floating solar

File:2009- Floating solar photovoltaic energy production - PV - bar chart.svg

American, Danish, French, Italian and Japanese nationals were the first to register patents for floating solar. In Italy the first registered patent regarding PV modules on water goes back to February 2008.{{Cite journal|last=M. Rosa-Clot and P. Rosa-Clot|date=2008|title=Support and method for increasing the efficiency of solar cells by immersion|journal=Italy Patent PI2008A000088}}

The first floating solar installation was in Aichi, Japan, in 2007, built by the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology.{{Cite web |title=Inside the world's largest dam-based floating solar power project - Future Power Technology Magazine {{!}} Issue 131 {{!}} February 2021 |url=https://power.nridigital.com/future_power_technology_feb21/hapcheon_dam_based_floating_solar |access-date=2023-03-14 |website=power.nridigital.com |date=22 February 2021 |language=en}}

In May 2008, the Far Niente Winery in Oakville, California, installed 994 solar PV modules with a total capacity of 175 kW onto 130 pontoons and floating them on the winery's irrigation pond.{{cite web |date=29 May 2008 |title=Winery goes solar with Floatovoltaics |url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Winery-goes-solar-with-Floatovoltaics-3282171.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507150702/http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Winery-goes-solar-with-Floatovoltaics-3282171.php |archive-date=7 May 2013 |access-date=31 May 2013 |publisher=SFGate}} Several small-scale floating PV farms were built over the next seven years. The first megawatt-scale plant was commissioned in July 2013 at Okegawa, Japan.

In 2016, Kyocera developed what was then the world's largest, a 13.4 MW farm on the reservoir above Yamakura Dam in Chiba Prefecture{{cite web |title=Yamakura Dam in Chiba Prefecture |url=http://damnet.or.jp/cgi-bin/binranA/enAll.cgi?db4=0663 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202002049/http://damnet.or.jp/cgi-bin/binranA/enAll.cgi?db4=0663 |archive-date=2 February 2015 |access-date=1 February 2015 |publisher=The Japan Dam Foundation}} using 50,000 solar panels.[http://global.kyocera.com/news/2014/1205_dfsp.html Kyocera and Century Tokyo Leasing to Develop 13.4MW Floating Solar Power Plant on Reservoir in Chiba Prefecture, Japan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625160400/http://global.kyocera.com/news/2014/1205_dfsp.html|date=25 June 2016}}, Kyocera, 22 December 2014[https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/24/science/solar-power-floating-on-water.html New Solar Plants Generate Floating Green Power] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228180234/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/24/science/solar-power-floating-on-water.html|date=28 December 2016}} NYT 20 May 2016 The Huainan plant, inaugurated in May 2017 in China, occupies more than {{val|800000|u=m2}} on a former quarry lake, capable of producing up to {{val|40|u=MW}}.{{Cite news |date=May 26, 2017 |title=The world's largest floating solar power plant has come into operation in China |website=mashable.france24.com |url=http://mashable.france24.com/tech-business/20170605-centrale-photovoltaic-panel-solaire-flottant-chine |access-date=June 10, 2017}}

Floating solar panels are rising in popularity, in particular in countries where the land occupation and environmental impact legislations are hindering the rise of renewable power generation capabilities.

Global installed capacity passed 1 GW in 2018 and reached 13 GW in 2022, mostly in Asia. One project developer, Baywa r.e., reported another 28 GW of planned projects.

Salt-water resistant floating farms are also being constructed for ocean use.[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2015/01/150116-floating-solar-power-japan-yamakura/ Solar Panels Floating on Water Could Power Japan's Homes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611233505/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2015/01/150116-floating-solar-power-japan-yamakura/|date=11 June 2016}}, National Geographic, Bryan Lufkin, 16 January 2015 They have the potential to reduce spatial pressures on land or lakes.{{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Luofeng |last2=Yang |first2=Yifeng |last3=Khojasteh |first3=Danial |last4=Ou |first4=Binjian |last5=Luo |first5=Zhenhua |title=Floating solar power loss due to motions induced by ocean waves: An experimental study |journal=Ocean Engineering |date=November 2024 |volume=312 |pages=118988 |doi=10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.118988 |bibcode=2024OcEng.31218988H }} Oceans of Energy (Netherlands) developed the world's first offshore solar system in the North Sea.{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} Oceans of Energy {{!}} Offshore solar: clean and renewable energy |url=https://oceansofenergy.blue/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=Oceans of Energy |language=en-US}} Floating solar can have positive and negative effects on the ocean environment: for instance, it can act as an artificial reef and protect small fish and other animals. On the other hand, the floating panels increase shading and their construction may disrupt seagrass and coral reef.{{cite journal |last1=Hooper |first1=Tara |last2=Armstrong |first2=Alona |last3=Vlaswinkel |first3=Brigitte |title=Environmental impacts and benefits of marine floating solar |journal=Solar Energy |date=May 2021 |volume=219 |pages=11–14 |doi=10.1016/j.solener.2020.10.010 |bibcode=2021SoEn..219...11H }}

[[File:Floating solar potential in the United States.webp|thumb|310px|Reservoir owner/operator & power potential{{cite web | url=https://aquapv.inl.gov/FPV-Capacity | title=AquaPV - FPV Capacity }}

{{legend|#7F8FF3|Federal Energy Regulatory Commission}}

{{legend|#E9806C|Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)}}

{{legend|#5AD1AB|FERC & USACE}}

{{legend|#B389F3|United States Bureau of Reclamation}}

]]

{{multiple image

| align = right

| total_width = 310

| image1 = Lake Powell floating solar 1.webp

| image2 = Lake Powell solar 2.webp

| footer = 3D sketch of Lake Powell floating solar concept with vertical axis solar trackers

}}

Floating solar on Federally owned reservoirs in the United States has the potential to generate 1,476 terawatt hours annually.https://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2025/floating-solar-panels-could-support-us-energy-goals.html{{cite web | url=https://data.openei.org/submissions/6234 | title=Open Energy Data Initiative (OEDI) }} The shading from floating solar could help mitigate evaporation from reservoirs also.{{cite journal |last1=Rosenlieb |first1=Evan |last2=Rivers |first2=Marie |last3=Levine |first3=Aaron |title=Floating photovoltaic technical potential: A novel geospatial approach on federally controlled reservoirs in the United States |journal=Solar Energy |date=February 2025 |volume=287 |pages=113177 |doi=10.1016/j.solener.2024.113177 |bibcode=2025SoEn..28713177R |doi-access=free }}

The construction process for a floating solar project includes installing anchors and mooring lines that attach to the waterbed or shore, assembling floats and panels into rows and sections onshore, and then pulling the sections by boat to the mooring lines and secured into place.{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Gang |last2=Guo |first2=Jiamin |last3=Peng |first3=Huanghua |last4=Ping |first4=Huan |last5=Ma |first5=Qiang |date=November 2024 |title=Review of Recent Offshore Floating Photovoltaic Systems |journal=Journal of Marine Science and Engineering |language=en |volume=12 |issue=11 |pages=1942 |doi=10.3390/jmse12111942 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2024JMSE...12.1942L }}

There are several reasons for this development:

• No land occupancy: The main advantage of floating PV plants is that they do not take up any land, except the limited surfaces necessary for electric cabinet and grid connections. Their price is comparable with land based plants, but floatovoltaics provide a good way to avoid land consumption.{{Cite journal|last=R. Cazzaniga, M. Rosa-Clot, P. Rosa-Clot and G. M. Tina|year=2018|title=Geographic and Technical Floating Photovoltaic Potential|journal=Thermal Energy Science}}
• Installation, decommissioning and maintenance: Floating PV plants are more compact than land-based plants, their management is simpler and their construction and decommissioning straightforward. The main point is that no fixed structures exist like the foundations used for a land-based plant so their installation can be totally reversible. Furthermore panels installed on water basins require less maintenance in particular when compared with installation on ground with dusty soil. As arrays are assembled at a single shore point before being moved into place, installations can be faster than ground-mounted arrays.
• Water conservation and water quality: Partial coverage of water basins can reduce water evaporation.{{cite journal |last1=Abdelal |first1=Qasem |title=Floating PV; an assessment of water quality and evaporation reduction in semi-arid regions |journal=International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies |date=29 September 2021 |volume=16 |issue=3 |pages=732–739 |doi=10.1093/ijlct/ctab001 |doi-access=free }} This result depends on climate conditions and on the percentage of the covered surface. In arid climates such as parts of India this is an important advantage since about 30% of the evaporation of the covered surface is saved.{{Cite web|title=Do floating solar panels work better?|url=http://tehelka.com/do-floating-solar-panels-work-better/}} This may be greater in Australia, and is a very useful feature if the basin is used for irrigation purposes.{{Cite journal|last1=Taboada|first1=M.E. |last2=Cáceres|first2=L. |last3=Graber|first3=T.A. |last4=Galleguillos|first4=H.R. |last5=Cabeza|first5=L.F. |last6=Rojas|first6=R. |year=2017|title=Solar water heating system and photovoltaic floating cover to reduce evaporation: Experimental results and modeling|journal=Renewable Energy|volume=105|pages=601–615 |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2016.12.094|bibcode=2017REne..105..601T |hdl=10459.1/59048 |hdl-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last=Hassan, M.M. and Peyrson W.L.|year=2016|title=Evaporation mitigation by floating modular devices|journal=Earth and Environmental Science|volume=35|issue=1 |page=012022 |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/35/1/012022 |bibcode=2016E&ES...35a2022H |doi-access=free}} Water conservation from FPV is substantial and can be used to protect disappearing terminal natural lakes{{cite journal |last1=Hayibo |first1=Koami Soulemane |last2=Pearce |first2=Joshua M. |title=Foam-based floatovoltaics: A potential solution to disappearing terminal natural lakes |journal=Renewable Energy |date=April 2022 |volume=188 |pages=859–872 |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2022.02.085 |bibcode=2022REne..188..859H }} and other bodies of fresh water.{{Cite journal |last1=Hayibo |first1=Koami Soulemane |last2=Mayville |first2=Pierce |last3=Kailey |first3=Ravneet Kaur |last4=Pearce |first4=Joshua M. |date=January 2020 |title=Water Conservation Potential of Self-Funded Foam-Based Flexible Surface-Mounted Floatovoltaics |journal=Energies |volume=13 |issue=23 |pages=6285 |doi=10.3390/en13236285 |doi-access=free }} This positions FPV as a practical approach for renewable energy generation in regions facing water scarcity.{{Cite web |last=@WoRenewables |date=2024-11-11 |title=Solar Power in Water-Poor Regions: A New Era of Renewable Energy |url=https://worldofrenewables.com/solar-power-in-water-poor-regions-a-new-era-of-renewable-energy/#:~:text=Floating%20solar%20photovoltaics%20provide%20a,helping%20conserve%20precious%20water%20resources. |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=World of Renewables - Home of The World Renewable Energy Association (WoREA) |language=en-GB}} For example, a case study of Lake Nasser, which is in a region that suffers from water poverty, found that 50% coverage would result in 61.71% or 9.07 billion m³ annual water evaporation savings.{{Cite journal |last1=Abdelgaied |first1=Mohamed |last2=Kabeel |first2=Abd Elnaby |last3=Zeleňáková |first3=Martina |last4=Abd-Elhamid |first4=Hany F. |date=January 2023 |title=Floating Photovoltaic Plants as an Effective Option to Reduce Water Evaporation in Water-Stressed Regions and Produce Electricity: A Case Study of Lake Nasser, Egypt |journal=Water |language=en |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=635 |doi=10.3390/w15040635 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2023Water..15..635A }}
• Increased panel efficiency due to cooling: the cooling effect of the water close to the PV panels leads to an energy gain that ranges from 5% to 15%.{{Cite journal |last=Choi, Y.-K. and N.-H. Lee |date=2013 |title=Empirical Research on the efficiency of Floating PV systems compared with Overland PV Systems |journal=Conference Proceedings of CES-CUBE}}{{cite web |date=27 December 2019 |title=Floating Solar On Pumped Hydro, Part 1: Evaporation Management Is A Bonus |url=https://cleantechnica.com/2019/12/26/floating-solar-on-pumped-hydro-part-1-evaporation-management-is-a-bonus/ |website=CleanTechnica}}{{cite web |date=27 December 2019 |title=Floating Solar On Pumped Hydro, Part 2: Better Efficiency, But More Challenging Engineering |url=https://cleantechnica.com/2019/12/26/floating-solar-on-pumped-hydro-part-2-better-efficiency-but-more-challenging-engineering/ |website=CleanTechnica}} Natural cooling can be increased by a water layer on the PV modules or by submerging them, the so-called SP2 (Submerged Photovoltaic Solar Panel).{{Cite journal|last=Choi, Y.K.|date=2014|title=A study on power generation analysis on floating PV system considering environmental impact|journal=Int. J. Softw. Eng. Appl.|volume=8|pages=75–84}}
• Tracking: Large floating platforms can easily be rotated horizontally and vertically to enable Sun-tracking (similar to sunflowers). Moving solar arrays uses little energy and doesn't need a complex mechanical apparatus like land-based PV plants. Equipping a floating PV plant with a tracking system costs little extra while the energy gain can range from 15% to 25%.{{Cite journal|last=R. Cazzaniga, M. Cicu, M. Rosa-Clot, P. Rosa-Clot, G. M. Tina and C. Ventura|date=2018 |title=Floating photovoltaic plants: performance analysis and design solutions|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Reviews|volume=81|pages=1730–1741 |doi=10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.269|bibcode=2018RSERv..81.1730C }}
• Environment control: Algal blooms, a serious problem in industrialized countries, may be reduced when greater than 40% of the surface is covered.{{Cite journal |last1=Pouran |first1=Hamid M. |last2=Padilha Campos Lopes |first2=Mariana |last3=Nogueira |first3=Tainan |last4=Alves Castelo Branco |first4=David |last5=Sheng |first5=Yong |date=2022-11-18 |title=Environmental and technical impacts of floating photovoltaic plants as an emerging clean energy technology |journal=iScience |language=en |volume=25 |issue=11 |pages=105253 |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2022.105253 |pmid=36281449 |pmc=9587316 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022iSci...25j5253P }} Coverage of water basins reduces light just below the surface, reducing algal photosynthesis and growth. Active pollution control remains important for water management.{{Cite journal|last=Trapani, K. and Millar, B.|date=2016|title=Floating photovoltaic arrays to power mining industry: a case study for the McFaulds lake (ring of fire)|journal=Sustainable Energy |volume=35|issue=3 |pages=898–905|doi=10.1002/ep.12275 |bibcode=2016EPSE...35..898T }}
• Utilization of areas already exploited by human activity: Floating solar plants can be installed over water basins artificially created such as flooded mine pits{{Cite journal|first1=Jinyoung|last1=Song|first2=Yosoon|last2=Choi|date=2016-02-10|title=Analysis of the Potential for Use of Floating Photovoltaic Systems on Mine Pit Lakes: Case Study at the Ssangyong Open-Pit Limestone Mine in Korea|journal=Energies|volume=9|number=2|pages=102|language=en|doi=10.3390/en9020102|doi-access=free }} or hydroelectric power plants. In this way it is possible to exploit areas already influenced by the human activity to increase the impact and yield of a given area instead of using other land.
• Hybridization with hydroelectric power plants: File:FLOATING SOLAR PANEL HYDROELECTRIC PLANT.svg Floating solar is often installed on existing hydropower.World Bank Group, ESMAP, and SERIS. 2018. [http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/579941540407455831/Where-Sun-Meets-Water-Floating-Solar-Market-Report-Executive-Summary Where Sun Meets Water: Floating Solar Market Report - Executive Summary]. Washington, DC: World Bank. This allows for additional benefits and cost reductions such as using the existing transmission lines and distribution infrastructure.{{cite journal |last1=Rauf |first1=Huzaifa |last2=Gull |first2=Muhammad Shuzub |last3=Arshad |first3=Naveed |title=Integrating Floating Solar PV with Hydroelectric Power Plant: Analysis of Ghazi Barotha Reservoir in Pakistan |journal=Energy Procedia |date=February 2019 |volume=158 |pages=816–821 |doi=10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.214 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2019EnPro.158..816R }} FPV provides a potentially profitable means of reducing water evaporation in the world's at-risk bodies of fresh water. Furthermore it is possible to install floating photovoltaic panels on the water basins of pumped-storage hydroelectric power plant. The hybridization of solar photovoltaic with pumped storage is beneficial in rising the capability of the two plant combined because the pumped hydroelectric plant can be used to store the high but unstable amount of electricity coming from the solar PV, making the water basin acting as a battery for the solar photovoltaic plant.{{Cite journal|first1=Raniero|last1=Cazzaniga|first2=Marco|last2=Rosa-Clot|first3=Paolo|last3=Rosa-Clot|date=2019-06-15|title=Integration of PV floating with hydroelectric power plants|journal=Heliyon|volume=5|number=6|pages=e01918|language=en|doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01918|doi-access=free |pmid=31294100 |pmc=6595280 |bibcode=2019Heliy...501918C }} For example, a case study of Lake Mead found that if 10% of the lake was covered with FPV, there would be enough water conserved and electricity generated to service Las Vegas and Reno combined. At 50% coverage, FPV would provide over 127 TWh of clean solar electricity and 633.22 million m³ of water savings, which would provide enough electricity to retire 11% of the polluting coal-fired plants in the U.S. and provide water for over five million Americans, annually.

Floating solar presents several challenges to designers:[https://sinovoltaics.com/technology/floating-solar-pv-systems-why-they-are-taking-off/ Floating Solar (PV) Systems: why they are taking off]. By Dricus De Rooij, Aug 5 2015[https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/31880/Floating-Solar-Market-Report.pdf Where Sun Meets Water, Floating Solar Market Report]. World Bank, 2019.[https://arstechnica.com/science/2018/11/floating-solar-is-more-than-panels-on-a-platform-its-hydroelectrics-symbiont] Floating solar is more than panels on a platform—it’s hydroelectric’s symbiont | Ars Technica

[https://uk.news.yahoo.com/worlds-largest-floating-solar-plant-220000440.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAANHzwpIh9YDwm8P_KiYkauyfbu9nrkxke0RwpRYxHw-aLYs8vrosMVYwLFw8XK1_u2mKUk_x6O3gGbUYy7oIfccKI1Okzsw_-Y8pi0zxrQSNZA6KFts6n0PzQy3lZfztjyNBwJAVxXcurTCKDT2TnWSfQRSaG_Fz5H9JjQdTGECS].Yahoo News, April 13 2024

• Electrical safety and long-term reliability of system components: Operating on water over its entire service life, the system is required to have significantly increased corrosion resistance and long-term floatation capabilities (redundant, resilient, distributed floats), particularly when installed over salt water.
• Waves: The floating PV system (wires, physical connections, floats, panels) needs to be able to withstand relatively higher winds (than on land) and heavy waves, particularly in off-shore or near-shore installations.
• Maintenance complexity: Operation and maintenance activities are, as a general rule, more difficult to perform on water than on land.
• Floating technology complexity: Floating PV panels have to be installed over floating platforms such as pontoons or floating piers. This technology was not initially developed for accommodating solar modules thus needs to be designed specifically for that purpose.
• Anchoring technology complexity: Anchoring the floating panels is fundamental in order to avoid abrupt variation of panels position that would hinder the production. Anchoring technology is well known and established when applied to boats or other floating objects but it needs to be adapted to the usage with floating PV. Severe storms have caused floating systems to fail and anchoring systems must be developed with these risks in mind.{{cite web |title=Storm damages world's biggest floating solar plant in Madhya Pradesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/indore/storm-damages-worlds-biggest-floating-solar-plant/articleshow/109231119.cms |website=The Times of India |date=15 April 2024}}
• Societal use conflicts: Covering bodies of water with floating panels may interfere with societal uses. For example, covering reservoirs used for fisheries could undermine local populations reliant on those fisheries. The impact on scenery by floating panels may lower property prices causing opposition from nearby landowners.{{Cite journal |last1=Almeida |first1=Rafael M. |last2=Schmitt |first2=Rafael |last3=Grodsky |first3=Steven M. |last4=Flecker |first4=Alexander S. |last5=Gomes |first5=Carla P. |last6=Zhao |first6=Lu |last7=Liu |first7=Haohui |last8=Barros |first8=Nathan |last9=Kelman |first9=Rafael |last10=McIntyre |first10=Peter B. |date=June 2022 |title=Floating solar power could help fight climate change — let's get it right |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-01525-1 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=606 |issue=7913 |pages=246–249 |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-01525-1|pmid=35672509 |bibcode=2022Natur.606..246A }} One survey conducted with the local population of Oostvoornse lake, the Netherlands, demonstrated a 10% disapproval rate of short-term Floating PV projects in their community.{{cite journal |last1=Bax |first1=Vincent |last2=van de Lageweg |first2=Wietse I. |last3=van den Berg |first3=Bas |last4=Hoosemans |first4=Rik |last5=Terpstra |first5=Teun |title=Will it float? Exploring the social feasibility of floating solar energy infrastructure in the Netherlands |journal=Energy Research & Social Science |date=July 2022 |volume=89 |pages=102569 |doi=10.1016/j.erss.2022.102569 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022ERSS...8902569B }} These concerns included obstruction of businesses and recreational activities in the lake area. Other surveyors showed concerns of floating solar technology ruining the lake's natural beauty, and disregarding the local people's personal attachments to Oostvoornse lake.
• Ecological challenges: The shading of bodies of water may inhibit harmful algal blooms, but the shade of floating PV panels may cause ecological damage via inhibiting photosynthesis and altering the behavior of light-responsive fish and zooplankton. Furthermore, the emission of polarized light by PV systems can effect animals sensitive to polarized light like many insects, birds, or amphibians.{{cite journal |last1=Benjamins |first1=Steven |last2=Williamson |first2=Benjamin |last3=Billing |first3=Suzannah-Lynn |last4=Yuan |first4=Zhiming |last5=Collu |first5=Maurizio |last6=Fox |first6=Clive |last7=Hobbs |first7=Laura |last8=Masden |first8=Elizabeth A. |last9=Cottier-Cook |first9=Elizabeth J. |last10=Wilson |first10=Ben |title=Potential environmental impacts of floating solar photovoltaic systems |journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews |date=July 2024 |volume=199 |pages=114463 |doi=10.1016/j.rser.2024.114463 |bibcode=2024RSERv.19914463B |doi-access=free }}

{{Incomplete list|date=May 2022}}

• Solar canal
• Photovoltaics
• Solar energy
• Agrivoltaics
• Solar panel
• Vertical bifacial solar cells
• Vertical axis solar tracker

{{reflist}}

• {{cite journal |last1=Almeida |first1=Rafael M. |last2=Schmitt |first2=Rafael |last3=Grodsky |first3=Steven M. |last4=Flecker |first4=Alexander S. |last5=Gomes |first5=Carla P. |last6=Zhao |first6=Lu |last7=Liu |first7=Haohui |last8=Barros |first8=Nathan |last9=Kelman |first9=Rafael |last10=McIntyre |first10=Peter B. |title=Floating solar power could help fight climate change — let's get it right |journal=Nature |date=9 June 2022 |volume=606 |issue=7913 |pages=246–249 |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-01525-1 |pmid=35672509 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022Natur.606..246A }}
• Howard, E. and Schmidt, E. 2008. Evaporation control using Rio Tinto's Floating Modules on Northparks Mine, Landloch and NCEA. National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture Publication 1001858/1, USQ, Toowoomba.
• {{cite journal|title=Floating Photovoltaic plants: performance analysis and design solutions|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|volume=81|pages=1730–1741|year=2017|last=R. Cazzaniga, M. Cicu, M. Rosa-Clot, P. Rosa-Clot, G. M. Tina and C. Ventura|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.269|bibcode=2018RSERv..81.1730C }}
• {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2016.12.094 |title=Solar water heating system and photovoltaic floating cover to reduce evaporation: Experimental results and modeling |journal=Renewable Energy |volume=105 |pages=601–615 |year=2017 |last1=Taboada |first1=M.E. |last2=Cáceres |first2=L. |last3=Graber |first3=T.A. |last4=Galleguillos |first4=H.R. |last5=Cabeza |first5=L.F. |last6=Rojas |first6=R. |bibcode=2017REne..105..601T |hdl=10459.1/59048 |hdl-access=free }}
• {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.03.015 |title=Solar powered artificial floating island for landscape ecology and water quality improvement |journal=Ecological Engineering |volume=69 |pages=8–16 |year=2014 |last1=Chang |first1=Yuan-Hsiou |last2=Ku |first2=Chen-Ruei |last3=Yeh |first3=Naichia |bibcode=2014EcEng..69....8C }}
• {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.10.097 |title=Thermal and electrical performances of a water-surface floating PV integrated with double water-saturated MEPCM layers |journal=Applied Thermal Engineering |volume=94 |pages=122–132 |year=2016 |last1=Ho |first1=C.J. |last2=Chou |first2=Wei-Len |last3=Lai |first3=Chi-Ming |bibcode=2016AppTE..94..122H }}
• {{cite book|title=Submerged and Floating Photovoltaic Systems Modelling, Design and Case Studies |publisher=Academic Press | year=2017 |last=M. Rosa-Clot, G. M. Tina }}
• {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.rser.2016.08.051 |title=Floating photovoltaic power plant: A review |journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews |volume=66 |pages=815–824 |year=2016 |last1=Sahu |first1=Alok |last2=Yadav |first2=Neha |last3=Sudhakar |first3=K. |bibcode=2016RSERv..66..815S }}
• {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2012.10.022 |title=Proposing offshore photovoltaic (PV) technology to the energy mix of the Maltese islands |journal=Energy Conversion and Management |volume=67 |pages=18–26 |year=2013 |last1=Trapani |first1=Kim |last2=Millar |first2=Dean L. |bibcode=2013ECM....67...18T }}
• {{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.053 |title=A review of solar photovoltaic systems cooling technologies |journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews |volume=79 |pages=192–203 |year=2017 |last1=Siecker |first1=J. |last2=Kusakana |first2=K. |last3=Numbi |first3=B.P. |bibcode=2017RSERv..79..192S }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Spencer |first1=Robert S. |last2=Macknick |first2=Jordan |last3=Aznar |first3=Alexandra |last4=Warren |first4=Adam |last5=Reese |first5=Matthew O. |title=Floating Photovoltaic Systems: Assessing the Technical Potential of Photovoltaic Systems on Man-Made Water Bodies in the Continental United States |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |date=5 February 2019 |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=1680–1689 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.8b04735 |pmid=30532953 |bibcode=2019EnST...53.1680S |osti=1489330 }}
• {{Cite web |last=Ludt |first=Billy |date=2023-01-20 |title=Buoyant racking turns water into an ideal solar site |url=https://www.solarpowerworldonline.com/2023/01/buoyant-racking-turns-water-into-an-ideal-solar-site/ |access-date=2023-02-13 |website=Solar Power World |language=en-US}}

• [https://science.osti.gov/-/media/sbir/pdf/Market-Research/SETO---Floating-Solar-Photovoltaics-August-2022-Public.pdf Floating Solar Photovoltaics Market Research Study] United States Department of Energy

{{Solar energy}}

[https://istindia.org/find/start-floating-solar-business floating solar oppertunities in India]

Category:Solar power

Category:Renewable energy

Category:Sustainable energy