Gloria Macapagal Arroyo

Arroyo was born as Maria Gloria Macaraeg Macapagal on April 5, 1947, at St. Luke's Medical Center Extension Clinic in Ermita, Manila, Philippines, to lawyer Diosdado Macapagal and his wife, Evangelina Guico Macaraeg Macapagal. She is the sister of Diosdado "Boboy" Macapagal Jr. She has two older siblings from her father's first marriage with Purita de la Rosa, the sister of Rogelio de la Rosa,{{Cite web|title=Diosdado Macapagal|work=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |date=April 21, 2011 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2011/04/21/diosdado-macapagal/}} Arturo Macapagal and Cielo Macapagal Salgado.{{cite web|url=http://www.hwwilson.com/print/cbintl_arroyo_biography.htm |title=Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo |access-date=June 4, 2007 |work=Current Biography International Yearbook 2004 |publisher=The H. W. Wilson Company |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070418022434/http://www.hwwilson.com/print/cbintl_arroyo_biography.htm |archive-date=April 18, 2007 }}{{cite book |title=Philippine Electoral Almanac |date=2015 |publisher=Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office |isbn=978-971-95551-6-2 |edition=Revised and Expanded |url=https://archive.org/details/philippine-electoral-almanac-revised-and-expanded |access-date=October 12, 2020 |page=216}} She was raised mostly in Lubao, Pampanga and during summer vacations, she lived with her maternal grandmother in Iligan City.{{cite magazine|title=Glory, Gloria!|magazine=Time|date=January 29, 2001|last=Spaeth|first=Anthony |url=http://www.time.com/time/pacific/magazine/20010129/cover2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010605173216/http://www.time.com/time/pacific/magazine/20010129/cover2.html |archive-date=June 5, 2001|url-status=dead|access-date=June 4, 2007}}

She moved with her family into Malacañang Palace in Manila when her father became president. A municipality was named in her honor, Gloria, Oriental Mindoro. She attended Assumption Convent for her elementary and high school education, graduating valedictorian in 1964. Arroyo then studied for two years at Georgetown University's Walsh School of Foreign Service in Washington, D.C. where she was a classmate of future United States president Bill Clinton.{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2005/11/1YDI.html |title=Gloria Arroyo, The Most Powerful Women |access-date=June 4, 2007 |date=November 1, 2005 |work=Forbes}} She then earned her Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics from Assumption College San Lorenzo graduating magna cum laude in 1968.

In 1968, Arroyo married lawyer and businessman Jose Miguel Arroyo of Binalbagan, Negros Occidental. They have three children: including Juan Miguel (born 1969), {{cite news|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/philippines/president-arroyos-daughter-marries-1.142316|title=President Arroyo's daughter marries|first=Barbie May|last=Dacanay|date=November 6, 2008|accessdate=May 20, 2023|work=Gulf News|location=Manila}} and Diosdado Ignacio Jose Maria (born 1974). She received a master's degree in economics at the Ateneo de Manila University (1978) and a Ph.D. in economics from the University of the Philippines Diliman (1985).{{cite web |url=http://www.op.gov.ph/biography.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524214413/http://www.op.gov.ph/biography.asp |archive-date=May 24, 2007 |title=President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo Biography |access-date=June 4, 2007 |publisher=Office of the President}} From 1977 to 1987, she held teaching positions in several schools, including the University of the Philippines and the Ateneo de Manila University. She became chairperson of the Economics Department at Assumption College.{{Cite book |last=Crisostomo |first=Isabelo T. |title=The power and the glory: Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and her presidency |date=2002 |publisher=J. Kriz Pub. Enterprises |isbn=978-971-93072-2-8 |series=Presidential Book Series |location=Quezon City, Metro Manila, Philippines |pages=20}}{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). Only a mere statement of GMA having the position, but no evidence (e.g. statement or document) from Assumption|date=July 2024}}

In 1987, she was invited by President Corazon Aquino to join the government as assistant secretary of the Department of Trade and Industry. She was promoted to undersecretary two years later. In her concurrent position as executive director of the Garments and Textile Export Board, Arroyo oversaw the rapid growth of the garment industry in the late 1980s.{{Citation needed|date=February 2023}}

Arroyo entered politics in the 1992 election, running for senator. At the first general election under the 1987 Constitution, the top twelve vote-getting senatorial candidates would win a six-year term, and the next twelve candidates would win a three-year term.{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/a18.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527091924/http://www.gov.ph/aboutphil/a18.asp |archive-date=May 27, 2007 |title=Article 18: Transitory Provisions |access-date=June 5, 2007 |work=The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines |url-status=dead |publisher=The Official Website of the Republic of the Philippines}} Arroyo ranked 13th in the elections, earning a three-year term. She was re-elected in 1995, topping the senatorial election with nearly 16 million votes.

As a legislator, Arroyo filed over 400 bills and authored or sponsored 55 laws during her tenure as senator, including the Anti-Sexual Harassment Law, the Indigenous People's Rights Law, and the Export Development Act. The 1995 Mining Act, which allows 100% foreign ownership of Philippine mines, has come under fire from left-wing political groups.{{Citation needed|date=July 2022}} Arroyo was also openly against the implementation of capital punishment in the country, advocating instead for better criminal rehabilitation during her time as Senator.{{cite news|title=Death penalty a dud?|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=oZUVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IAsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6615%2C789330 |access-date=July 3, 2022|work=Manila Standard|publisher=Kamahalan Publishing Corp.|date=February 5, 1996|page=7}}

Arroyo considered a run for the presidency in the 1998 election, but was persuaded by President Fidel V. Ramos and leaders of the administration party Lakas-NUCD to instead seek the vice-presidency as the running mate of its presidential candidate, House Speaker Jose de Venecia, Jr.{{cite book |last1=Malaya |first1=J. Eduardo |first2=Jonathan E.|last2=Malaya |title=...So Help Us God: The Presidents of the Philippines and Their Inaugural Addresses |year=2004 |publisher=Anvil Publishing |location=Pasig |isbn=971-27-1487-X |pages=301–303}} Though the latter lost to popular former actor Joseph Estrada, Arroyo won the vice presidency by a large margin, garnering more than twice the votes of her closest opponent, Estrada's running mate Senator Edgardo Angara.{{cite web |url=http://www.pangulo.ph/election_results.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041205193215/http://www.pangulo.ph/election_results.php |archive-date=December 5, 2004 |title=Results of the Past Presidential & Vice-Presidential Elections |access-date=June 4, 2007 |publisher=The Philippine Presidency Project}}

Arroyo began her term as vice president on June 30, 1998, becoming the first female to hold the post. She was appointed by Estrada to a concurrent position in the cabinet as secretary of social welfare and development. As vice president, she was noted by political observers to continuously take a neutral stance on issues facing the government.{{cite news|last=Lopez|first=Antonio|title=The Lady-In- Waiting|url=http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/magazine/99/1217/nat.philippines.arroyo.html|access-date=July 7, 2024|work=Asiaweek|publisher=Time Inc.|date=December 17, 1999|location=Manila}}

Arroyo resigned from the Cabinet in October 2000, distancing herself from Estrada, who was accused of corruption by a former political supporter, Chavit Singson, Governor of Ilocos Sur.{{cite PH act|chamber=GR|number=146710-15|url=http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2001/mar2001/146710_15.htm|title=Estrada v. Arroyo|date=March 2, 2001|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041231172731/http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2001/mar2001/146710_15.htm|archive-date=December 31, 2004}} She had initially resisted pressure from allies to speak out against Estrada,{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/13/world/philippine-vice-president-quits-cabinet-citing-scandal.html|work=The New York Times|title=Philippine Vice President Quits Cabinet, Citing Scandal|first=Seth|last=Mydans|date=October 13, 2000|access-date=May 3, 2010}} but eventually joined calls for Estrada's resignation.

{{BLP sources section|date=January 2011}}

{{Main|Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo}}

File:President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo APEC 2001.jpg

The last quarter of 2000 up to the first week of January 2001 was a period of political and economic uncertainty for the Philippines. On January 16, 2001, the impeachment trial also took a new direction. Private prosecutors walked out of the trial when pro-Estrada senators prevented the opening of an evidence (a brown envelope) containing bank records allegedly owned by President Joseph Estrada. With the walkout, the impeachment trial was not completed and Filipinos eventually took to the streets in masses to continue the clamor for President Estrada's resignation.

File:Arroyo First Oath.jpg by Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr. on January 20, 2001.]]

From January 17 to 20, 2001, hundreds of thousands of Filipinos gathered at Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA), the site of the original People Power Revolution. The clamor for a change in the presidency gained momentum as various sectors of Philippine society – professionals, students, artists, politicians, leftist and rightist groups – joined what became known as EDSA II. Officials of the administration, the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and the Philippine National Police (PNP), the latter led by Panfilo Lacson, also withdrew their support for President Estrada.

File:NDS reverse 200 Philippine peso bill.jpg two hundred-peso banknote, being sworn in as president by Chief Justice Hilario Davide Jr. in January 2001]]

Days after leaving Malacañang Palace, President Estrada's lawyers and allies questioned the legitimacy of Arroyo's presidency before the Supreme Court, with Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago among the more outspoken politicians to call for his reinstatement as president.{{cite news|last1=Avendaño|first1=Christine|last2=Cueto|first2=Donna S.|last3=Ubac|first3=Michael Lim|last4=Bordadora|first4=Norman|last5=Herrera|first5=Christine|last6=Rivera|first6=Blanche|title=Erap out, Gloria in: New President vows leadership by example.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pn42AAAAIBAJ|access-date=March 26, 2024|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|publisher=The Philippine Daily Inquirer, Inc.|date=January 21, 2001|page=1|quote=The new President, the country's 14th said she decided to take her oath even without Estrada's formal resignation after being informed by [Hilario] Davide [Jr.] that her succession was legal.}}{{cite news|last=Avendaño|first=Christine|title=2 senators hit Lee comment on Edsa 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QX42AAAAIBAJ&pg=PA2|access-date=March 26, 2024|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|publisher=The Philippine Daily Inquirer, Inc.|date=January 24, 2001|page=2|quote=Santiago said Macapagal's succession climaxed by her oath-taking at the Edsa Shrine, was illegal under the present Constitution[...]}} Estrada reiterated that he had not officially resigned as president and that at most, Arroyo was just serving in an acting capacity. The high court, however, voted unanimously to uphold the legitimacy of Arroyo's succession. As a consequence, Estrada no longer enjoys immunity from charges being filed against him.

In the last week of April 2001, the Sandiganbayan ordered the arrest of Estrada and his son, then mayor Jinggoy Estrada, for plunder charges. A few days later, Estrada supporters protested his arrest, gathered at the EDSA Shrine, and staged what they called, EDSA III – comparing their actions to the People Power revolution of 1986 and January 2001.{{cite news |last1=Clapano |first1=Jose Rodel |last2=Laude |first2=Jaime |last3=Alquitran |first3=Non |title=Estrada jailed for plunder |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2001/04/26/90498/estrada-jailed-plunder |access-date=July 14, 2023 |work=The Philippine Star |date=April 26, 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630213907/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2001/04/26/90498/estrada-jailed-plunder |archive-date=June 30, 2022}}

Thousands of protesters demanded the release of Estrada. Eventually, they also called for the ouster of Arroyo and the reinstatement of the former. On May 1, 2001, they marched towards Malacañang to force Arroyo to give in to their demands. Violence erupted when the protesters attempted to storm the presidential palace and the military and police were ordered to use their arms to drive them back. Arroyo declared a state of rebellion because of the violence and prominent political personalities affiliated with Estrada were charged and arrested.{{cite news |last1=Landler |first1=Mark |title=Philippine President Declares State of Rebellion in Manila |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/01/world/philippine-president-declares-state-of-rebellion-in-manila.html |access-date=July 14, 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=May 1, 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127071128/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/01/world/philippine-president-declares-state-of-rebellion-in-manila.html |archive-date=November 27, 2020}} The so-called EDSA III was the first serious political challenge to the Arroyo presidency.

{{Main|Oakwood mutiny}}

The Oakwood mutiny occurred in the Philippines on July 27, 2003. A group of 321 armed soldiers who called themselves "Bagong Katipuneros"{{cite news | last =Laurel | first =Herman T | title =Small setback... | work=The Daily Tribune | date = February 22, 2006 | url =http://www.tribune.net.ph/20060222/commentary/20060222com5.html | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070928020715/http://www.tribune.net.ph/20060222/commentary/20060222com5.html | archive-date=September 28, 2007 | access-date = August 10, 2007}} led by Army Capt. Gerardo Gambala and Navy Lt. Antonio Trillanes IV took over the Oakwood Premier Ayala Center (now Ascott Makati) serviced apartment tower in Makati to show the Filipino people the alleged corruption of the Gloria Macapagal Arroyo administration, believing that the president was going to declare martial law.

{{Infobox President styles

|name=Gloria Macapagal Arroyo

|image = 100px

|dipstyle= Her Excellency

|offstyle= Your Excellency

|altstyle= Madam President

}}

Article VII Section 4 of the 1987 Constitution explicitly states that the president of the Philippines can only serve for one term. However, the same provision also implicitly states that a president's successor who has not served for more than four years can still seek a full term for the presidency. Although Arroyo fell under this category, she initially announced on December 29, 2002, that she would not seek the presidency in 2004. She emphasized that she would devote her remaining months in office to serving the people and improving the economy of the Philippines.{{cite news |last1=Ressa |first1=Maria |author1-link=Maria Ressa |title=Arroyo: I won't run for president in 2004 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/12/29/phillipines.arroyo/index.html |access-date=July 14, 2023 |work=CNN |date=December 29, 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014042305/https://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/12/29/phillipines.arroyo/index.html |archive-date=October 14, 2009}}

In October 2003, Arroyo changed her mind and announced that she will run in the May 2004 presidential elections and seek a direct mandate from the people. She explained, "There is a higher cause — to change society...in a way that flourishes our future".{{cite web |title=Speech of President Arroyo during the Pampanga Senior Citizens Congress/Multisectoral Program and formal declaration to run in the May 2004 elections |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2003/10/04/speech-of-president-arroyo-during-the-pampanga-senior-citizens-congressmultisectoral-program-and-formal-declaration-to-run-in-the-may-2004-elections/ |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |access-date=July 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923121133/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2003/10/04/speech-of-president-arroyo-during-the-pampanga-senior-citizens-congressmultisectoral-program-and-formal-declaration-to-run-in-the-may-2004-elections/ |archive-date=September 23, 2018 |date=October 4, 2003}} With her decision, the initial criticisms hurled against Arroyo centered on her lack of word of honor.

As predicted by SWS exit polls, Arroyo won the election by a margin of over one million votes against Poe. However, the congressional canvassing was quite contentious as opposition lawmakers in the National Board of Canvassers argued that there were many discrepancies in the election returns and that insinuations of cheating were raised.{{cite news |title=Election officials: Arroyo narrowly wins term |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5052318 |access-date=July 14, 2023 |work=NBC News |agency=Associated Press |date=May 24, 2004 |language=en}} On June 23, 2004, Congress proclaimed Arroyo and Noli de Castro as president and vice president, respectively.

{{main|Gloria Macapagal Arroyo 2004 presidential campaign}}

Image:arroyo inauguration.jpg in Cebu City on June 30, 2004.]]

On June 30, 2004, in a break with tradition, Arroyo first delivered her inaugural speech at the Quirino Grandstand in Manila.{{cite web |title=Second Inaugural Address of President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, June 30, 2004 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2004/06/30/second-inaugural-address-of-president-gloria-macapagal-arroyo-june-30-2004/ |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |access-date=July 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614042350/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2004/06/30/second-inaugural-address-of-president-gloria-macapagal-arroyo-june-30-2004/ |archive-date=June 14, 2021 |date=June 30, 2004}} She then departed for Cebu City for her oath taking,{{cite news |last1=Conde |first1=Carlos H. |title=Philippine Leader Promises to Create More Jobs |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/01/world/philippine-leader-promises-to-create-more-jobs.html |access-date=July 14, 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=July 1, 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528013949/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/01/world/philippine-leader-promises-to-create-more-jobs.html |archive-date=May 28, 2015}} the first time that a Philippine president took the oath of office outside of Luzon.

Allegations of cheating against Arroyo gained momentum one year after the May 2004 elections. In a press conference held on June 10, 2005, Samuel Ong, former deputy director of the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) claimed to have audio recordings of wiretapped conversations between Arroyo and an official of the Commission on Elections (COMELEC).{{cite news |last1=Toms |first1=Sarah |title=Man charged over Philippine tapes |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4094580.stm |access-date=July 14, 2023 |work=BBC News |date=June 15, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821090956/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4094580.stm |archive-date=August 21, 2006}} Virgilio Garcillano, a former COMELEC commissioner, would later be identified as the official talking to Arroyo.{{cite news |last1=Laude |first1=Jaime |last2=Alquitran |first2=Non |title=Ong kicked out of seminary for being a Mason? |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2005/06/16/281840/ong-kicked-out-seminary-being-mason |access-date=July 14, 2023 |work=The Philippine Star |date=June 16, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714132606/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2005/06/16/281840/ong-kicked-out-seminary-being-mason |archive-date=July 14, 2023}} According to Ong, the recordings allegedly proved that Arroyo ordered the rigging of the national elections for her to win by around one million votes against Poe.{{cite news |title=In the Philippines, people prepare for yet another coup |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2005/06/12/2003258982 |access-date=July 14, 2023 |work=Taipei Times |date=June 12, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060510102625/https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2005/06/12/2003258982 |archive-date=May 10, 2006}}

The recordings of Ong became known as the Hello Garci controversy and triggered massive protests against Arroyo. Key members of her cabinet resigned from their respective posts and urged Arroyo to do the same. On June 27, 2005, Arroyo admitted to inappropriately speaking to a COMELEC official, claiming it was a "lapse in judgement". She, however, denied influencing the outcome of the elections and declared that she won the elections fairly.{{cite news |last1=Calica |first1=Aurea |last2=Romero |first2=Paolo |title=GMA: I'm sorry, it's me on tape |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2005/06/28/283808/gma-i146m-sorry-it146s-me-tape |access-date=July 14, 2023 |work=The Philippine Star |date=June 28, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223205448/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2005/06/28/283808/gma-i146m-sorry-it146s-me-tape |archive-date=December 23, 2021}} Arroyo did not resign despite the pressures coming from various sectors of society.

The Hello Garci controversy became the basis of the impeachment case filed against Arroyo in 2005;{{cite news |last1=Conde |first1=Carlos H. |title=Arroyo admits to 'lapse' during election |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/28/world/asia/arroyo-admits-to-lapse-during-election.html |access-date=July 14, 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=June 28, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109172541/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/28/world/asia/arroyo-admits-to-lapse-during-election.html |archive-date=November 9, 2021}} attempts to impeach Arroyo failed later that year.{{cite news |title=Impeachment charges against Arroyo dropped |url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-09/07/content_475775.htm |access-date=July 14, 2023 |work=China Daily |agency=Associated Press |date=September 7, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301222354/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-09/07/content_475775.htm |archive-date=March 1, 2006}} Another impeachment case was filed against Arroyo in 2006 but was also defeated at the House of Representatives.{{cite news |title=Philippines quashes Arroyo impeachment case |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna14374564 |access-date=July 14, 2023 |work=NBC News |agency=Associated Press |date=August 16, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227155842/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna14374564 |archive-date=February 27, 2021 |language=en}}{{cite web |title=Impeachment 2005 and 2006: How the congressmen voted |url=https://old.pcij.org/blog/2006/08/24/impeachment-2005-and-2006-how-the-congressmen-voted |website=The PCIJ Blog |publisher=Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism |access-date=July 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030235827/https://old.pcij.org/blog/2006/08/24/impeachment-2005-and-2006-how-the-congressmen-voted |archive-date=October 30, 2020 |date=August 24, 2006}}

In October 2007, lawyer Alan Paguia filed an impeachment complaint against Arroyo in connection with the issue of bribery. Paguia's complaint was based on the revelation of Pampanga Governor Ed Panlilio that various governors received half a million pesos from Malacañang. The impeachment case, as of the middle of October 2007, has already been referred to the House of Representatives Committee on Justice.

{{Main|2006 state of emergency in the Philippines}}

File:Dmitry Medvedev 5 June 2009-5.jpg, June 9, 2009]]

On February 24, 2006, a plot to take over the government was uncovered by authorities, allegedly headed by Gen. Danilo Lim and other rightist military adventurists. General Lim and some of his men were arrested.{{cite news |last1=Javellana-Santos |first1=Julie |title=Court-Martial Sought for Philippine General Over Alleged Coup Plot |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/281956 |access-date=May 19, 2023 |work=Arab News |date=March 19, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519174151/https://www.arabnews.com/node/281956 |archive-date=May 19, 2023 |language=en}} To face the threat posed by enemies of the state, Arroyo issued Presidential Proclamation 1017 and used it as basis in declaring a state of emergency throughout the Philippines. According to Arroyo, this declaration was done to quell the military rebellion, stop lawless violence, and promote peace and stability.{{cite news |title=Philippines In State Of Emergency |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/philippines-in-state-of-emergency-23-02-2006/ |access-date=May 19, 2023 |work=CBS News |date=February 24, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519173931/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/philippines-in-state-of-emergency-23-02-2006/ |archive-date=May 19, 2023}}{{cite magazine |last1=Walsh |first1=Bryan |title=Inside the Philippines Coup Plot |url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,1167191,00.html |access-date=May 19, 2023 |magazine=Time |date=February 24, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519180027/https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,1167191,00.html |archive-date=May 19, 2023}} Presidential Proclamation 1017 also empowered the government to enforce warrantless arrests and take over strategic private utilities companies.{{Cite web |date=February 24, 2006 |title=Proclamation No. 1017, Proclamation Declaring a State of Emergency |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2006/02/24/proclamation-no-1017-s-2006/ |access-date=July 11, 2024 |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines}} Several members of the Senate, including Franklin Drilon, Francis Pangilinan, and Pia Cayetano, condemned the proclamation as it contravenes "the fundamental guarantees of the Constitution, particularly the basic civil liberties enshrined therein."{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2006 |title=Senate condemns illegal acts under Proclamation 1017 |url=https://legacy.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2006/0227_drilon2.asp |access-date=July 11, 2024 |website=Senate of the Philippines}}

The state of emergency existed for about one week with the purpose of curbing further violence, illegal rallies, and public disturbance throughout the Philippines. The police and the military dispersed demonstrators and protesters, especially those along EDSA. Aside from General Lim, prominent personalities were also arrested in connection with their alleged participation in the attempt to overthrow the government.

Presidential Proclamation 1017 was lifted on March 3, 2006, but members of the opposition, private lawyers, and concerned citizens challenged its constitutionality before the Supreme Court.{{cite news |title=Senators want probe of PP 1017 |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/1400/senators-want-probe-of-pp-1017/story/ |access-date=May 19, 2023 |work=GMA News Online |date=March 3, 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519175142/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/1400/senators-want-probe-of-pp-1017/story/ |archive-date=May 19, 2023 |language=en}} On May 4, the high court declared the proclamation constitutional; however, it also ruled it was illegal for the government to implement warrantless arrests and seize private institutions and companies.{{cite web |title=G.R. No. 171409 |date=May 3, 2006 |url=https://www.chanrobles.com/scdecisions/jurisprudence2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.php |website=Chan Robles Virtual Law Library |access-date=May 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423201446/https://www.chanrobles.com/scdecisions/jurisprudence2006/may2006/G.R.%20No.%20171396.php |archive-date=April 23, 2012 |at=Summation}}

Arroyo spearheaded a controversial plan for an overhaul of the constitution to transform the present unitary and presidential republic with a bicameral legislature into a federal parliamentary government with a unicameral legislature.{{cite news|first=Lira|last=Dalangin-Fernandez|url=http://newsinfo.inq7.net/breakingnews/nation/view_article.php?article_id=12106|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060727190950/http://newsinfo.inq7.net/breakingnews/nation/view_article.php?article_id=12106|archive-date=July 27, 2006|title=People's support for Charter change 'nowhere to go but up'|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=July 27, 2006|access-date=July 27, 2006}}

File:George W. Bush & Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo in the Oval Office 2003-05-19.jpg, May 19, 2003]]

After decades of surveys, consultations, and studies starting with the Monroe Survey in 1925 during the American period, the 9-year implementation process of K–12 curriculum finally began on May 20, 2008 during the Arroyo administration when Senator Mar Roxas filed the Omnibus Education Reform Act of 2008 (Senate Bill 2294) to strengthen the Philippine education system through timely interventions on the quality of teachers, the medium of instruction used and the evaluation of students' aptitude, among other aspects. It mandates the effectivity of K–12 four years later on April 24, 2012 during the administration of Arroyo's successor Benigno Aquino III which increase in the number of years in basic education, from 10 years to 12 years as consistent with global standards.{{cite press release|url=https://legacy.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2008/0520_roxas1.asp|title=Roxas Files Omnibus Education Reform Act|publisher=Senate of the Philippines|access-date=September 13, 2023}}

On January 7, 2010, senator and presidential candidate Benigno Aquino III adopted the position of SB 2294; he said this will "give everyone an equal chance to succeed" and "have quality education and profitable jobs."{{cite news|url=https://www.philstar.com/other-sections/education-and-home/2010/01/07/538275/noynoy-vs-gibo-education|date=January 7, 2010|title=Noynoy vs Gibo on education|publisher=The Philippine Star|author=Isagani Cruz|access-date=September 13, 2023}}{{cite press release|url=http://www.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2010/0211_aquino3.asp|date=February 11, 2010|title=Aquino Unveils Agenda for Philippine Education System|publisher=Senate of the Philippines|access-date=June 15, 2016}}

{{Main|Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo#Economy}}

Arroyo, who earned a master's degree and doctorate in economics, made the Philippine economy the focus of her presidency. Annual economic growth in the Philippines averaged 4.5% during the Arroyo administration, expanding every quarter of her presidency.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/philippines/ |title=Philippines |date=March 8, 2011 |work=CIA World Factbook |access-date=March 18, 2011 }} This is higher than in the administrations of her three immediate predecessors, Corazon Aquino (3.8%), Fidel Ramos (3.7%), and Joseph Estrada (3.7%).{{cite news|last1=Abaya|first1=Antonio C.|url=http://www.manilastandardtoday.com/?page=antonioAbaya_jan17_2008|title=GMA's successes|work=Manila Standard Today|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209212557/http://www.manilastandardtoday.com/?page=antonioAbaya_jan17_2008|archive-date=February 9, 2008}} The Philippine economy grew at its fastest pace in three decades in 2007, with real GDP growth exceeding 7%.{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/philippines/economy_profile.html |title=Philippines Economy Profile 2008 |publisher=Indexmundi.com |access-date=January 24, 2012}} The economy was one of the few to avoid contraction during the 2008 global financial crisis, faring better than its regional peers due to minimal exposure to troubled international securities, lower dependence on exports, relatively resilient domestic consumption, large remittances from four-to five-million overseas Filipino workers, and a growing business process outsourcing industry. Arroyo's handling of the economy has earned praise from former US president Bill Clinton, who cited her "tough decisions" that put the Philippine economy back in shape.{{cite news|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011115450/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/breakingnews/view_article.php?article_id=90950 |url=http://globalnation.inquirer.net/news/breakingnews/view_article.php?article_id=90950 |archive-date=October 11, 2007 |title=Arroyo shares spotlight with global leaders in forum |publisher=INQUIRER.net |date=October 11, 2007 |access-date=January 24, 2012}} Despite this growth, the poverty rate remained stagnant due to uneven distribution of income.

A controversial expanded value added tax (e-VAT) law, considered the centerpiece of the Arroyo administration's economic reform agenda, was implemented in November 2005, aiming to complement revenue-raising efforts that could plug the country's large budget deficit.{{cite news|last=Conde |first=Carlos H. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/03/business/worldbusiness/03iht-peso.html |title=Arroyo facing a dilemma after voiding of new tax |work=International Herald Tribune |date=July 4, 2005 |access-date=January 24, 2012}} Her administration originally set a target to balance the national budget by 2010. The tax measure boosted confidence in the government's fiscal capacity and helped to strengthen the Philippine peso, making it East Asia's best performing currency in 2005–06.{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/philippines/ |title=CIA – The World Factbook – Philippines |publisher=cia.gov |access-date=January 24, 2012 }} The peso strengthened by nearly 20% in 2007, making it one of Asia's better performing currencies for that year, a fact attributed to a combination of increased remittances from overseas Filipino workers and a strong domestic economy.{{cite web |url=http://www.pacificnewscenter.com/default.asp?sourceid=&smenu=97&twindow=&mad=&sdetail=17246&wpage=1&skeyword=&sidate=&ccat=&ccatm=&restate=&restatus=&reoption=&retype=&repmin=&repmax=&rebed=&rebath=&subname=&pform=&sc=1718&hn=pacificnewscenter&he=.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218063243/http://www.pacificnewscenter.com/default.asp?sourceid=&smenu=97&twindow=&mad=&sdetail=17246&wpage=1&skeyword=&sidate=&ccat=&ccatm=&restate=&restatus=&reoption=&retype=&repmin=&repmax=&rebed=&rebath=&subname=&pform=&sc=1718&hn=pacificnewscenter&he=.com |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 18, 2007 |title=Pacific Newsletter}}

Early in her presidency, Arroyo implemented a controversial policy of holiday economics, adjusting holidays to form longer weekends with the purpose of boosting domestic tourism and allowing Filipinos more time with their families.

File:Hillary Clinton with Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo 2-6-09.jpg, February 17, 2009]]

{{Main|Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo#Domestic policies}}

{{Main|Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo#Foreign Policies}}

File:President Arroyo with UK Prime Minister Tony Blair.jpg, January 28, 2002]]

{{Main|Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo#Administration and cabinet}}

Image:Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo net satisfaction.png quarterly public opinion polling of the net satisfaction rating of President Arroyo]]

The Social Weather Stations public opinion group has conducted quarterly surveys tracking the net satisfaction rating ("satisfied" rating minus "dissatisfied" rating") of President Arroyo. She began her presidency in the first quarter of 2001 with a net satisfaction rating of +24. Her rating first dipped into the negative in the first quarter of 2003, making Arroyo the only president to achieve a negative net satisfaction rating in SWS opinion polling. Her rating rebounded well into the positive in 2004, in time for the presidential election where she won election to a new six-year term. However, net satisfaction sunk back into negative territory in the fourth quarter of 2004, and has remained negative since, dipping as low as −38 in the second quarter of 2008. Her net satisfaction rating in the first quarter of 2009 was −32.{{cite web|url=http://www.sws.org.ph/ |title=Social Weather Stations |publisher=Sws.org.ph |access-date=January 24, 2012}}

File:Gloria Macapagal Arroyo WEF 2009-crop.jpg meeting in Davos, Switzerland in January 31, 2009]]

In November 2009, Arroyo formally declared her intention to run for a seat in the House of Representatives representing the 2nd district of Pampanga, making her the second Philippine president – after Jose P. Laurel – to pursue a lower office after the expiration of their presidency.{{cite web |author=Maragay |first=Dino |date=November 30, 2009 |title=GMA gunning for House seat |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2009/11/30/527879/gma-gunning-house-seat |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915075120/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2009/11/30/527879/gma-gunning-house-seat |archive-date=September 15, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024 |work=The Philippine Star}} A petition seeking to disqualify Arroyo from the race was dismissed by the COMELEC for lack of merit, a decision which was later affirmed by the Supreme Court.{{cite web|url=http://www.philstar.com/ArticlePrinterFriendly.aspx?articleId=552457|title=It's final: GMA can run for House seat|author1=Edu Punay|author2=Marvin Sy|author3=Delon Porcalla|author4=Ric Sapnu|date=February 24, 2010|work=The Philippine Star|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120906173207/http://www.philstar.com/ArticlePrinterFriendly.aspx?articleId=552457 |archive-date=September 6, 2012 |url-status=dead }} With little serious competition, she was elected to Congress in May 2010 with a landslide victory.{{cite web |url=http://www.gmanews.tv/eleksyon2010/provincialcount/PAMPANGA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100513061031/http://www.gmanews.tv/eleksyon2010/provincialcount/PAMPANGA |archive-date=May 13, 2010 |title=Regional Election Results Tally: PAMPANGA |date=May 20, 2010 |publisher=GMA News and Public Affairs |access-date=July 2, 2010}} After receiving final military honors at the inauguration ceremony of incoming President Benigno Aquino III, she headed straight to San Fernando, Pampanga for her own oath-taking as congresswoman.{{cite web |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/194848/news/nation/arroyo-takes-oath-of-office-as-pampanga-rep |title=Arroyo takes oath of office as Pampanga rep |author=Dreo Calonzo |date=June 30, 2010 |publisher=GMA News and Public Affairs |access-date=July 5, 2010}}

Despite being considered the strongest contender for speaker of the House, Arroyo declined to seek the position, hoping instead to take on a role similar to Sonia Gandhi, who was influential as merely the head of her party.{{cite web |url=http://mb.com.ph/node/258085/arroyo-not-intere |title=Arroyo not interested in House Speakership |author1=Genalyn Kabiling |author2=Ben Rosario |date=May 19, 2010 |work=Manila Bulletin |access-date=July 5, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526002149/http://www.mb.com.ph/node/258085/arroyo-not-intere |archive-date=May 26, 2010}} On her first day as a lawmaker, Arroyo and her son Dato filed a resolution calling for Congress to call a constitutional convention to propose amendments to the existing constitution.{{cite web |url=http://www.philstar.com/ArticlePrinterFriendly.aspx?articleId=589577 |title=GMA, son Dato file Cha-cha resolution |author=Paolo Romero |date=July 2, 2010 |work=Philippine Star |access-date=July 5, 2010}}

While still confined in the Veterans Memorial Medical Center for hospital arrest, Arroyo successfully earned a second term as congresswoman for Pampanga's second congressional district at the conclusion of the 2013 Philippine mid-term elections on May 13, 2013, defeating the ruling Liberal Party's Vivian Dabu, who was the provincial administrator under former Governor Ed Panlilio.{{cite news|last1=Dacanay|first1=Barbara Mae|title=Marcos and Arroyo win in Philippine polls|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/asia/philippines/marcos-and-arroyo-win-in-philippine-polls-1.1183219|access-date=December 13, 2015|work=Gulf News|date=May 14, 2013}} She was re-elected in 2016 for her third consecutive term, running unopposed.

In early 2011, Arroyo was diagnosed with cervical spondylosis or cervical radiculopathy. She was rushed to the St. Luke's Medical Center in Taguig on July 25, 2011, minutes after the State of the Nation Address by Benigno Aquino III.{{cite web | url = http://www.philippinenewsdaily.com/2011/07/9181/gma-suffers-from-cervical-spondylosis-what-is-it.html | title = GMA suffers from Cervical Spondylosis; what is it? | access-date = July 29, 2011 | archive-date = September 19, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110919021926/http://www.philippinenewsdaily.com/2011/07/9181/gma-suffers-from-cervical-spondylosis-what-is-it.html | url-status = dead }} Doctors performed a five-hour spine surgery on July 29, 2011.{{cite news | url = http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/227752/news/nation/arroyo-sons-arrive-at-hospital-hours-before-surgery | title = Arroyo sons arrive at hospital hours before surgery | newspaper = Gma News Online | access-date = July 29, 2011}} Two more surgeries occurred in August 2011, which aggravated her hypoparathyroidism. The House of Representatives, under the leadership of Speaker Feliciano Belmonte, Jr., issued a travel permit allowing her to have treatment in Germany despite the Department of Justice hold departure order.{{cite web | url = http://www.manilastandardtoday.com/insideNews.htm?f=2011/october/14/news2.isx&d=2011/october/14 | title = Malacañang says Arroyo free to leave, not come back|first1 = Joyce Pangco | last1 = Pañares | first2 = Macon-Ramos | last2 = Araneta | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111226203031/http://www.manilastandardtoday.com/insideNews.htm?f=2011%2Foctober%2F14%2Fnews2.isx&d=2011%2Foctober%2F14 | archive-date = December 26, 2011}}

Arroyo was arrested on November 18, 2011, after a Pasay court issued a warrant of arrest against her, following the filing of a complaint for electoral sabotage by the COMELEC.{{cite news |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/96489/warrant-of-arrest-served-on-arroyo |title=Warrant of arrest served on Arroyo |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |author=Matikas Santos |date=November 18, 2011 }} The arrest warrant was served at the St. Luke's Medical Center in Taguig where Arroyo had been confined.{{cite news |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/1166278/1/.html |title=Former Philippine president Arroyo arrested |publisher=Channel NewsAsia |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=November 18, 2011 |access-date=November 18, 2011 |archive-date=November 14, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114034103/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_asiapacific/view/1166278/1/.html |url-status=dead }}{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15786733 |title=Philippines ex-leader Gloria Arroyo arrested for fraud |work=BBC News |date=November 18, 2011 }} Days earlier, the Supreme Court had issued a resolution enjoining attempts by the Department of Justice to prevent her departure from the Philippines to seek medical treatment overseas.{{cite news |url=http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=748397&publicationSubCategoryId=63 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120907053929/http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=748397&publicationSubCategoryId=63 |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 7, 2012 |title=SC allows Arroyo treatment abroad |author=Edu Pinay |work=Philippine Star |date=November 15, 2011 }}

She was transferred to the Veterans Memorial Medical Center in Quezon City on December 9, 2011. Arroyo was released from hospital arrest on bail on July 25, 2012.{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390444840104577548882791455296 |title=Ex-Philippine Leader Released |author=Shibani Mahtani |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=July 25, 2012 |location=Manila |access-date=July 27, 2012}}

On October 29, 2012, she refused to enter any plea on charges she misused $8.8 million in state lottery funds during her term in office.{{cite news |date=October 29, 2012 |title=Ex-Philippine Leader Pleads Not Guilty to Plunder |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/philippine-leader-pleads-guilty-plunder-17585348 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101022832/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/philippine-leader-pleads-guilty-plunder-17585348 |archive-date=November 1, 2012 |work=ABC News |agency=Associated Press}} As of December 2013, she was still in custody at the Veterans Memorial Medical Center.{{Cite news |title=Visiting Gloria Arroyo? Here are the rules |url=http://news.abs-cbn.com/focus/12/11/13/visiting-gloria-arroyo-here-are-rules |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311040513/http://news.abs-cbn.com/focus/12/11/13/visiting-gloria-arroyo-here-are-rules |archive-date=March 11, 2016 |access-date=September 1, 2017 |work=ABS-CBN News |language=en-US}} On July 19, 2016, the Supreme Court dismissed the corruption charges and ordered her release from the hospital where she had been detained since 2011.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/20/world/asia/philippines-gloria-arroyo-corruption-dismissed.html|title=Philippines Clears Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, Ex-President, of Graft Charges|last=Whaley|first=Floyd|date=July 19, 2016|work=The New York Times|access-date=September 1, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}

Arroyo was transported to St. Luke's Medical Center for tests and treatment and returned to confinement at the Veteran's Medical Center after medical incidents in May and June 2014.{{cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/599019/arroyo-in-st-lukes-hospital-for-tests|title=Arroyo rushed to St. Luke's hospital due to bladder problems|date=May 3, 2014|newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer}}{{cite news|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/359319/news/nation/gloria-arroyo-back-in-vmmc-after-medical-procedure-at-st-luke-s|title=Gloria Arroyo back in VMMC after medical procedure at St. Luke's|date=May 2, 2014|newspaper=GMA News}}{{cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/files/2014/05/gloria.jpg|title=Arroyo rushed to St. Luke's hospital due to bladder problems|date=May 3, 2014|publisher=Philippine Daily Inquirer}} In June, after the second of these incidents, her attorneys renewed application for bail.{{cite news|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/368288/news/nation/gloria-arroyo-asks-sandiganbayan-anew-to-grant-her-bail-in-pcso-plunder-case|title=Gloria Arroyo asks Sandiganbayan anew to grant her bail in PCSO plunder case|date=July 2, 2014|newspaper=GMA News}} In September, a third medical incident caused her to be again rushed to St. Luke's for treatment and returned to confinement at the Veteran's Medical Center.{{cite news|url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/09/22/14/arroyo-chokes-broccoli-stem|title=Arroyo chokes on broccoli stem|date=September 22, 2014}}

In a case filed by human rights lawyer Amal Clooney, the United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention declared Arroyo's hospital detention arbitrary and violative of the international law on human rights. It recognized that the charges against Arroyo were politically motivated since she was detained as a result of her exercise to take part in government and that the detention was arbitrary and illegal under international law because the Sandiganbayan court failed to take into account her individual circumstances when it repeatedly denied her bail.{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/729034/un-body-gloria-macapagal-arroyo-detention-arbitrary-illegal#ixzz5Bf5iopOl|title=UN body: Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo's detention arbitrary, illegal|website=Inquire.net |publisher=Inquirer|date=October 8, 2015|access-date=July 18, 2016}}

On July 19, 2016, a few weeks after Duterte was sworn in as president, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the dismissal of the plunder case against Arroyo, gathering a vote of 11–4 which was read by spokesperson Theodore Te.{{cite web|url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/07/19/Gloria-Macapagal-Arroyo.html|title=Supreme Court rules to free former President Arroyo|work=CNN Philippines|date=July 18, 2016|access-date=July 18, 2016|archive-date=July 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720213505/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2016/07/19/Gloria-Macapagal-Arroyo.html|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.manilatimes.net/supreme-court-votes-to-free-arroyo/274657 |title=Supreme Court votes to free Arroyo|work=The Manila Times|date=July 18, 2016|access-date=July 18, 2016}}

She would later be assigned by Duterte's party, PDP-Laban, as a high-level member of the House of Representatives{{cite news |last1=Cayabyab |first1=Marc Jayson |title=Arroyo now a deputy speaker |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/804840/arroyo-now-a-deputy-speaker |access-date=July 14, 2023 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |date=August 10, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020115936/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/804840/arroyo-now-a-deputy-speaker |archive-date=October 20, 2016 |language=en}} after winning her third term as congresswoman in the House. She was given committee chairmanships, among many other roles.{{cite news |last1=Reganit |first1=Jose Cielito |title=House replaces Arroyo as deputy speaker |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1005546 |access-date=July 14, 2023 |work=Philippine News Agency |date=August 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228014650/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1005546 |archive-date=February 28, 2018}}

File:Arroyo, Xi and Sotto.jpg (center), and Senate President Tito Sotto during a joint call of the Philippine Senate and House of Representatives on November 21, 2018]]

Arroyo was elected as the first female speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines.{{cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/207944-alvarez-ousted-gloria-arroyo-new-speaker-house-of-representatives|title=Alvarez out, Arroyo in as House Speaker|first=Mara|last=Cepeda|website=Rappler|date=July 23, 2018}} The election pushed through on July 23, 2018, due to a controversial{{cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/207998-gloria-arroyo-milestones-speaker-house-representatives|title=Gloria Arroyo's firsts as House Speaker|first=Michael|last=Bueza|website=Rappler|date=July 23, 2018}} majority manifesto and vote that ousted Pantaleon Alvarez. In August 2018, amid rumors that she was gunning to become prime minister under a proposed federal government, which she was advocating in the House, Arroyo stated that she will retire from politics and would not pursue any position after the May 2019 elections.{{cite web|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/08/30/18/arroyo-says-to-retire-from-politics-in-2019|title=Arroyo says to retire from politics in 2019|author1=Cruz, RG|author2=ABS-CBN News|website=ABS-CBN News|date=August 30, 2018}}

In January 2019, her speakership passed a House bill which lowered the criminal liability to twelve years old.{{cite web|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/01/29/1889066/house-oks-lowering-crime-liability-age-threshold-12|title=House OKs lowering crime liability age threshold to 12|website=philstar.com}}{{cite web|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/blogs/opinions/01/28/19/opinion-gloria-arroyo-astute-as-ever|title=OPINION – Gloria Arroyo: Astute as ever|first=Ellen|last=Tordesillas|website=ABS-CBN News|date=January 28, 2019}} She had a net satisfaction rating of −4 in September 2018, which further dropped to −21 in January 2019, becoming one of the most unpopular House speakers in Philippine history.{{cite web|url=https://www.bworldonline.com/arroyo-falls-to-poor-robredo-drops-to-moderate-in-4th-quarter-sws-survey/|title=Arroyo falls to 'poor,' Robredo drops to 'moderate' in 4th Quarter SWS survey|first=Neil|last=Charm|website=BusinessWorld |date=January 15, 2019}} Her leadership also spearheaded the changing of House rules in relation to Statements of Assets, Liabilities, and Net Worth (SALNs), requiring a {{Philippine peso|300|link=yes}} fee for access, which amounts to {{Philippine peso|87,300}} for the SALNs of all 291 members of the House of Representatives, making it difficult for the poor to monitor corruption in the House.{{cite news|url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/222367-house-resolution-rules-access-salns-lawmakers|title=New House rules make it harder to access lawmakers' SALNs|first=Mara|last=Cepeda|website=Rappler|date=January 31, 2019}}

In February 2019, Senator Panfilo Lacson accused Arroyo of adding an additional pork barrel of {{Philippine peso|60–160 million}} in the national budget.{{cite web|url=https://tnt.abante.com.ph/lacson-pork-barrel-increase-mula-p60m-p160m-kagagawan-ni-gma/|title=Lacson: Pork barrel increase mula P60M-P160M kagagawan ni GMA|website=Abante TNT|language=Filipino|date=February 2019}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

Arroyo, although not holding any elective position, has been participating as a member of Lakas–CMD. As of June 2019, she is working on a memoir narrating her experiences as president, which she plans on limiting to 200 pages for consumption by the general public.Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/_MeBYYqGcQk Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20190617055422/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_MeBYYqGcQk Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{Cite AV media|author=ABS-CBN News|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_MeBYYqGcQk|title=ANC Independence Series: Speaker Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo {{!}} June 17, 2019|publisher=YouTube|date=June 17, 2019|access-date=January 15, 2020}}{{cbignore}}

On November 26, 2020, President Rodrigo Duterte appointed Arroyo as presidential adviser on Clark programs and projects.{{cite news|url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1123088|title=Duterte appoints ex-president GMA as adviser for Clark|first=Azer|last=Parrocha|work=Philippine News Agency|date=November 26, 2020|accessdate=February 28, 2022}}

File:Rep. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (19th Congress).jpg

Arroyo came out of retirement to seek a comeback to the House of Representatives in 2022, running unopposed for the 2nd district of Pampanga.{{cite news|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/spotlight/03/25/22/845-candidates-are-sure-winners-in-2022-polls|title=Sure winners: 845 candidates running unopposed in 2022 polls

|first1=Dave|last1=Abuel|first2=Ciara|last2=Annatu|website=ABS-CBN News|date=April 1, 2022|accessdate=April 16, 2022}} Her legal counsel, Peter Paul Magalang, filed the certificate of candidacy on her behalf.{{cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/elections/gloria-arroyo-runs-representative-pampanga-2nd-district-2022/|title=Gloria Arroyo guns anew for representative of Pampanga 2nd District|first=Joann|last=Manabat|work=Rappler|date=October 1, 2021|accessdate=February 28, 2022}} She has declared support to the candidacies of Bongbong Marcos for president and new Lakas party-mate Sara Duterte for vice president.{{cite news|url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/11/25/erap-gma-throw-support-on-bongbong-sara-uniteam/|title=Erap, GMA throw support behind Bongbong-Sara Uniteam|first=Melvin|last=Sarangay|work=Manila Bulletin|date=November 25, 2021|accessdate=February 28, 2022}}{{cite news|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2022/04/05/2172454/former-president-gma-endorses-marcos-duterte-tandem|title=Former president GMA endorses Marcos-Duterte tandem|date=April 5, 2022|accessdate=April 16, 2022|website=Philstar.com}} She also joined the caravans and campaign sorties of their UniTeam Alliance.{{cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/bongbong-marcos-sara-duterte-trade-praises-supporters-cheer-unity-calls-cavite/|title=Marcos, Duterte trade praises as Cavite supporters cheer unity calls|first1=Jerome|last1=Sagcal|first2=Inday|last2=Espina-Varona|work=Rappler|date=December 9, 2021|accessdate=February 28, 2022}}{{cite news|url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1921857/bacolod/local-news/macapagal-arroyo-introduces-uniteam-to-negrenses|title=Macapagal-Arroyo 'introduces' UniTeam to Negrenses|first=Teresa|last=Ellera|work=SunStar|date=February 24, 2022|accessdate=February 28, 2022}}

On May 10, 2022, Arroyo was proclaimed as representative of the 2nd district of Pampanga, succeeding her son Mikey once again for a fourth nonconsecutive term.{{cite news|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/05/10/22/no-rival-ex-pres-arroyo-set-for-fresh-congress-seat|title=Unchallenged Gloria Macapagal Arroyo set for fresh Congress seat|date=May 10, 2022|work=ABS-CBN News|accessdate=May 15, 2022}} Although she assumed office on June 30, 2022,{{cite news|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1596060/ex-president-arroyo-proclaimed-pampanga-congresswoman-elect|title=Ex-president Arroyo proclaimed Pampanga congresswoman-elect|first=Tonette|last=Orejas|date=May 11, 2022|website=Inquirer.net|accessdate=May 15, 2022}} she took her oath of office on May 26 in Lubao{{cite news|url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1930249/pampanga/local-news/arroyo-takes-oath-as-2nd-district-representative-in-lubao-town|title=Arroyo takes oath as 2nd district representative in Lubao town|date=May 27, 2022|accessdate=July 3, 2022|work=SunStar|first=Ian|last=Flora}} and on June 13 before outgoing President Rodrigo Duterte at the Malacañang Palace.{{cite news|title=GMA, 37 other elected officials to take oath before Duterte|url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1176660|date=June 14, 2022|accessdate=June 22, 2022|work=Philippine News Agency|first=Azer|last=Parrocha}} Arroyo said she will join her fellow representatives in passing the legislative agenda of the administration of President Bongbong Marcos and will continue to push for projects aligned with the Pampanga Megalopolis program. She initially aimed to regain the House speakership in the 19th Congress, soon after Marcos was elected, but later rescinded after realizing that Marcos wanted his cousin and her Lakas partymate, Rep. Martin Romualdez (Leyte–1st), to become the next House Speaker.{{cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/gloria-arroyo-denies-ouster-plot-against-speaker-martin-romualdez-may-2023/|title=Gloria Arroyo denies ouster plot vs Speaker Romualdez|first=Dwight|last=De Leon|work=Rappler|date=May 19, 2023|accessdate=May 19, 2023}} She instead endorsed the speakership bid of Romualdez.{{cite news|url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/05/18/arroyo-doubles-down-on-endorsement-of-romualdez-for-house-speaker/|title=Arroyo doubles down on endorsement of Romualdez for House Speaker|first=Ellison|last=Quismoro|date=May 18, 2022|accessdate=July 25, 2022|work=Manila Bulletin}}

On July 25, 2022, Arroyo was named as Senior Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives under the new speakership of Martin Romualdez in the 19th Congress.{{cite news|url=https://radyo.inquirer.net/318480/rep-gloria-macapagal-arroyo-itinalaga-bilang-house-senior-deputy-speaker|title=Rep. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, itinalaga bilang House Senior Deputy Speaker|date=July 25, 2022|language=Filipino|first=Angellic|last=Jordan|accessdate=July 25, 2022}}

File:Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, Bongbong Marcos and Mark Rutte.jpg Mark Rutte (left), Philippine President Bongbong Marcos (right), and Arroyo (second from right) during a bilateral meeting in Brussels in December 2022]]

Arroyo became part of President Bongbong Marcos's delegation member of his international trips beginning on his working visit to Thailand in November 2022 for the 2022 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit.{{cite news|url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/11/20/heres-what-arroyo-thinks-of-pbbms-first-apec|title=Here's what Arroyo thinks of PBBM's first APEC|date=November 21, 2022|accessdate=May 19, 2023|work=Manila Bulletin|first=Ellson|last=Quismorio}} She has also joined him in his visits to Belgium,{{cite news|url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/12/09/ex-pres-gma-to-join-marcos-in-belgium-trip/|title=Ex-pres GMA to join Marcos in Belgium trip|first=Joseph|last=Pedrajas|date=December 9, 2022|accessdate=May 19, 2023|work=Manila Bulletin}} China,{{cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/marcos-jr-brings-secret-weapon-gloria-arroyo-china-state-visit-january-2023/|title=Marcos brings 'secret weapon' to 48-hour China visit|first=Bea|last=Cupin|date=January 3, 2023|accessdate=May 19, 2023|work=Rappler}} Davos in Switzerland,{{cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/inside-track/gloria-arroyo-praises-marcos-jr-philippines-gains-world-economic-forum-davos-2023/|title=In Davos, Arroyo praises 'Western-educated' Marcos|first=Bea|last=Cupin|date=January 21, 2023|accessdate=May 19, 2023|work=Rappler}} Japan,{{cite news|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/02/08/2243349/marcos-flies-japan-today|title=Marcos flies to Japan today

|first=Helen|last=Flores|date=February 8, 2023|accessdate=May 19, 2023|work=The Philippine Star}} the United States,{{cite news|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/868572/marcos-arrives-in-washington-for-official-visit/story/|title=Marcos arrives in Washington for official visit|first=Anna Felicia|last=Bajo|date=May 1, 2023|accessdate=May 19, 2023|work=The Philippine Star}} and Indonesia.{{cite news|title=Bongbong Marcos arrives in Indonesia for Asean Summit|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1766910/bongbong-marcos-arrives-in-indonesia-for-asean-summit|first1=Daphne|last1=Galvez|first2=Dempsey|last2=Reyes|date=May 9, 2023|accessdate=May 19, 2023|website=INQUIRER.net}} Marcos also described her as his "secret weapon."{{cite news|url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/11/19/marcos-calls-arroyo-his-secret-weapon|title=Marcos calls Arroyo his 'secret weapon'|date=November 20, 2022|accessdate=May 19, 2023|work=Manila Bulletin|first=Betheena|last=Unite}}

Her only daughter, Evangelina Lourdes Arroyo-Bernas, was made the country's ambassador to Austria in December 2022. She defended accusations of nepotism noting her daughter's qualifications.{{Cite web |title=Proud GMA says daughter Luli landed her job due to her own merits |url=https://mb.com.ph/2022/12/10/proud-gma-says-daughter-luli-landed-dream-job-thanks-to-her-own-merits |access-date=May 15, 2023|date=December 10, 2022 |website=Manila Bulletin |language=en}}

On May 17, 2023, she was demoted by the House leadership from senior deputy speaker to a regular deputy speaker to unburden her heavy workload that came with the title. She switched places with fellow Pampanga Representative Aurelio Gonzales Jr. of the 3rd district.{{cite news|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1770554/arroyo-replaced-as-senior-deputy-speaker-to-unburden-her-from-heavy-load|title=Pampanga Rep. Gloria Arroyo replaced as senior deputy speaker|first=Gabriel|last=Lalu|date=May 17, 2023|accessdate=May 19, 2023|website=INQUIRER.net}} Later on November 7, 2023, she was expelled by the House from her position as a deputy house speaker, after she failed to support a resolution that aimed to uphold the House's "dignity, integrity and independence" and to support the speakership of Martin Romualdez, as she was abroad when it was signed.{{cite news|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/11/08/23/arroyo-assures-admin-of-support-after-removal-as-deputy-speaker|title=Arroyo assures admin of support after removal as deputy speaker|publisher=ABS-CBN News|date=November 8, 2023|accessdate=November 8, 2023}} This followed the criticism from her political ally, former President Rodrigo Duterte, who objected the House's decision to reallocate the confidential funds originally for the offices of his daughter, Vice President and concurrent Education Secretary Sara Duterte. Arroyo was replaced by Representative Tonypet Albano (Isabela–1st).{{cite news|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/11/07/23/house-removes-arroyo-as-deputy-speaker|title=House removes Duterte ally Arroyo as deputy speaker|first=RG|last=Cruz|date=November 7, 2023|accessdate=November 7, 2023|work=ABS-CBN News}}

Arroyo is running unopposed for re-election as Pampanga's 2nd district representative in 2025.{{cite web|url=https://comelec.gov.ph/php-tpls-attachments/2025NLE/COC_2025NLE/CLC2025_R3/PAMPANGA_OPES.pdf|title=Certified List of Candidates (PROVINCIAL) - Pampanga|date=November 2024|accessdate=December 8, 2024|website=COMELEC}}

Arroyo was the second chief girl scout of the Girl Scouts of the Philippines.{{cite web|url=http://www.girlscouts.org.ph/aboutus_cboard.html|title=Central Board|publisher=Girl Scouts of the Philippines|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208233459/http://www.girlscouts.org.ph/aboutus_cboard.html|archive-date=December 8, 2010}}{{cite news|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2001/05/27/90775/gloria-new-chief-girl-scout|title=Gloria is new Chief Girl Scout|date=May 27, 2001|publisher=The Philippine Star|accessdate=May 20, 2023}}

{{expand section|date=March 2022}}

In July 2008, the Social Weather Stations (SWS) said that Arroyo registered a net satisfaction rating of minus 38 in a survey conducted in the last week of June, making her the most unpopular president in the country since democracy was restored in 1986.{{cite news |last1=Gopalakrishnan |first1=Raju |last2=Norton |first2=Jerry |title=Manila's Arroyo most unpopular leader since 86: poll |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-arroyo-idUSSP6098620080718 |access-date=March 2, 2022 |work=Reuters |date=July 18, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131000906/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-arroyo-idUSSP6098620080718 |archive-date=January 31, 2021}}

• {{flag|Brunei}}:
• 70px Member of the Family Order of Laila Utama{{cite news |title=Philippines, Brunei sign defence pact |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/philippines-brunei-sign-defence-pact-1.423504 |access-date=May 19, 2023 |work=Gulf News |date=August 23, 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519173118/https://gulfnews.com/uae/philippines-brunei-sign-defence-pact-1.423504 |archive-date=May 19, 2023 |language=en}}
• {{flag|Dominican Republic}}:
• 70px Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of Duarte, Sánchez and Mella{{cite web|author=Merit Designs|url=http://www.presidencia.gob.do/app/do_2011/article.aspx?id=13738|title=Presidente Fernandez condecora a ex presidenta de Filipinas, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo|publisher=presidencia.gob.do|date=May 4, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311075004/http://www.presidencia.gob.do/app/do_2011/article.aspx?id=13738|archive-date=March 11, 2012}}
• {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}}:
• 70px Grand Cross of the [http://www.medals.org.uk/equatorial-guinea/equatorial-guinea005.htm Order of Independence]{{cite news|title=Arroyo arrives in Equatorial Guinea for 12-hour visit|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/48392/news/nation/arroyo-arrives-in-equatorial-guinea-for-12-hour-visit|access-date=December 13, 2015|work=GMA News Online|date=June 26, 2007}}
• {{flag|Holy See}}:
• 70px Recipient of the Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice{{cite web |url=http://www.cbcponline.net/news/june%202007/June%205%202007%20C.html |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010145348/http://www.cbcponline.net/news/june%202007/June%205%202007%20C.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 10, 2017 |title=PGMA gifts the Pope with a Santo Niño Dormido |publisher=cbcponline.net}}
• {{flag|Japan}}:
• 70px Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum{{cite web |title=Filipino recipients of Japanese decorations and Japanese recipients of Philippine decorations |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/filipino-recipients-of-japanese-decorations-and-japanese-recipients-of-philippine-decorations/ |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |access-date=May 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515043541/http://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/filipino-recipients-of-japanese-decorations-and-japanese-recipients-of-philippine-decorations/ |archive-date=May 15, 2018}}
• {{flag|Romania}}:
• 70px Collar of the Order of the Star of Romania{{cite web|title=DECRET nr. 123 din 4 februarie 2002 privind conferirea Ordinului national Steaua Romaniei, in grad de Colan|url=http://www.monitoruljuridic.ro/act/decret-nr-123-din-4-februarie-2002-privind-conferirea-ordinului-national-steaua-romaniei-in-grad-de-colan-emitent-presedintele-romaniei-33946.html|publisher=Monitorul Oficial|access-date=December 13, 2015|language=ro}}
• {{flag|Spain}}:
• 70px Dame of the Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic{{cite web|title=Real Decreto 1587/2007, de 30 de noviembre, por el que se concede el Collar de la Orden de Isabel la Católica a Su Excelencia señora Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, Presidenta de Filipinas|url=http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2007/12/01/pdfs/A49782-49782.pdf|publisher=Boletín Oficial del Estado (BOE)|access-date=November 27, 2015|language=es}}{{cite web |url= https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/filipino-recipients-of-spanish-decorations/ |title= Filipino recipients of Spanish Decorations |access-date= May 22, 2020 |archive-date= January 25, 2022 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220125091056/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/filipino-recipients-of-spanish-decorations/ |url-status= dead }}

• Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from La Trobe University in Australia (2000){{cite web|url=http://www.philippinecountry.com/philippine_presidents/President_arroyo/curriculum_vitae.html|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010150246/http://www.philippinecountry.com/philippine_presidents/President_arroyo/curriculum_vitae.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 10, 2017|title=Curriculum Vitae – Gloria Macapagal Arroyo|publisher=Philippinecountry.com|access-date=January 24, 2012}}
• Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Waseda University in Tokyo, Japan (2002){{cite web |title=History |url=https://www.waseda.jp/top/en/about/history-2 |website=Waseda University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027002252/https://www.waseda.jp/top/en/about/history-2 |archive-date=October 27, 2021 |quote=2002: Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo becomes the third Philippines President to receive an honorary doctorate.}}
• Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Old Dominion University in Virginia, United States (2003)
• Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Fordham University (2003){{cite web|url=http://www.newsflash.org/2003/05/pe/pe002609.htm|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171010145310/http://www.newsflash.org/2003/05/pe/pe002609.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 10, 2017|title=Fordham University honorary degree for GMA|date=May 22, 2003|work=Philippine Headline News Online|access-date=January 24, 2012}}
• Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from University of San Francisco in California, United States (2004){{cite web|url=https://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/SAN-FRANCISCO-Philippines-Arroyo-to-be-honored-2635403.php |title=Philippines' Arroyo to be honored at USF |work=San Francisco Gate |date=November 18, 2004 |access-date=January 24, 2012}}
• Honorary Doctor of Humanities degree from Mapua Institute of Technology in Manila, Philippines (2004)
• Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Kyungsung University in Pusan, South Korea (2005){{cite web|url=http://knol.google.com/k/famous-honorary-doctors#|title=Famous Honorary Doctors|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208021125/http://knol.google.com/k/famous-honorary-doctors|archive-date=February 8, 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=January 24, 2012}}
• Honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok, Thailand{{cite web |title=Speech of President Arroyo during the Arrival Ceremonies after an Official Visit to Bangkok, Thailand |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2002/05/09/speech-of-president-arroyo-during-the-arrival-ceremonies-after-an-official-visit-to-bangkok-thailand/ |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |access-date=May 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519170117/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2002/05/09/speech-of-president-arroyo-during-the-arrival-ceremonies-after-an-official-visit-to-bangkok-thailand/ |archive-date=May 19, 2023 |date=May 9, 2002}}

• Time magazine's "People Who Mattered" list for 2005{{cite news |last1=Felongco |first1=Gilbert |title=Arroyo on Time list of 'People Who Mattered' |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/philippines/arroyo-on-time-list-of-people-who-mattered-1.308754 |access-date=May 19, 2023 |work=Gulf News |date=December 21, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926155255/https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/philippines/arroyo-on-time-list-of-people-who-mattered-1.308754 |archive-date=September 26, 2021 |language=en}}
• Forbes magazine's 100 Most Powerful Woman in the World (from 2004 to 2009) – she ranked 4th in the 2005 list{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/2005/11/1YDI.html |title=The World's 100 Most Powerful Women No. 4 Gloria Arroyo |work=Forbes |access-date=January 24, 2012}}
• Member, Council of Women World Leaders{{cite web |title=Gloria Macapagal Arroyo |url=https://www.councilwomenworldleaders.org/gloria-macapagal-arroyo.html |website=Council of Women World Leaders |access-date=May 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805093201/https://www.councilwomenworldleaders.org/gloria-macapagal-arroyo.html |archive-date=August 5, 2019 |language=en}}
• Don Quijote International Award (category: mejor labor institucional – Best institutional work) from Spain's King Juan Carlos (April 15, 2010){{cite news|last1=Rodríguez Marcos|first1=Javier|title=Una lengua contra las fronteras|url=http://elpais.com/diario/2009/06/09/cultura/1244498402_850215.html|access-date=December 13, 2015|work=El País|date=June 9, 2009|language=es}}{{cite news|last1=Rodríguez Marcos|first1=Javier|title=Vargas Llosa y la presidenta de Filipinas reciben el Premio Don Quijote|url=http://cultura.elpais.com/cultura/2010/04/15/actualidad/1271282407_850215.html|access-date=December 13, 2015|work=El País|date=April 15, 2010|language=es}}
• Teodora Alonzo Award by the Philippine Order of the Knights of Rizal{{cite web |title=About the Knights of Rizal |url=https://gomburza-ghent.be/about-us/ |website=Knights of Rizal – Gomburza Ghent Chapter |access-date=May 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519171534/https://gomburza-ghent.be/about-us/ |archive-date=May 19, 2023}}
• Fourth Patron of the Royal Institution Singapore, an unaccredited institution of higher learning{{cite web|url=https://www.ri2020.com/news/250-professionals-14-countries-across-globe-join-ris-9th-global-congress-and-conferment-ceremony-manila-hotel|title=250 professionals from 14 countries across the globe join RI's 9th Global Congress and Conferment Ceremony at Manila Hotel|publisher=Royal Institution Singapore|access-date=September 10, 2019|archive-date=August 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801052147/https://www.ri2020.com/news/250-professionals-14-countries-across-globe-join-ris-9th-global-congress-and-conferment-ceremony-manila-hotel|url-status=dead}}

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{{Commons category|Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo}}

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• [https://web.archive.org/web/20121005130857/http://www.congress.gov.ph/members/search.php?id=macapagal-arroyo&congress=15 House Of Representatives – The 15th Congress – Member Profile]
• [http://www.gloriamarroyo.ph President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410090616/http://www.gloriamarroyo.ph/ |date=April 10, 2018 }}
• [http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/video/15102/reporter-s-notebook-ang-palasyo-reporter-s-notebook-special Reporter's Notebook: Ang Palasyo Reporter's Notebook Special, December 4, 2007]
• [http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/-depth/11/18/11/interactive-timeline-gloria-macapagal-arroyo Interactive timeline: The life of Gloria Arroyo, by abs-cbnNEWS.com]

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{{s-ttl|title=Vice President of the Philippines|years=1998–2001}}

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{{s-bef|before=Emilio Osmeña}}

{{s-ttl|title=Lakas-NUCD-UMDP nominee for Vice President of the Philippines|years=1998}}

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{{s-bef|rows=2|before=Jose de Venecia Jr.}}

{{s-ttl|title=Lakas-CMD nominee for President of the Philippines|years=2004}}

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{{s-ttl|title=Leader of Lakas-CMD|years=2004–2009}}

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{{s-bef|before=Luis Villafuerte}}

{{s-ttl|title=Leader emeritus of Kampi|years=2004–2009}}

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{{s-ttl|title=Leader of Lakas Kampi CMD|years=2009}}

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{{s-ttl|title=Leader of Lakas Kampi CMD|years=2010–2011}}

{{s-aft|after=Edcel Lagman}}

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{{s-bef|before=Abdullah Ahmad Badawi}}

{{s-ttl|title=Chairperson of the ASEAN|years= 2007}}

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{{s-ttl|title=Member of the Philippine House of Representatives
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{{s-ttl|title=Deputy Speaker of the Philippine House of Representatives|years=2016–2017}}

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{{s-ttl|title=Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines|years=2018–2019}}

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Category:1947 births

Gloria

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Gloria

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