}} The Council of the State noted that the punishment served as a deterrent and stated that the death penalty "fulfills a goal of overall prevention, especially when the idea is to stop such loathsome actions from being repeated, to deter others and so to prevent innocent human lives from being endangered in the future".

During the months following the triumph of the Cuban Revolution in 1959, soldiers of the Batista government and political opponents to the revolution were executed by firing squad.Along with many former allies of Castro, who did not agree with his communist agenda. Individuals would be executed while appealing their sentences.

• Silvia Pedraza, [https://books.google.com/books?id=QCSJ61F4j34C Political Disaffection in Cuba's Revolution and Exodus] (Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 62.
• Samuel Farber, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hmdifpVk3SoC&pg=PA96 The Origins of the Cuban Revolution Reconsidered] (University of North Carolina Press: 2006), p. 96.

File:Rättvisa skipas.jpg members in front of a firing squad in Varkaus after the 1918 Finnish Civil War]]

File:Same Soviet Infiltrator facing firing squad.jpeg firing squad during the Continuation War, 1941–1944]]

The death penalty was widely used during and after the Finnish Civil War (January–May 1918); some 9,700 Finns and an unknown number of Russian volunteers on the Red side were executed during the war or in its aftermath.[http://vesta.narc.fi/cgi-bin/db2www/sotasurmaetusivu/stat2 War Victims of Finland 1914–1922] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310022523/http://vesta.narc.fi/cgi-bin/db2www/sotasurmaetusivu/stat2 |date=2015-03-10 }} at the Finnish National Archives Most executions were carried out by firing squads after the sentences were given by illegal or semi-legal courts martial. Only some 250 persons were sentenced to death in courts acting on legal authority.{{Cite web|url=https://www2.helsinki.fi/fi/yliopisto-lehti|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320104934/http://yliopistolehti.helsinki.fi/yl14art.htm|url-status=dead|title=Yliopisto-lehti|date=June 6, 2016|archivedate=March 20, 2007|website=Helsingin yliopisto}}

During World War II some 500 persons were executed, half of them condemned spies. The usual causes for death penalty for Finnish citizens were treason and high treason (and to a lesser extent cowardice and disobedience, applicable for military personnel). Almost all cases of capital punishment were tried by court-martial. Usually the executions were carried out by the regimental military police platoon, or by the local military police in the case of spies. One Finn, Toivo Koljonen, was executed for a civilian crime (six murders). Most executions occurred in 1941 and during the Soviet Summer Offensive in 1944. The last death sentences were given in 1945 for murder, but later commuted to life imprisonment.

The death penalty was abolished by Finnish law in 1949 for crimes committed during peacetime, and in 1972 for all crimes.[http://www.stat.fi/tup/tietoaika/tilaajat/ta-09-01-kuol.html Kuolemantuomio kuolemantuomiolle] at Statistics Finland (in Finnish) Finland is party to the Optional protocol of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, forbidding the use of the death penalty in all circumstances.{{cite web|url=http://www.finlex.fi/fi/sopimukset/sopsviite/1976/19760007?search%5Btype%5D=pika&search%5Bpika%5D=covenant+on+human+rights|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033547/http://www.finlex.fi/fi/sopimukset/sopsviite/1976/19760007?search%5Btype%5D=pika&search%5Bpika%5D=covenant+on+human+rights|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 1, 2017|title=FINLEX ® – Valtiosopimukset viitetietokanta: 7/1976|website=Finlex.fi|access-date=23 November 2017}}

File:El Tres de Mayo, by Francisco de Goya, from Prado thin black margin.jpg by a French firing squad on the Third of May 1808, as painted by Francisco Goya]]

{{Main|Capital punishment in France}}

File:Execution lors de la Première Guerre mondiale.jpg at the time of the French Army Mutinies of 1917]]

Pte. Thomas Highgate was the first British soldier to be convicted of desertion and executed by firing squad in September 1914 at Tournan-en-Brie during World War I. In October 1916 Pte. Harry Farr was shot for cowardice at Carnoy, which was later suspected to be acoustic shock. Highgate and Farr, along with 304 other British and Imperial troops who were executed for similar offenses, were listed at the Shot at Dawn Memorial which was erected to honor them.[http://www.shotatdawncampaignirl.org/ The Shot at Dawn Campaign] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827160111/http://www.shotatdawncampaignirl.org/ |date=2008-08-27 }} The New Zealand government pardoned its troops in 2000; the British government in 1998 expressed sympathy for the executed and in 2006 the Secretary of State for Defence announced a full pardon for all 306 executed soldiers from the First World War.[https://web.archive.org/web/20061221040620/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/08/16/npardon16.xml The Daily Telegraph], Ben Fenton, August 16, 2006, accessed October 14, 2006

On 15 October 1917 Dutch exotic dancer Mata Hari was executed by a French firing squad at Château de Vincennes castle in the town of Vincennes after being convicted of spying for Germany during World War I.{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/mata-hari-is-executed|title=Mata Hari is executed –Oct 15, 1917 |website=History.com|access-date=23 November 2017}}

During World War II, on 24 September 1944, Josef Wende and Stephan Kortas, two Poles drafted into the German army, crossed the Moselle Rivers behind U.S. lines in civilian clothes to observe Allied strength and were to rejoin their own army on the same day. However, they were discovered by the Americans and arrested. On 18 October 1944 they were found guilty of espionage by a U.S. military commission and sentenced to death.{{cite book |title=Hitler's Spies: German Military Intelligence In World War II |author=David Kahn |date=2000 |publisher=Da Capo Press |page=363 |isbn=0306809494}} On 11 November 1944 they were shot in the garden of a farmhouse at Toul. The footage of Wende's execution{{cite web|url=http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675065399_German-Execution_Graham-execution_military-policemen_a-clergyman-offer-prayers|title=HD Stock Video Footage – German spy Josef Wende is executed by U.S. Military Police firing squad in Toul, France, during World War II|website=Criticalpast.com|access-date=23 November 2017}} as well as Kortas's{{cite web|url=http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675065400_Graham-Execution_Military-policemen_clergyman_hands-and-legs-of-spy-tied_execution-of-spy|title=HD Stock Video Footage – German spy Stephan Kortas is executed by Military Policemen and is carried away covered in white sheet in Toul France.|website=Criticalpast.com|access-date=23 November 2017}} is shown in these links.{{cite book |title=Hitler's Spies: German Military Intelligence In World War II |author=David Kahn |date= 2000 |publisher=Da Capo Press|pages=504–505 |isbn=0306809494}}

On 31 January 1945, U.S. Army Pvt. Edward "Eddie" Slovik was executed by firing squad for desertion near the village of Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines. He was the first American soldier executed for such offense since the American Civil War.

On 15 October 1945 Pierre Laval, the puppet leader of Nazi-occupied Vichy France, was executed for treason at Fresnes Prison in Paris.{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/vichy-leader-executed-for-treason|title=Vichy leader executed for treason – Oct 15, 1945|website=History.com|date=9 February 2010 |access-date=23 November 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWlaval.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903065256/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWlaval.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 September 2013|title=Pierre Laval : Biography|date=3 September 2013|access-date=23 November 2017}}

On 11 March 1963 Jean Bastien-Thiry was the last person to be executed by firing squad for a failed attempt to assassinate French president Charles de Gaulle.Judicial follow up of the assassination attempt of Petit-Clamart{{Circular reference|date=May 2019}}

{{Main|Capital punishment in Indonesia}}

Execution by firing squad is the capital punishment method used in Indonesia. The following persons were executed (reported by BBC World Service) by firing squad on 29 April 2015 following convictions for drug offences: two Australians, Myuran Sukumaran and Andrew Chan, the Ghanaian Martin Anderson, the Indonesian Zainal Abidin bin Mgs Mahmud Badarudin, three Nigerians: Raheem Agbaje Salami, Sylvester Obiekwe Nwolise and Okwudili Oyatanze, as well as Brazilian Rodrigo Gularte.

In 2006 Fabianus Tibo, Dominggus da Silva and Marinus Riwu were executed. Nigerian drug smugglers Samuel Iwachekwu Okoye and Hansen Anthoni Nwaolisa were executed in June 2008 in Nusakambangan Island.{{Cite news |url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/06/28/nigerian-drug-smugglers-buried-day-after-execution.html |title=Nigerian drug smugglers buried a day after execution |date=June 28, 2008 |author=Agus Maryono and Suherdjoko |work=The Jakarta Post}} Five months later three men convicted for the 2002 Bali bombing—Amrozi, Imam Samudra and Ali Ghufron—were executed on the same spot in Nusakambangan.{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7718246.stm | work=BBC News | title=Bali bomb burials stoke tensions | date=November 9, 2008 | access-date=March 27, 2010}} In January 2013 56-year-old British woman Lindsay Sandiford was sentenced to execution by firing squad for importing a large amount of cocaine; she lost her appeal against her sentence in April 2013.{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/indonesia/9861910/British-grandmother-Lindsay-Sandiford-appeals-Indonesia-death-sentence.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/indonesia/9861910/British-grandmother-Lindsay-Sandiford-appeals-Indonesia-death-sentence.html |archive-date=2022-01-11 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=British grandmother Lindsay Sandiford appeals Indonesia death sentence |newspaper=Telegraph |date=2013-02-11 |access-date=2013-07-25}}{{cbignore}}{{cite web|author=Karishma Vaswani |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21137649 |title=BBC News – Bali drugs: Death sentence for Briton Lindsay Sandiford |publisher=M.bbc.co.uk |date=2013-01-22 |access-date=2013-07-25}}{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/crime/british-granny-death-row-smuggling-drugs-prefers-firing-squad-article-1.1316447 |title='At least a bullet is quick': British grandmother on death row in Indonesia for smuggling drugs prefers firing squad |newspaper=NY Daily News |access-date=2013-07-25}} On 18 January 2015, under the new leadership of Joko Widodo, six people sentenced to death for producing and smuggling drugs into Indonesia were executed at Nusa Kambangan Penitentiary shortly after midnight.{{cite news|agency=AFP |url=https://news.yahoo.com/indonesia-executes-6-drug-convicts-including-5-foreigners-183735193.html |title=Fury as Indonesia executes foreigners by firing squad |date=2015-01-18 |access-date=2015-01-18}}

{{Main|Capital punishment in Ireland}}

Following the 1916 Easter Rising in Ireland, 15 of the 16 leaders who were executed were shot by the Dublin Castle administration under martial law. The executions have often been cited as a reason for how the Rising managed to galvanise public support in Ireland after the failed rebellion.English, R. Irish Freedom, (London, 2006), pp. 264–276. {{ISBN?}}

Following the Anglo-Irish Treaty, a split in the government and the Dáil led to a Civil War during which the Free State Government sanctioned the executions by firing squad of 81 persons. Included in those numbers were some prominent prisoners who were executed without trial as reprisals. Records show that eleven soldiers would have had live rounds in their weapons, and one soldier had a blank round.{{cite web | url=https://www.kilmainhamtales.ie/1916---firing-squads.php | title=Kilmainham Tales }} The officers loaded the weapons for the soldiers so no soldier knew if his weapon contained the blank round or a live one. This method was used to prevent the soldiers from being prosecuted for war crimes in the future, as it was impossible to know which soldier had fired a blank round, and therefore all soldiers could claim innocence.

{{Main|Capital punishment in Italy}}

File:Anton Dostler 1945 Colourized.jpg before his execution]]

Italy had used the firing squad as its only form of death penalty, both for civilians and military, since the unification of the country in 1861. The death penalty was abolished completely by both Italian Houses of Parliament in 1889 but revived under the Italian dictatorship of Benito Mussolini in 1926. Mussolini was himself shot in the last days of World War II.{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/mussolini_benito.shtml|title= History – Historic Figures: Benito Mussolini (1883–1945)|website=Bbc.co.uk|access-date=23 November 2017}}

On 1 December 1945 Anton Dostler, the first German general to be tried for war crimes, was executed by a U.S. firing squad in Aversa after being found guilty by a U.S. military tribunal of ordering the killing of 15 U.S. prisoners of war in Italy during World War II.

The last execution took place on 4 March 1947, as Francesco La Barbera, Giovanni Puleo and Giovanni D'Ignoti, sentenced to death on multiple accounts of robbery and murder, faced the firing squad at the range of Basse di Stura, near Turin. Soon after the Constitution of the newly proclaimed Republic prohibited the death penalty except for some crimes of the military penal code of war, like high treason; no one was sentenced to death after 1947. In 2007 the Constitution was amended to ban the death penalty altogether.

Firing squads were used during the periods of French and British control in Malta. Ringleaders of rebellions were often shot dead by firing squad during the French period, with perhaps the most notable examples being Dun Mikiel Xerri and other patriots in 1799.

The British also used the practice briefly, and for the last time in 1813, when two men were shot separately outside the courthouse after being convicted of failing to report their infection of plague to the authorities.{{cite book|last=Attard|first=Edward|date=2002|title=Il-Piena Kapitali f'Malta u Pajjiżi Oħra|url=http://www.mireva.com/DetailPanel.aspx?Id=15086683|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819064352/http://www.mireva.com/DetailPanel.aspx?Id=15086683|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-08-19|publisher=BDL Publishing|location=San Gwann, Malta|language=mt|pages=161–172|isbn=978-9990972122|oclc=254597108}}

File:Edouard Manet 022.jpg, 1868]]

{{Main|Capital punishment in Mexico}}

During the Mexican Independence War, several Independentist generals (such as Miguel Hidalgo and José María Morelos) were executed by Spanish firing squads.Known history of the Mexican Revolution Also, Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico and two of his generals were executed in the Cerro de las Campanas after the Juaristas took control of Mexico in 1867. Manet immortalized the execution in a now-famous painting, The Execution of Emperor Maximilian; he painted at least three versions.

Firing-squad execution was the most common way to carry out a death sentence in Mexico, especially during the Mexican Revolution and the Cristero War. An example of that is in the attempted execution of Wenseslao Moguel, who survived being shot ten times—once at point-blank range—because he fought under Pancho Villa. After these events, the death sentence was imposed for fewer types of crimes in Article 22 of the Mexican Constitution; however, in 2005 capital punishment was constitutionally prohibited,{{Cite web |url=https://www.cndh.org.mx/noticia/dia-mundial-contra-la-pena-de-muerte |title=Día Mundial contra la Pena de Muerte – CNDH |access-date=2023-04-05}}{{Cite web |url=http://info4.juridicas.unam.mx/ijure/fed/9/23.htm?s |title=Artículo 22 – CONSTITUCION POLITICA DE LOS ESTADOS UNIDOS MEXICANOS |access-date=2008-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114120/http://info4.juridicas.unam.mx/ijure/fed/9/23.htm?s |archive-date=2015-04-02 |url-status=dead }} and there has not been a judicial execution since 1961.{{Citation|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7866811.stm|title=Death penalty debate grows in Mexico|author=Gibbs, Stephen|work=BBC News|date=4 February 2009|access-date=2023-04-05|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211101642/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7866811.stm|archive-date=11 February 2009}}

{{Main|Capital punishment in the Netherlands}}

During the Nazi occupation in World War II some 3,000 persons were executed by German firing squads. The victims were sometimes sentenced by a military court; in other cases they were hostages or arbitrary pedestrians who were executed publicly to intimidate the population. After the attack on high-ranking German officer Hanns Albin Rauter, about 300 people were executed publicly as reprisal against resistance movements. Rauter himself was executed near Scheveningen on 12 January 1949, following his conviction for war crimes. Anton Mussert, a Dutch Nazi leader, was sentenced to death by firing squad and executed in the dunes near The Hague on 7 May 1946."Dutch Nazi Executed," Amarillo Globe, May 7, 1946, p. 1.

While under Allied guard in Amsterdam, and five days after the capitulation of Nazi Germany, two German Navy deserters were shot by a firing squad composed of other German prisoners kept in the Canadian-run prisoner-of-war camp. The men were lined up against the wall of an air raid shelter near an abandoned Ford Motor Company assembly plant in the presence of Canadian military.{{cite journal |author=Chris Madsen |url=http://www.wlu.ca/lcmsds/cmh/back%20issues/CMH/volume%202/issue%201/Madsen%20-%20Victims%20of%20Circumstance%20-%20the%20Execution%20of%20German%20Deserters%20by%20Surrendered%20German%20Troops%20Under%20Canadian%20Control.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204221839/http://www.wlu.ca/lcmsds/cmh/back%20issues/CMH/volume%202/issue%201/Madsen%20-%20Victims%20of%20Circumstance%20-%20the%20Execution%20of%20German%20Deserters%20by%20Surrendered%20German%20Troops%20Under%20Canadian%20Control.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-02-04 |title=Victims of Circumstance |date=August 2006 |journal=Canadian Military History |volume=2: Iss. 1, Article 8 |publisher=Scholars.wlu.ca (CanadianMilitaryHistory.ca reprint) |via=Internet Archive}} See: 13 May 1945 German deserter execution in Wikipedia.

Nigeria executes criminals who committed armed robberies—such as Ishola Oyenusi, Lawrence Anini and Osisikankwu—as well as military officers convicted of plotting coups against the government, such as Buka Suka Dimka and Maj. Gideon Orkar, by firing squad.

{{Main|Capital punishment in Norway}}

Vidkun Quisling, the leader of the collaborationist Nasjonal Samling Party and president of Norway during the German occupation in World War II, was sentenced to death for treason and executed by firing squad on 24 October 1945 at the Akershus Fortress.Knudsen, Harald Franklin. I was Quisling's Secretary, Britons Publishing Co., 1967, p. 176 {{ISBN?}}

{{Main|Capital punishment in the Philippines}}

File:Fusilamiento de rizal.jpg]]

Jose Rizal was executed by firing squad on the morning of 30 December 1896, in what is now Rizal Park, where his remains have since been placed.{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/3337273.stm | work=BBC News | title=Philippines 'restores' death penalty | date=December 21, 2003 | access-date=May 2, 2010}}

While in [Cavite] there were 13 people who executed by firing squad. They are known today as 13 martyrs of Cavite.

During the Marcos administration, drug trafficking was punishable by firing-squad execution, as was done to Lim Seng. Execution by firing squad was later replaced by the electric chair, then lethal injection. On 24 June 2006, President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo abolished capital punishment through the enactment of Republic Act No. 9346. Existing death row inmates, who numbered in the thousands, were eventually given life sentences or reclusion perpetua instead.Sun Star Cebu. 25 June 2006. [http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/ceb/2006/06/25/news/arroyo.kills.death.law.html Arroyo kills death law] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617190404/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/ceb/2006/06/25/news/arroyo.kills.death.law.html |date=June 17, 2008 }}

Nicolae Ceaușescu was executed by firing squad alongside his wife while singing{{cite news|author=Emma Graham-Harrison |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/07/nicolae-ceausescu-execution-anniversary-romania |title='I'm still nervous,' says soldier who shot Nicolae Ceausescu | World news |newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=2016-05-30}} the Communist Internationale following a show trial, bringing an end to the Romanian Revolution, on Christmas Day, 1989.

In Imperial Russia, firing squads were used in the army for executions during combat on the orders of military tribunals.

In the Soviet Union, from the very earliest days, the bullet to the back of the head, in front of a ready-dug burial trench was by far the most common practice. It became especially widely used during the Great Purge.Chapter 2, "Niyazov", in Lev Razgon, True Stories: Memoirs of a Survivor, Souvenir Press: London, 1999, pp. 21–34.

Executions in Saudi Arabia are usually carried out by beheading; however, at times other methods have been used. Al-Beshi, a Saudi executioner, has said that he has conducted some executions by shooting.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/jun/06/saudiarabia.features11|title=The work of God|first=Mahmoud|last=Ahmed|date=6 June 2003|newspaper=The Guardian}}{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/19/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-prince-executed-salman.html|title=Saudi Arabia Executes a Prince Convicted in a Fatal Shooting|first=Ben|last=Hubbard|date=18 October 2016|website=The New York Times}} Mishaal bint Fahd bin Mohammed Al Saud, a Saudi princess, was also executed in the same way.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eqHkaI5I1t8C&q=MISHAIL%20PRINCESS&pg=PA156|title=Behind the Veil: An Australian Nurse in Saudi Arabia|first=Lydia|last=Laube|date=1991|publisher=Wakefield Press|via=Google Books|isbn=978-1862542679}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EEEFsVYLko4C&q=%22princess%20mishaal%22&pg=PA240|title=Prophets and Princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the Present|first=Mark|last=Weston|date= 2008|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|via=Google Books|isbn=978-0470182574}}{{cite web|url=http://www.eurasiareview.com/04012016-saudi-arabia-carries-out-largest-mass-execution-since-1980/|title=Saudi Arabia Carries Out Largest Mass Execution Since 1980|date=4 January 2016|website=Eurasiareview.com|access-date=23 November 2017}}

{{Main|Capital punishment in South Africa}}

Two soldiers of the Bushveldt Carbineers, Breaker Morant and Peter Handcock, were executed by a British firing squad in the South African Republic on 27 February 1902 for war crimes they committed during the Second Boer War.

File:Fusilamiento_de_Torrijos_(Gisbert).jpg by Antonio Gisbert Pérez, in 1888 (Museo del Prado).]]

Since the Spanish transition to democracy in 1977 the new Spanish constitution prohibits the death penalty. Previously, execution by firing squad was reserved for cases under military jurisdiction. As in the rest of Europe, the death penalty ordered by a civil court was carried out by other methods clearly different from execution. In modern times, mainly by hanging or garrote.

During the decolonization of the Americas, several heroes of the independence of the former viceroyalties were executed by firing squad, including Camilo Torres Tenorio, Antonio Baraya, Antonio Villavicencio, José María Carbonell, Francisco José de Caldas, Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Policarpa Salavarrieta, María Antonia Santos Plata, José María Morelos, Mariano Matamoros, etc.

At the time of the Spanish Civil War the phrase "¡Al paredón!" ("To the wall!") to express the death threat to whom certain blame is attributed to be summarily executed. "Dar un paseo" (Going for a walk) is the euphemism of a series of violent episodes and political repression that occurred during the Spanish Civil War, which took place on both the Republican and the Nationalist factions,{{Cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Hugh |title=La guerra civil española |last2=Daurella |first2=Neri |last3=Thomas |first3=Hugh |date=1978 |publisher=Grijalbo Mondadori |isbn=978-84-253-2767-4 |location=Barcelona |pages=1004}}{{Cite journal |last1=Serrano Fernández |first1=Secundino |last2=Álvarez Oblanca |first2=Wenceslao |date=1987 |title=La represión nacionalista: "paseos" y ejecuciones |url=http://saber.es/web/biblioteca/libros/tierras-de-leon/html/67/2.7represion.pdf |journal=Tierras de León |volume=27 |issue=67 |pages=79 |issn=0495-5773 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212105617/http://saber.es/web/biblioteca/libros/tierras-de-leon/html/67/2.7represion.pdf|archive-date=2009-12-12 }} looking for victims with the excuse of taking them for a walk, which ended with the shooting in the open fields, often at night.{{Cite journal |last=Morcillo Rosillo |first=Matilde |year=1988 |title=Los tribunales populares durante la Guerra Civil en la provincia de Albacete (Los paseos de la muerte) |url=http://www.uclm.es/ab/educacion/ensayos/pdf/revista2/r2a7.pdf |journal=Revista de la Facultad de Educación de Albacete |issue=2 |pages=121 |issn=0214-4824 |access-date=2023-11-10 |archive-date=2012-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412223749/http://www.uclm.es/ab/educacion/ensayos/pdf/revista2/r2a7.pdf |url-status=dead }} It was an abbreviated murder procedure in the form of the Ley de fugas (Law for escapes). Sometimes common criminals participated in them.{{Cite book |last=Blanco Rodríguez |first=Juan Andrés |url=http://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/297333.pdf |title=Los estudios sobre la Guerra Civil en Castilla y León |publisher=Studia Zamorensia |year=1995 |pages=127 |issn=0214-736X}}

Indalecio Prieto would define these executions in Letters to a sculptor: small details of great events as:

"Executions without summary that were carried out in both areas of Spain and that dishonored us Spaniards on both sides equally".{{Cite journal |last=Cervera Gil |first=Javier |year=1995 |title=Violencia en el Madrid de la Guerra Civil: los 'paseos' (julio a diciembre de 1939) |url=http://gredos.usal.es/jspui/bitstream/10366/80073/1/Violencia_en_el_Madrid_de_la_Guerra_Civi.pdf |journal=Studia historica. Historia contemporánea |issue=13–14 |pages=64–65 |issn=0213-2087 |quote=RIETO TUERO, Indalecio: Cartas a un escultor. Pequeños detalles de grandes sucesos. (Introducción). Buenos Aires, Ed. Losada, 1961, p. 17.}}

{{Main|Capital punishment in the United Arab Emirates}}

In the United Arab Emirates, firing squad is the preferred method of execution.[http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGMDE250012002?open&of=ENG-ARE United Arab Emirates (UAE): Death penalty], {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014041356/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGMDE250012002?open&of=ENG-ARE |date=October 14, 2007 }} Amnesty International (Urgent Action), April 3, 2002.

{{Main|Capital punishment in the United Kingdom}}

The standard method of execution in the United Kingdom was hanging. Execution by firing squad was limited to times of war, armed insurrection and in the military, although it is now outlawed in all circumstances, along with all other forms of capital punishment.File:Chair in which Josef Jakobs sat when he was executed by firing squat August 15, 1941.jpg sat when he was executed by firing squad 15 August 1941]]

The Tower of London was used during both World Wars for executions. During World War I, eleven captured German spies were shot between 1914 and 1916: nine on the Tower's rifle range and two in the Tower Ditch, all of whom were buried in East London Cemetery, in Plaistow, London.{{Cite web |url=http://www.stephen-stratford.co.uk/wwi_spying.htm |title=5 vulnerabilities to eliminate to protect your home from burglars |access-date=2010-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412093020/http://www.stephen-stratford.co.uk/wwi_spying.htm |archive-date=2010-04-12 |url-status=dead }} On 15 August 1941, the last execution at the Tower was that of German Cpl. Josef Jakobs, shot for espionage during World War II.{{Cite web |last=Field |first=Becca |date=2021-08-14 |title=German spy and last person to be executed in Tower of London's ties to Cambs |url=https://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/news/history/german-spy-last-person-executed-21286110 |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=CambridgeshireLive |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Josef Jakobs |url=http://www.rafupwood.co.uk/Josefjakobs.html |access-date=2023-01-04 |website=www.rafupwood.co.uk}}

Since the 1960s, there has been some controversy concerning the 346 British and Imperial troops—including 25 Canadians, 22 Irish and 5 New Zealanders—shot for desertion, murder, cowardice and other offences during World War I, some of whom are now thought to have been suffering from combat stress reaction or post-traumatic stress disorder ("shell-shock", as it was then known). This led to organisations such as the Shot at Dawn Campaign being set up in later years to try to uncover just why these soldiers were executed. The Shot at Dawn Memorial was erected at Staffordshire to honour these soldiers. In August 2006 it was announced that 306 of these soldiers would receive posthumous pardons.{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1526437/Pardoned-the-306-soldiers-shot-at-dawn-for-cowardice.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1526437/Pardoned-the-306-soldiers-shot-at-dawn-for-cowardice.html |archive-date=2022-01-11 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Pardoned: the 306 soldiers shot at dawn for 'cowardice'|website=The Telegraph|date=16 August 2006 }}{{cbignore}}

{{Main|Capital punishment in the United States|Capital punishment debate in the United States}}

[[File:Map of US firing squad usage.svg|thumb|left|Firing squad usage in the United States.

{{legend|#FFFF33;|State uses this as a secondary method}}

{{legend|#7fff00;|State once used this method, but does not anymore}}

{{legend|#0099CC;|State has never used this method}}

]]

During the American War of Independence, General George Washington approved a sentence of death by firing squad, but the prisoner was later pardoned.{{Cite web|url=https://allthingsliberty.com/2016/02/george-washington-convenes-a-firing-squad/|title = George Washington Convenes a Firing Squad|date = 9 February 2016}}

During the American Civil War, 433 of the 573 men executed were shot dead by a firing squad: 186 of the 267 executed by the Union Army, and 247 of the 306 executed by the Confederate Army.

The United States Army carried out 10 executions by firing squad during World War II from 1942 to 1945, including Eddie Slovik, the only US soldier to be executed for desertion.Two tables of U.S. Soldiers executed during World War II's [https://web.archive.org/web/20060615113300/http://users.bestweb.net/~rg/execution/WWII%20MILITARY%20EXECUTIONS.htm European Theater]

The United States Army took over Shepton Mallet prison in Somerset, U.K. in 1942, renaming it Disciplinary Training Center No.1 and housing troops convicted of offences across Europe. There were eighteen executions at the prison, two of them by firing squad for murder: U.S. Army Pvt. Alexander Miranda on 30 May 1944 and Pvt. Benjamin Pygate on 28 November 1944. Locals complained about the noise, as the executions took place in the prison yard at 1:00am.{{citation needed|date=March 2022}}

In 1913, Andriza Mircovich became the first and only inmate in Nevada to be executed by shooting.{{cite web|title=Nevada State Prison Inmate Case Files: Andriza Mircovich|url=http://nsla.nevadaculture.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1691&Itemid=95|publisher=Nevada State Library and Archives|access-date=November 8, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406062256/http://nsla.nevadaculture.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1691&Itemid=95|archive-date=April 6, 2010}} After the warden of Nevada State Prison could not find five men to form a firing squad,{{cite news|title=No One To Shoot Murderer|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1912/08/12/104903993.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1912/08/12/104903993.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 12, 1912|access-date=November 9, 2010}} a shooting machine was built to carry out Mircovich's execution.{{cite journal|last=Cafferata|first=Patty|title=Capital Punishment Nevada Style|url=http://www.nvbar.org/Publications/NevadaLawyer/2010/June/capital.htm|journal=Nevada Lawyer|publisher=State Bar of Nevada|date=June 2010|access-date=November 8, 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718113236/http://www.nvbar.org/publications/NevadaLawyer/2010/June/capital.htm|archive-date=July 18, 2010}}

File:Andriza Mircovich NSP mug shot.png was the first and only inmate in Nevada to be executed by shooting.]]

John W. Deering allowed an electrocardiogram recording of the effect of gunshot wounds on his heart during his 1938 execution by firing squad,{{cite book|last=Boese|first=Alex|chapter=Heartbeat at Death|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wc-UlRRWQ1EC&q=john+deering&pg=246|title=Elephants on Acid: And Other Bizarre Experiments|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|pages=246–249|access-date=December 20, 2010|year=2007|isbn=978-0156031356}}{{Dead link|date=March 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} and afterwards his body was donated to the University of Utah School of Medicine, at his request.

Since 1960 there have been six executions by firing squad, four in Utah and two in South Carolina: The 1960 execution of James W. Rodgers, Gary Gilmore's execution in 1977, John Albert Taylor in 1996, who chose a firing squad for his execution, according to The New York Times, "to make a statement that Utah was sanctioning murder".{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE2D61F39F934A15752C0A960958260|title=Firing Squad Executes Killer|newspaper=The New York Times|date=1996-01-27|access-date=2008-06-16}} However, a 2010 article for the British newspaper The Times quotes Taylor justifying his choice because he did not want to "flop around like a dying fish" during a lethal injection.{{cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/utah-death-row-inmate-ronnie-lee-gardner-elects-to-die-by-firing-squad-235xphbvvgh | newspaper= The Times | date=2010-04-24 | title=Utah death row inmate Ronnie Lee Gardner elects to die by firing squad | author= Giles Whittell | location=London| author-link= Giles Whittell }} Ronnie Lee Gardner was executed by firing squad in 2010, having said he preferred this method of execution because of his "Mormon heritage". Gardner also felt that lawmakers were trying to eliminate the firing squad, in opposition to popular opinion in Utah, because of concern over the state's image in the 2002 Winter Olympics.{{cite news|last=Donaldson|first=Amy|newspaper=Deseret News|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/470713/INMATE-THREATENS-TO-SUE-IF-STATE-WONT-LET-HIM-DIE-BY-FIRING-SQUAD.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619233533/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/470713/INMATE-THREATENS-TO-SUE-IF-STATE-WONT-LET-HIM-DIE-BY-FIRING-SQUAD.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 19, 2010|title=Inmate threatens to sue if state won't let him die by firing squad|page=A1|access-date=2010-09-25|date=1996-02-09}} Brad Sigmon was executed in South Carolina on March 7, 2025 after also opting a firing squad.{{Cite web |date=2025-03-08 |title=Brad Sigmon: Double murderer is first US inmate executed by firing squad in 15 years |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8j0me0jzwko |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}} On April 11, 2025, Mikal Mahdi became the second inmate to be executed by firing squad in South Carolina.{{Cite news |work=Associated Press |date=April 11, 2025 |title=South Carolina kills executes second man by firing squad in 5 weeks |url=https://apnews.com/article/firing-squad-execution-south-carolina-mikal-mahdi-25466963350812080385524ccc3a9298 }}{{Cite news |work=USA Today |date=April 11, 2025 |title=Mikal Mahdi executed by firing squad in South Carolina for off-duty officer's brutal murder |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2025/04/11/mikal-mahdi-execution-firing-squad-south-carolina/83048661007/ }}

Execution by firing squad was banned in Utah in 2004,{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3519310.stm|title=Utah bans firing-squad executions|date=March 17, 2004}} but as the ban was not retroactive,{{cite web|url=http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/methods-execution|title=Methods of Execution|access-date=2010-06-17|year=2010|publisher=Death Penalty Information Center}} three inmates on Utah's death row have the firing squad set as their method of execution.{{cite news|last=Dobner|first=Jennifer|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/590037757/Plan-to-abolish-firing-squad-advances.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130102112431/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/590037757/Plan-to-abolish-firing-squad-advances.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 2, 2013|title=Plan to abolish firing squad advances|newspaper=Deseret News|pages=1–2|access-date=2010-10-03|date=January 22, 2004}} Idaho banned execution by firing squad in 2009,{{cite web|url=http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/recent-legislative-activity|title=Recent Legislative Activity|year=2009|access-date=2009-10-30|publisher=Death Penalty Information Center}} temporarily leaving Oklahoma as the only state utilizing this method of execution (and only as a secondary method).

Reluctance by drug companies to see their drugs used to kill people has led to a shortage of the commonly used lethal injection drugs.{{cite web|url=http://www.csg.org/pubs/capitolideas/enews/issue65_4.aspx|title=Lethal Injection Drug Shortage|last=Horne|first=Jennifer|date=2017|work=Council of State Governments|access-date=2017-04-07|archive-date=2016-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323013417/http://www.csg.org/pubs/capitolideas/enews/issue65_4.aspx|url-status=dead}}{{Cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-oe-alper-lethal-injection-shortages-20150414-story.html|title=Why the execution drug shortage won't go away|date=2015-04-13|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=2017-04-07|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035}} In March 2015, Utah enacted legislation allowing for execution by firing squad if the drugs they use are unavailable.Associated Press. [http://www.sltrib.com/news/2326783-155/firing-squad-gets-final-ok-so "Firing squad gets final OK. So how does it work?"] Salt Lake City Tribune (March 24, 2015). Several other states are also exploring a return to the firing squad.{{cite news|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/the-report/articles/2017-03-03/the-firing-squad-is-making-a-comeback-in-death-penalty-cases|title=The Firing Squad Is Making a Comeback in Death Penalty Cases|date=2017-03-03|work=US News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303190445/https://www.usnews.com/news/the-report/articles/2017-03-03/the-firing-squad-is-making-a-comeback-in-death-penalty-cases|archive-date=2017-03-03|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-04-07}} Thus, after waning in both use and popularity in recent decades, as of 2022, firing squad executions appear to be at least anecdotally regaining popularity as an alternative to lethal injection.{{cite web |last1=Chammah |first1=Maurice |title=The Return of the Firing Squad? |url=https://www.themarshallproject.org/2022/04/08/the-return-of-the-firing-squad |website=The Marshall Project |access-date=26 April 2022 |date=8 April 2022}}

On January 30, 2019, South Carolina's Senate voted 26–13 in favor of a revived proposal to bring back the electric chair and add firing squads to its execution options.{{Cite web|title=S 176 General Bill|url=https://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess123_2019-2020/bills/176.htm|access-date=2020-06-14|website=www.scstatehouse.gov|publisher=South Carolina General Assembly}} On May 14, 2021, South Carolina Governor Henry McMaster signed a bill into law which brought back the electric chair as the default method of execution (in the event lethal injection was unavailable) and added the firing squad to the list of execution options. South Carolina had not performed executions in over a decade, and its lethal injection drugs expired in 2013. Pharmaceutical companies have since refused to sell drugs for lethal injection.{{Cite web|title=SC governor signs law|date=17 May 2021|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/state-watch/553849-south-carolina-governor-signs-law-giving-inmates-choice-between-firing}}{{cite web |title=2021-2022 Bill 200: Executions |url=https://www.scstatehouse.gov/sess124_2021-2022/bills/200.htm |website=www.scstatehouse.gov}}

On April 7, 2022, the South Carolina Supreme Court scheduled the execution of Richard Bernard Moore for April 29, 2022.{{cite news|last=Betz|first=Bradford|date=April 7, 2022|title=South Carolina schedules execution of death row inmate, has his choice between electric chair or firing squad|work=Fox News|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/south-carolina-schedules-execution-of-death-row-inmate-has-his-choice-between-electric-chair-or-firing-squad|access-date=April 15, 2022}} On April 15, 2022, Moore chose to be executed by firing squad instead of the electric chair,{{cite news|last=Liu|first=Michelle|date=April 15, 2022|title=South Carolina inmate picks firing squad over electric chair|work=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/article/business-south-carolina-executions-5517b5184f8818bdd53e252af3b9cfc1|access-date=April 15, 2022}} however, his execution was later stayed by the South Carolina Supreme Court,{{cite news|last=Liu|first=Michelle|date=April 20, 2020|title=Court halts South Carolina plan for firing squad execution|work=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/article/us-supreme-court-business-crime-executions-south-carolina-e460cd28fad87b099ca96cab6c07099e|access-date=April 24, 2022}} and was executed on November 1, 2024 by lethal injection.{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/article/south-carolina-execution-richard-moore-clemency-e3e74f9309ec23eab220d93b7b0dfc29|title=South Carolina executes Richard Moore despite broadly supported plea to cut sentence to life|publisher=Associated Press|access-date=January 5, 2025}}

On March 20, 2023, a firing squad bill passed the Idaho state legislature, and was signed by the governor.{{cite web | url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/idaho-set-bring-back-death-185704369.html | title=Idaho set to bring back death by firing squad | date=20 March 2023 }}{{cite web | url=https://kidotalkradio.com/idaho-moves-to-bring-back-firing-squad-as-means-of-execution/ | title=Idaho Moves to Bring Back Firing Squad as Means of Execution | date=21 March 2023 }}{{cite web | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/firing-squad-idaho-executions-law-b2304620.html | title=Firing squad executions to return in Idaho after lawmakers pass controversial bill | website=Independent.co.uk | date=21 March 2023 }}{{cite web | url=https://www.9news.com.au/world/idaho-to-allow-firing-squad-executions-new-law/a9662184-1960-41c9-8ab2-8830d83bd5b1 | title=US state to allow firing squad executions due to shortage of lethal drugs | date=21 March 2023 }}{{cite web | url=https://www.kake.com/story/48610565/idaho-governor-signs-firing-squad-execution-bill-into-law | title=Idaho governor signs firing squad execution bill into law | date=25 March 2023 }}

In 2023, The Tennessee legislature debated about using the firing squad as a means of execution.{{cite web | url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2023-02-27/idaho-execution-by-firing-squad-draft-legislation | title=Why Idaho is considering bringing back execution by firing squad | website=Los Angeles Times | date=27 February 2023 }}{{cite web | url=https://www.newsweek.com/why-idaho-considering-firing-squad-executions-1783353 | title=Why Idaho is considering firing squad executions | website=Newsweek | date=23 February 2023 }}{{cite web | url=https://www.insider.com/idaho-bill-execution-firing-squad-lethal-injection-drugs-2023-2 | title=Idaho GOP lawmaker who wants to bring back firing squads says it's a 'more humane' option than lethal injection | website=Insider.com }}

{{cite web | url=https://newschannel9.com/news/local/firing-squad-discussed-at-tennessee-capitol-as-option-for-death-row-inmates-lethal-injection-capital-crimes-prison-prisoners | title=Firing squad discussed at Tennessee capitol as option for death row inmates | date=March 2023 }}{{cite web | url=https://www.wkrn.com/news/tennessee-politics/bill-to-execute-death-row-inmates-by-firing-squad-clears-another-hurdle-lawmaker-suggests-adding-hanging-on-a-tree/ | title=Bill to execute death row inmates by firing squad clears another hurdle, lawmaker suggests adding 'hanging on a tree' | date=March 2023 }}{{Cite web |title=Execution Costs in Idaho Take Center Stage with New Firing Squad Law |url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/news/execution-costs-in-idaho-take-center-stage-with-new-firing-squad-law |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=Death Penalty Information Center |language=en-US}}

On February 7, 2025, the South Carolina Supreme Court scheduled the execution of Brad Sigmon for March 7, 2025.{{cite web | url=https://apnews.com/article/south-carolina-execution-brad-sigmon-lethal-injection-311af3d76e1b62e2cdd7a16f845811db | title=South Carolina sets next execution date as inmate questions lethal injection doses | website=Associated Press | date=7 February 2025 |access-date=21 February 2025}} He was given the choice to die by lethal injection, firing squad, or electrocution, the latter of which his lawyers stated he did not want to die from.{{cite web | url=https://apnews.com/article/south-carolina-execution-brag-sigmon-lethal-injection-34c595eca7e1c4fc222ca8d0dca64e66 | title=Man on death row in South Carolina seeks postponement to get autopsy from last execution

| website=The Associated Press | date=14 February 2025 | access-date=21 February 2025}} Due to concerns about the lethal injection doses, on February 21, 2025, Sigmon chose to die by firing squad.{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/21/us/execution-firing-squad-south-carolina.html | title=South Carolina Death Row Inmate Chooses to Be Executed by a Firing Squad

| website=The New York Times | date=21 February 2025 }} On March 7, 2025, at just after 6 PM EST, Sigmon was executed and pronounced dead a few minutes later.{{Cite web |last=Medina |first=Eduardo |title=South Carolina Executes Inmate by Firing Squad |website=The New York Times |date=March 7, 2025 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/07/us/south-carolina-firing-squad-execution.html}}

Three weeks after Sigmon was executed, Mikal Mahdi, another prisoner from South Carolina's death row, also elected to be put to death by firing squad after receiving an execution date of April 11, 2025. He was executed as scheduled, becoming the fifth person in the United States and the second in South Carolina to be executed by this method. His execution is the most recent one to have been carried out by firing squad in the United States.

On March 12, 2025, Idaho Governor Brad Little signed a bill to designate firing squad as the primary execution method in the state. Idaho became the first state with such a policy.{{cite news|url=https://idahocapitalsun.com/2025/03/12/idaho-will-be-only-state-with-firing-squad-as-main-execution-method-after-governor-signs-bill/|title=Idaho will be only state with firing squad as main execution method, after governor signs bill|date=March 12, 2025|work=Idaho Capital Sun}}{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/crime/idaho-governor-bill-firing-squad-b2714148.html|title=Idaho governor signs bill making firing squad the state's primary execution method|date=March 12, 2025|work=}}

As of 2025, Idaho, Mississippi, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Utah are the only states that use firing squad for the death penalty.

• Bullet fee
• Use of capital punishment by country

{{Reflist}}

• Moore, William, The Thin Yellow Line, Wordsworth Editions Ltd, 1974
• Putkowski and Sykes, Shot at Dawn, Leo Cooper, 2006
• Hughs-Wilson, John and Corns, Cathryn M, Blindfold and Alone: British Military Executions in the Great War, Cassell, 2005
• Johnson, David, Executed at Dawn: The British Firing Squads of the First World War, History Press, 2015

{{Commons category|Firing squad}}

• [http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1861/december/firing-squad.htm Firing Squad Execution of a Civil War Deserter Described in an 1861 Newspaper]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20081014164615/http://www.janpieterchielens.be/shotatdawn/index.html The Shot at Dawn Campaign with biographies of executed British and Commonwealth soldiers]
• [http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/64684,in-pictures,news-in-pictures,death-by-firing-squad Death by Firing Squad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100622004108/http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/64684,in-pictures,news-in-pictures,death-by-firing-squad |date=2010-06-22 }} – slideshow by The First Post
• [http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/47661/nazis-meet-the-firing-squad Nazis Meet the Firing Squad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905035957/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/47661/nazis-meet-the-firing-squad |date=2010-09-05 }} – slideshow by Life magazine

{{Capital punishment}}

{{Portal bar|Law}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Execution By Firing Squad}}

Firing squad

Category:Capital punishment

Category:Gun violence