fumarole mineral

{{Short description|Minerals which are deposited by fumarole exhalations}}

File:Tazieffite - Mutnovsky volcano, Kamchatka, Russia (Color SEM).jpg, Kamchatka. An electron micrograph, colour enhanced by optical microscopy, depicted width: 700 microns.]]

Fumarole minerals (or fumarolic minerals) are minerals which are deposited by fumarole exhalations. They form when gases and compounds desublimate or precipitate out of condensates, forming mineral deposits. They are mostly associated with volcanoes (as volcanic sublimate or fumarolic sublimate) following deposition from volcanic gas during an eruption or discharge from a volcanic vent or fumarole, but have been encountered on burning coal deposits as well. They can be black or multicoloured and are often unstable upon exposure to the atmosphere.

Native sulfur, in this context called brimstone, is a common sublimate mineral and various halides, sulfides and sulfates occur in this environment associated with fumaroles and eruptions. A number of rare minerals are fumarole minerals, and at least 240 such minerals are known from Tolbachik volcano in Kamchatka, Russia. Other volcanoes where particular fumarole minerals have been discovered are Vulcano in Italy and Bezymyanny also in Russia.

Origin and appearance

File:Color SEM 4.jpg images, from Mutnovsky volcano in Kamchatka. An electron micrograph, colour enhanced by optical microscopy, depicted width: 700 microns.]] In fumaroles, minerals either form through desublimation from fumarole gases or through interactions of fumarole gases with country rock.{{sfn|Britvin|Pekov|Yapaskurt|Koshlyakova|2020|p=2}} The former are known as sublimates and the latter as incrustations.{{sfn|Ganino|Libourel|Bernard|2019|p=75}} Some such deposits may also form through the interaction between liquid fumarole condensates and country rock{{sfn|Stracher|Prakash|Schroeder|McCormack|2005|p=1736}} and are not always formed by desublimation.{{sfn|Stoiber|Rose|1974|p=513}} Repeated cycles of primary deposition and secondary alteration may occur.{{sfn|Kodosky|Keith|1993|p=185}} Volcanic gases such as hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, sulfur dioxide and water{{sfn|Stoiber|Rose|1974|p=514}} can transport large amounts of elements, thus contributing to geochemical cycles on the surface and the formation of ore deposits at depth.{{sfn|Renggli|Klemme|2020|p=1}} When these exhalations reach the atmosphere and cool, the minerals contained in them tend to precipitate out.

Volcanic fumarole minerals (as volcanic sublimate or fumarolic sublimate) form following deposition from volcanic gas during an eruption or discharge from a volcanic vent or fumarole. Burning coal produces enough heat to partially melt rocks and to generate exhalations of the mineral components embedded in coal.{{sfn|Guy|Thiéry|Garcia|Bascou|2020|p=466}} Coal seam fires often deposit fumarolic minerals over areas of a few square metres which can be detected by airborne hyperspectral imagery. Coal fires can mobilize toxic trace elements.{{sfn|Stracher|Prakash|Schroeder|McCormack|2005|p=1738}} Fumarole minerals have also been found in Gusev crater on Mars and possibly in a sample returned from the Moon by the probe Chang'e-5.

Fumarole deposits have been used to identify heat flow anomalies and to reconstruct ore genesis processes.{{sfn|Kodosky|Keith|1993|p=185}}

Fumarole exhalations are often black or multicoloured, and tend to develop typical zonations. Common components are sulfur compounds and elemental sulfur. In the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes in Alaska the fumarole minerals form both thin crusts in the vents, mixtures with tephra deposits{{sfn|Keith|1991|p=236}} and coloured outcrops and mounds at the sites of former fumaroles.{{sfn|Kodosky|Keith|1993|p=187}} Deposits at Tolbachik volcano have shapes likef crusts, small plates and globules.

Typical components of fumarole minerals are halides, oxides, sulfates and sulfides,{{sfn|Shchipalkina|Pekov|Koshlyakova|Britvin|2020|p=101}} with the exact composition different between volcanoes, individual vents at volcanoes and different temperatures of the same vent.{{sfn|Stoiber|Rose|1974|p=496}}{{sfn|Borisov|Siidra|Vlasenko|Platonova|2024|p=2}} Fumarolic minerals are often unstable and are eroded or decompose, in the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes in Alaska it took less than a century for almost all fumarole mineral deposits to disappear although others remained and were later used to identify former fumarole vents.{{sfn|Keith|1991|p=230}} Thus, many fumarole minerals are rare and many rare minerals are fumarole minerals. Some fumarolic minerals have been found in extinct Cenozoic volcanoes{{sfn|Pekov|Koshlyakova|Zubkova|Lykova|2018|p=306}} and could exist in Archean rocks as well, however.{{sfn|Ganino|Libourel|Bernard|2019|p=85}} Unique textures occur such as bubble-like structures, which may form when the liquid that deposits the minerals evaporates.{{sfn|Stracher|Prakash|Schroeder|McCormack|2005|p=1736}}

Volcanoes

File:Color SEM 2.jpg volcano, Kamchatka]]

Research on the mineralogy of fumarole minerals has been conducted in Central America, Russia and Europe,{{sfn|Shchipalkina|Pekov|Koshlyakova|Britvin|2020|p=101}} with detailed publications on Izalco in El Salvador, Eldfell in Iceland, Vesuvius{{sfn|Stoiber|Rose|1974|p=496}} where research goes back to the early 19th century and Vulcano in Italy, Mount Usu in Japan, Kudryavy and Tolbachik in Russia, Kilauea and Mount St. Helens in the United States.{{sfn|Shchipalkina|Pekov|Koshlyakova|Britvin|2020|p=101}} Sulfur deposits containing fumarolic desublimates are found at Guallatiri and Lastarria volcanoes in the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes. Kudryavy volcano in the Kurils is particularly known for the numerous mineralizations its fumaroles have produced{{sfn|Yudovskaya|Distler|Chaplygin|Mokhov|2006|p=828}} and for the presence of rhenium-rich precipitates.{{sfn|Ganino|Libourel|Bernard|2019|p=75}} Among the elements found there are copper-gold-silver alloys.{{sfn|Yudovskaya|Distler|Chaplygin|Mokhov|2006|p=837}} Various sulfate-based minerals have been identified at the Salton Buttes in California. Fumarolic minerals have also been reported from the Western Andes in Bolivia.

The most fumarolic minerals have been found at Tolbachik volcano in Kamchatka, Russia; Tolbachik also has one of the most diverse mineral assemblages in the world,{{sfn|Pekov|Koshlyakova|Zubkova|Lykova|2018|p=306}} with a number of "endemic" minerals. The high temperature and oxidizing regime of exhalations which transport the elements at Tolbachik facilitates mineral deposition.{{sfn|Pekov|Koshlyakova|Zubkova|Lykova|2018|p=318}} A large assemblage of silicates{{sfn|Shchipalkina|Pekov|Koshlyakova|Britvin|2020|p=102}} and a number of copper-zinc selenite chlorides and copper-based fumarolic minerals were discovered at Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka, Russia. Many of these include polymeric {{chem|Cu|O|4}} units.{{sfn|Britvin|Pekov|Yapaskurt|Koshlyakova|2020|p=2}} About 240 minerals have been identified at Tolbachik,{{sfn|Pekov|Koshlyakova|Zubkova|Lykova|2018|p=306}} close to a record, 40 of them only incompletely studied.{{sfn|Shchipalkina|Pekov|Koshlyakova|Britvin|2020|p=103}} Elemental gold linked to chlorides at Tolbachik has been interpreted as gold transported by chlorine-rich oxidizing environments. Specimens of fumarole minerals from Tolbachik and Kudryavy are hosted by the Fersman Mineralogical Museum in Moscow.

Historical lava flows of Vesuvius volcano contain fumarolic minerals. Various fumarole minerals have been discovered at Vulcano volcano in Italy, where the mineralogy has changed since 1987 and 1990 due to hotter fumarole exhalations,{{sfn|Pinto|Garavelli|Mitolo|2014|p=1}} yielding increased sulfate and sulfur salt concentrations.{{sfn|Pinto|Garavelli|Mitolo|2014|p=2}} Fumarolic minerals have also been encountered in multiple mud volcanoes in Siberia.

Minerals discovered in fumarole areas

class="wikitable"

!Mineral

!Formula

!Location

!Date described

!Ref

Abramovite

|{{chem|Pb|2|Sn|In|Bi|S|7}}

|Kudryavy, Russia

|2008

Allochalcoselite

|{{chem|Cu|+|Cu|2+|5|Pb|O|2|(|Se|O|3|)|2|Cl|5}}

Aluminocoquimbite

|{{chem|Al|Fe|(|S|O|4|)|3|*|9|H|2|O}}

|Grotta del' Alume, Vulcano, Italy

|2010

Aluminopyracmonite

|{{chem|(|N|H|4|)|3|Al|(|S|O|4|)|3}}

|La Fossa, Vulcano, Italy

|2018

Arsmirandite

|{{chem|Na|18|Cu|2+|12|Fe|3+|O|8|(|As|O|4|)|8|Cl|5}}

|Arsenatnaya fumarole, Tolbachik, Russia

|2020

|{{sfn|Britvin|Pekov|Yapaskurt|Koshlyakova|2020|p=2}}

Axelite

|{{chem|Na|14|Cu|7|(|As|O|4|)|8|F|2|Cl|2}}

|Arsenatnaya fumarole, Tolbachik, Russia

|2022

Baliczunicite

|{{chem|Bi|2|O|(|S|O|4|)|2}}

|La Fossa, Vulcano, Italy

|2013

|{{sfn|Pinto|Garavelli|Mitolo|2014|p=2}}

Belomarinaite

|{{chem|K|Na|S|O|4}}

|Toludskoe lava field, Tolbachik, Russia

|2019

Belousovite

|{{chem|K|Zn|(|S|O|4|)|Cl}}

|Yadovitaya fumarole, Second Scoria Cone, Tolbachik, Russia

|2018

Blossite

|α{{nbh}}{{chem|Cu|2+|2|V|5+|2|O|7}}

|Izalco, El Salvador

|1987

Bubnovaite

|{{chem|K|2|Na|8|Ca|(|S|O|4|)|6}}

|Naboko cone, Tolbachik, Russia

Burnsite

|{{chem|K|Cd|Cu|7|O|2|(|Se|O|3|)|2|Cl|9}}

|Tolbachik

|2002?

|{{sfn|Borisov|Siidra|Vlasenko|Platonova|2024|p=16}}

Cadmoindite

|{{chem|Cd|In|2|S|4}}

|Kudryavy, Russia

|2004

|{{sfn|Yudovskaya|Distler|Chaplygin|Mokhov|2006|p=830}}

Calciolangbeinite

|{{chem|K|2|Ca|2|(|S|O|4|)|3}}

|Arsenatnaya fumarole, Tolbachik, Russia

|2022

Campostriniite

|{{chem|(|Bi|3+|,|Na|)|3|(|N|H|4|,|K|)|2|Na|2|(|S|O|4|)|6|·|H|2|O}}

|La Fossa, Vulcano, Italy

|2015

Cannizzarite

|{{chem|Pb|46|Bi|54|(|S|,|Se|)|127}}

|La Fossa, Vulcano, Italy

Cesiodymite

|{{chem|Cs|K|Cu|5|O|(|S|O|4|)|5}}

|Second Scoria Cone, Tolbachik, Russia

|2018

Chubarovite

|{{chem|K|Zn|2|(|B|O|3|)|Cl|2}}

|Arsenatnaya fumarole, Tolbachik, Russia

|2015

Cryptocalcite

|{{chem|K|2|Cu|5|O|(|S|O|4|)|5}}

|Second Scoria Cone, Tolbachik, Russia

|2018

Cuprodobrovolskyite

|{{chem|Na|4|Cu|(|S|O|4|)|3}}

|Second Scoria Cone, Tolbachik

|2023

Cupromolybdite

|{{chem|Cu|3|O|(|Mo|O|4|)|2}}

|New Tolbachik scoria cones, Tolbachik, Russia

|2012

D'ansite

|{{chem|Na|21|Mn|2+|(|S|O|4|)|10|Cl}}

|Vesuvius and Vulcano, Italy

|2012

Demartinite

|{{chem|K|2|Si|F|6}}

|La Fossa, Vulcano, Italy

|2007

Demicheleite

|{{chem|Bi|S|I}} and {{chem|Bi|S|Br}}

|La Fossa, Vulcano, Italy

|2010 and 2008

Dobrovolskyite

|{{chem|Na|4|Ca|(|S|O|4|)|3}}

|Great Tolbachik fissure eruption, Kamchatka peninsula, Russia

|2021

Elasmochloite

|{{chem|Na|3|Cu|6|Bi|O|4|(|S|O|4|)}}

Eldfellite

|{{chem|Na|Fe|(|S|O|4|)|2}}

Ermakovite

|{{chem|(|N|H|4|)|(|As|2|O|3|)|2|Br}}

|Fan-Yagnob coal deposit, Tajikistan

|2022

Grigorievite

|{{chem|Cu|3|Fe|3+|2|Al|2|(|V|O|4|)}}

|Second Scoria Cone, Tolbachik, Russia

|2015

|{{sfn|Cámara|Gagne|Uvarova|2015|p=660}}

Hermannjahnite

|{{chem|Cu|Zn|(|S|O|4|)|2}}

|Naboko scoria cone, Tolbachik, Russia

|2018

Karpovite

|{{chem|Tl|2|V|O|(|S|O|4|)|2|(|H|2|O|)}}

|First Cinder Cone, Tolbachik, Russia

|2018

Knasibfite

|{{chem|K|3|Na|4|[|Si|F|6|]|3|[|B|F|4|]}}

|La Fossa, Vulcano, Italy

|2008

Koksharovite

|{{chem|Ca|Mg|2|Fe|3+|4|(|V|O|4|)|6}}

|Bezymyanny, Russia

|2015

|{{sfn|Cámara|Gagne|Uvarova|2015|p=660}}

Kristjánite

|{{chem|K|Na|2|H|(|S|O|4|)|2}}

|Fimmvörðuháls, Iceland

|2010

Kudriavite

|{{chem|(|Cd|,|Pb|)|Bi|2|S|4}}

|Kudryavy, Russia

|2004

|{{sfn|Yudovskaya|Distler|Chaplygin|Mokhov|2006|p=830}}

Lehmannite

|{{chem|Na|18|Cu|2+|12|Ti|O|8|(|As|O|4|)|8|F|Cl|5}}

|Arsenatnaya fumarole, Tolbachik

|2020

|{{sfn|Britvin|Pekov|Yapaskurt|Koshlyakova|2020|p=2}}

Leonardsenite

|{{chem|Mg|Al|F|5|(|H|2|O|)|2}}

|Eldfell, Heimaey, Iceland

|2015

|{{sfn|Cámara|Gagne|Uvarova|2015|p=660}}

Lesyukite

|{{chem|Al|2|(|O|H|)|5|Cl|*|2|H|2|O}}

|First Cone, Tolbachik, Russia

|2007 or earlier

|{{sfn|Vergasova|Filatov|Dunin-Barkovskaya|2007|p=131}}

Lucabindiite

|{{chem|(|K|,|N|H|4|)|As|4|O|6|(|Cl|,|Br|)}}

|La Fossa, Vulcano, Italy

|2010–2011

Majzlanite

|{{chem|K|2|Na|(|Zn|Na|)|Ca|(|S|O|4|)|4}}

|Yadovitaya fumarole, Tolbachik, Russia

|2019

Manuelarossiite

|{{chem|Ca|Pb|Al|F|7}}

|Vesuvius volcano, Italy

|2024?

Medvedevite

|{{chem|K|Mn|V|2|O|6|Cl|*|(|H|2|O|)|2}}

|Toludskoe lava field, Tolbachik, Russia

|2020

Napoliite

|{{chem|Pb|2|O|F|Cl}}

|Vesuvius, 1994 rocks

|2010-2020

Nishanbaevite

|{{chem|K|Al|2|O|(|As|O|4|)|(|S|O|4|)}}

|Arsenatnaya fumarole, Tolbachik, Russia

|2022

Oskarssonite

|{{chem|Al|F|3}}

|Eldfell, Iceland

|2018

Ozerovaite

|{{chem|Na|2|K|Al|3|(|As|O|4|)|4}}

|Second Cinder Cone, Tolbachik, Russia

|2019

Paradimorphite

|{{chem|As|4|S|3}}

|Solfatara, Campi Flegrei, Italy

|2022

Parageorgbokiite

|{{chem|b-|Cu|5|O|2|(|Se|O|3|)|2|Cl|2}}

|Yadovitaya fumarole, Tolbachik, Russia

|2007

Parascandolaite

|{{chem|K|Mg|F|3}}

|Vesuvius, Italy

|2014

Parawulffite

|{{chem|K|5|Na|3|Cu|8|O|4|(|S|O|4|)|8}}

|Arsenatnaya fumarole, Tolbachik, Russia

|2014

Petrovite

|{{chem|Na|10|Ca|Cu|2|(|S|O|4|)|8}}

|Second Scoria Cone, Tolbachik, Russia

|2020

Pliniusite

|{{chem|Ca|5|(|V|O|4|)|3|F}}

|Tolbachik, Russia

|2022

Prewittite

|{{chem|K|Pb|1.5|Cu|6|Zn|(|Se|O|3|)|2|O|2|Cl|10}}

|Second Scoria Cone, Tolbachik, Russia

|2013

Pseudolyonsite

|{{chem|Cu|3|(|V|O|4|)|2}}

|New Tolbachik scoria cones, Tolbachik, Russia

|2011

Puninite

|{{chem|Na|2|Cu|3|O|(|S|O|4|)|3}}

|Second scoria cone, Tolbachik, Russia

|2017

Rhabdoborite

|{{chem|Mg|12|(|V|,|Mo|,|W|)|4/3|O|6|[|(|B|O|3|)|6–x|(|P|O|4|)|x|F|2–x|]}}

|Arsenatnaya fumarole, Tolbachik, Russia

|2020

Russoite

|{{chem|N|H|4|Cl|As|3+|2|O|3|(|H|2|O|)|0.5}}

|Solfatara, Phlegrean Fields, Italy

|2018

Ryabchikovite

|{{chem|Cu|Mg|(|Si|2|O|6|)}}

|Arsenatnaya, Tolbachik

|2023

Sbacchiite

|{{chem|Ca|2|Al|F|7}}

|Vesuvius, Italy

|2019

Shcherbinaite

|{{chem|V|2|O|5}}

|Izalco, El Salvador

|1983

Stoiberite

|{{chem|Cu|5|V|2|O|10}}

|"Y fumarole", Izalco, El Salvador

|1979

Therasiaite

|{{chem|(|N|H|4|)|3|K|Na|2|Fe|2+|Fe|3+|(|S|O|4|)|3|Cl|5}}

|La Fossa, Vulcano, Italy

|2014

Thermessaite

|{{chem|(|N|H|4|)|2|Al|F|3|(|S|O|4|)}}

|La Fossa, Vulcano, Italy

|2021

Topsøeite

|{{chem|Fe|F|3|(|H|2|O|)|3}}

|Hekla, Iceland

|2018

Wulffite

|{{chem|K|3|Na|Cu|4|O|2|(|S|O|4|)|4}}

|Arsenatnaya fumarole, Tolbachik, Russia

|2014

Vasilseverginite

|{{chem|Cu|9|O|4|(|As|O|4|)|2|(|S|O|4|)|2}}

|Arsenatnaya fumarole, Tolbachik, Russia

|2021

Wrightite

|{{chem|K|2|Al|2|O|(|As|O|4|)|2}}

|Second Scoria Cone, Tolbachik, Russia

|1983

Yavapaiite

|{{chem|K|Fe|(|S|O|4|)|2}}

Ziminaite

|{{chem|Fe|3+|V|O|4}}

|Bezymyanny, Russia

|2018

Zincobradaczekite

|{{chem|Na|Cu|Cu|Zn|2|(|As|O|4|)|3}}

|Yadovitaya fumarole, Tolbachik, Russia

|2020

Gallery

File:Color SEM 5.jpg|Fumarole minerals in natural colours

File:Color SEM 1.jpg|Fumarole minerals in natural colours, Mutnovsky, Kamchatka

File:Color SEM 6.jpg|Fumarole minerals in natural colours, Tolbachik, Kamchatka

File:RM2447-Belomarinaite.jpg|Non-SEM photo of belomarinaite from Tolbachik, Kamchatka

References

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{{cite journal |last1=Lykova |first1=Inna |last2=Rowe |first2=Ralph |last3=Poirier |first3=Glenn |last4=Friis |first4=Henrik |last5=Helwig |first5=Kate |title=Bounahasite, Cu⁺Cu²⁺₂(OH)₃Cl₂, a new mineral from the Bou Nahas Mine, Morocco |journal=Mineralogical Magazine |date=9 December 2022 |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=218–224 |doi=10.1180/mgm.2022.133 |s2cid=254532654 |doi-access=free |hdl=10852/101312 |hdl-access=free}}

{{cite journal |last1=Pekov |first1=Igor V. |last2=Zubkova |first2=Natalia V. |last3=Agakhanov |first3=Atali A. |last4=Yapaskurt |first4=Vasiliy O. |last5=Belakovskiy |first5=Dmitry I. |last6=Britvin |first6=Sergey N. |last7=Sidorov |first7=Evgeny G. |last8=Kutyrev |first8=Anton V. |last9=Pushcharovsky |first9=Dmitry Yu |title=New arsenate minerals from the Arsenatnaya fumarole, Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka, Russia. XIX. Axelite, Na₁₄Cu₇(AsO₄)₈F₂Cl₂ |journal=Mineralogical Magazine |date=2022 |volume=87 |pages=109–117 |doi=10.1180/mgm.2022.120 |s2cid=253787792 |language=en |issn=0026-461X |doi-access=}}

{{cite journal |last1=Pekov |first1=Igor V. |last2=Zubkova |first2=Natalia V. |last3=Yapaskurt |first3=Vasiliy O. |last4=Belakovskiy |first4=Dmitry I. |last5=Britvin |first5=Sergey N. |last6=Agakhanov |first6=Atali A. |last7=Turchkova |first7=Anna G. |last8=Sidorov |first8=Evgeny G. |last9=Kutyrev |first9=Anton V. |last10=Blatov |first10=Vladislav A. |last11=Pushcharovsky |first11=Dmitry Y. |title=Nishanbaevite, KAl₂O(AsO₄)(SO₄), a new As/S-ordered arsenate-sulfate mineral of fumarolic origin |journal=Mineralogy and Petrology |date=9 December 2022 |volume=117 |issue=2 |pages=247–257 |doi=10.1007/s00710-022-00803-0 |bibcode=2023MinPe.117..247P |s2cid=254533626 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00710-022-00803-0 |language=en |issn=1438-1168 |access-date=16 December 2022 |archive-date=16 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216090644/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00710-022-00803-0 |url-status=live }}

{{cite journal |last1=Pekov |first1=Igor V. |last2=Zubkova |first2=Natalia V. |last3=Galuskina |first3=Irina O. |last4=Kusz |first4=Joachim |last5=Koshlyakova |first5=Natalia N. |last6=Galuskin |first6=Evgeny V. |last7=Belakovskiy |first7=Dmitry I. |last8=Bulakh |first8=Maria O. |last9=Vigasina |first9=Marina F. |last10=Chukanov |first10=Nikita V. |last11=Britvin |first11=Sergey N. |last12=Sidorov |first12=Evgeny G. |last13=Vapnik |first13=Yevgeny |last14=Pushcharovsky |first14=Dmitry Yu. |title=Calciolangbeinite- O, a natural orthorhombic modification of K₂Ca₂(SO₄)₃, and the langbeinite–calciolangbeinite solid-solution system |journal=Mineralogical Magazine |date=August 2022 |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=557–569 |doi=10.1180/mgm.2021.95 |bibcode=2022MinM...86..557P |s2cid=246406414}}

{{cite journal |last1=Karpenko |first1=Vladimir Yu. |last2=Pautov |first2=Leonid A. |last3=Siidra |first3=Oleg I. |last4=Mirakov |first4=Mirak A. |last5=Zaitsev |first5=Anatoly N. |last6=Plechov |first6=Pavel Yu. |last7=Makhmadsharif |first7=Saimudasir |title=Ermakovite (NH₄)(As₂O₃)₂Br, a new exhalative arsenite bromide mineral from the Fan-Yagnob coal deposit, Tajikistan |journal=Mineralogical Magazine |date=14 October 2022 |volume=87 |pages=69–78 |doi=10.1180/mgm.2022.116 |s2cid=252906686 |doi-access=}}

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{{cite journal |last1=Pekov |first1=Igor V. |last2=Koshlyakova |first2=Natalia N. |last3=Zubkova |first3=Natalia V. |last4=Krzątała |first4=Arkadiusz |last5=Belakovskiy |first5=Dmitry I. |last6=Galuskina |first6=Irina O. |last7=Galuskin |first7=Evgeny V. |last8=Britvin |first8=Sergey N. |last9=Sidorov |first9=Evgeny G. |last10=Vapnik |first10=Yevgeny |last11=Pushcharovsky |first11=Dmitry Yu |title=Pliniusite, Ca₅(VO₄)₃F, a new apatite-group mineral and the novel natural ternary solid-solution system pliniusite–svabite–fluorapatite |journal=American Mineralogist |date=1 August 2022 |volume=107 |issue=8 |pages=1626–1634 |doi=10.2138/am-2022-8100 |s2cid=251071645 |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/msa/ammin/article-abstract/107/8/1626/615706/Pliniusite-Ca5-VO4-3F-a-new-apatite-group-mineral |access-date=2 November 2022 |archive-date=2 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102104610/https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/msa/ammin/article-abstract/107/8/1626/615706/Pliniusite-Ca5-VO4-3F-a-new-apatite-group-mineral |url-status=live }}

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{{cite journal |last1=Shablinskii |first1=Andrey P. |last2=Filatov |first2=Stanislav K. |last3=Krivovichev |first3=Sergey V. |last4=Vergasova |first4=Lidiya P. |last5=Moskaleva |first5=Svetlana V. |last6=Avdontseva |first6=Eugeniya Yu |last7=Knyazev |first7=Alexander V. |last8=Bubnova |first8=Rimma S. |title=Dobrovolskyite, Na₄Ca(SO₄)₃, a new fumarolic sulfate from the Great Tolbachik fissure eruption, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia |journal=Mineralogical Magazine |date=April 2021 |volume=85 |issue=2 |pages=233–241 |doi=10.1180/mgm.2021.9 |bibcode=2021MinM...85..233S |s2cid=233260565 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/dobrovolskyite-na4caso43-a-new-fumarolic-sulfate-from-the-great-tolbachik-fissure-eruption-kamchatka-peninsula-russia/13358F8C376C8CF9C4D6B29C72C0EEE9 |language=en |issn=0026-461X |access-date=2021-12-08 |archive-date=2021-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202185904/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/dobrovolskyite-na4caso43-a-new-fumarolic-sulfate-from-the-great-tolbachik-fissure-eruption-kamchatka-peninsula-russia/13358F8C376C8CF9C4D6B29C72C0EEE9 |url-status=live }}

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{{cite journal |last1=Demartin |first1=Francesco |last2=Castellano |first2=Carlo |last3=Gramaccioli |first3=Carlo Maria |title=Campostriniite, (Bi³⁺,Na)₃(NH₄,K)₂Na₂(SO₄)₆·H₂O, a new sulfate isostructural with görgeyite, from La Fossa Crater, Vulcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy |journal=Mineralogical Magazine |date=2015 |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=1007–1008 |doi=10.1180/minmag.2015.079.4.10 |bibcode=2015MinM...79.1007D |s2cid=130849371 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/abs/campostriniite-bi3na3nh4k2na2so46h2o-a-new-sulfate-isostructural-with-gorgeyite-from-la-fossa-crater-vulcano-aeolian-islands-italy/7FC7AAB129EDEA2FCBC07486A80FACD4 |language=en |issn=0026-461X |access-date=2020-12-12 |archive-date=2021-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818205435/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/abs/campostriniite-bi3na3nh4k2na2so46h2o-a-new-sulfate-isostructural-with-gorgeyite-from-la-fossa-crater-vulcano-aeolian-islands-italy/7FC7AAB129EDEA2FCBC07486A80FACD4 |url-status=live }}

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{{cite journal |last1=Demartin |first1=F. |last2=Gramaccioli |first2=C. M. |last3=Campostrini |first3=I. |title=Demicheleite-(I), BiSI, a new mineral from La Fossa Crater, Vulcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy |journal=Mineralogical Magazine |date=2010 |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=141–142 |doi=10.1180/minmag.2010.074.1.141 |bibcode=2010MinM...74..141D |s2cid=129827579 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/abs/demicheleitei-bisi-a-new-mineral-from-la-fossa-crater-vulcano-aeolian-islands-italy/F5E846B95005877723E4A4272AF239AD |language=en |issn=0026-461X |access-date=2020-12-12 |archive-date=2023-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030015531/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/abs/demicheleitei-bisi-a-new-mineral-from-la-fossa-crater-vulcano-aeolian-islands-italy/F5E846B95005877723E4A4272AF239AD |url-status=live }}

{{cite journal |last1=Siidra |first1=Oleg I. |last2=Vergasova |first2=Lidiya P. |last3=Kretser |first3=Yuri L. |last4=Polekhovsky |first4=Yuri S. |last5=Filatov |first5=Stanislav K. |last6=Krivovichev |first6=Sergey V. |title=Unique thallium mineralization in the fumaroles of the Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. II. Karpovite, Tl₂VO(SO₄)₂(H₂O) |journal=Mineralogical Magazine |date=2018 |volume=78 |issue=7 |pages=1699–1700 |doi=10.1180/minmag.2014.078.7.13 |s2cid=131377092 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/abs/unique-thallium-mineralization-in-the-fumaroles-of-the-tolbachik-volcano-kamchatka-peninsula-russia-ii-karpovite-tl2voso42h2o/C01D012A56D9E34AB45997E8127E5FD7 |language=en |issn=0026-461X |access-date=2020-12-12 |archive-date=2022-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504064908/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/abs/unique-thallium-mineralization-in-the-fumaroles-of-the-tolbachik-volcano-kamchatka-peninsula-russia-ii-karpovite-tl2voso42h2o/C01D012A56D9E34AB45997E8127E5FD7 |url-status=live }}

{{cite journal |last1=Jacobsen |first1=M. J. |last2=Balić -Žunić |first2=T. |last3=Mitolo |first3=D. |last4=Katerinopoulou |first4=A. |last5=Garavelli |first5=A. |last6=Jakobsson |first6=S. P. |title=Oskarssonite, AlF₃, a new fumarolic mineral from Eldfell volcano, Heimaey, Iceland |journal=Mineralogical Magazine |date=2018 |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=215–216 |doi=10.1180/minmag.2014.078.1.15 |s2cid=131738318 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/abs/oskarssonite-alf3-a-new-fumarolic-mineral-from-eldfell-volcano-heimaey-iceland/A2966BD4681499D37BA41B2B4A707A0B |language=en |issn=0026-461X |access-date=2020-12-12 |archive-date=2021-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115070219/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/abs/oskarssonite-alf3-a-new-fumarolic-mineral-from-eldfell-volcano-heimaey-iceland/A2966BD4681499D37BA41B2B4A707A0B |url-status=live }}

{{cite journal |last1=Siidra |first1=Oleg I. |last2=Nazarchuk |first2=Evgeny V. |last3=Lukina |first3=Evgeniya A. |last4=Zaitsev |first4=Anatoly N. |last5=Shilovskikh |first5=Vladimir V. |title=Belousovite, KZn(SO₄)Cl, a new sulfate mineral from the Tolbachik volcano with apophyllite sheet-topology. |journal=Mineralogical Magazine |date=2018 |volume=82 |issue=5 |pages=1079–1080 |doi=10.1180/minmag.2017.081.084 |bibcode=2018MinM...82.1079S |s2cid=133993574 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/abs/belousovite-kznso4cl-a-new-sulfate-mineral-from-the-tolbachik-volcano-with-apophyllite-sheettopology/F758EF22841D371A5AB8EB83452CD2D6 |language=en |issn=0026-461X|url-access=subscription }}

{{cite journal |last1=Shuvalov |first1=Robert R. |last2=Vergasova |first2=Lidiya P. |last3=Semenova |first3=Tatyana F. |last4=Filatov |first4=Stanislav K. |last5=Krivovichev |first5=Sergey V. |last6=Siidra |first6=Oleg I. |last7=Rudashevsky |first7=Nikolay S. |title=Prewittite, KPb_1.5Cu₆Zn(SeO₃)₂O₂Cl₁₀, a new mineral from Tolbachik fumaroles, Kamchatka peninsula, Russia: Description and crystal structure |journal=American Mineralogist |date=1 February 2013 |volume=98 |issue=2–3 |page=463 |doi=10.2138/am.2013.4174 |bibcode=2013AmMin..98..463S |s2cid=102031214 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/journals/ammin/98/2-3/article-p463.xml |language=en |issn=1945-3027}}

{{cite journal |last1=Birnie |first1=R. W. |last2=Hughes |first2=J. M. |title=Stoiberite, Cu₅V₂O₁₀, a new copper vanadate from Izalco Volcano, El Salvador, Central America |journal=American Mineralogist |date=1 October 1979 |volume=64 |issue=9–10 |pages=941 |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/msa/ammin/article-abstract/64/9-10/941/41093/Stoiberite-Cu5V2O10-a-new-copper-vanadate-from?redirectedFrom=fulltext |language=en |issn=0003-004X |access-date=12 December 2020 |archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818205430/https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/msa/ammin/article-abstract/64/9-10/941/41093/Stoiberite-Cu5V2O10-a-new-copper-vanadate-from?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live }}

{{cite journal |last1=Demartin |first1=F. |last2=Campostrini |first2=I. |last3=Castellano |first3=C. |last4=Gramaccioli |first4=C. M. |last5=Russo |first5=M. |title=D'ansite-(Mn), Na₂₁Mn²⁺(SO₄)₁₀Cl₃ and d'ansite-(Fe), Na₂₁Fe²⁺(SO₄)₁₀Cl₃, two new minerals from volcanic fumaroles |journal=Mineralogical Magazine |date=1 December 2012 |volume=76 |issue=7 |pages=2773–2774 |doi=10.1180/minmag.2012.076.7.10 |bibcode=2012MinM...76.2773D |s2cid=93766296 |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/minmag/article-abstract/76/7/2773/85554/D-ansite-Mn-Na21Mn2-SO4-10Cl3-and-d-ansite-Fe?redirectedFrom=fulltext |language=en |issn=0026-461X |access-date=12 December 2020 |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030015525/https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/minmag/article-abstract/76/7/2773/85554/D-ansite-Mn-Na21Mn2-SO4-10Cl3-and-d-ansite-Fe?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live }}

{{cite journal |last1=Hughes |first1=John M. |last2=Finger |first2=Larry W. |title=The crystal chemistry of shcherbinaite, naturally occurring V₂O₅ |journal=American Mineralogist |date=1 December 1983 |volume=68 |issue=11–12 |page=1220 |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/msa/ammin/article-abstract/68/11-12/1220/104803/The-crystal-chemistry-of-shcherbinaite-naturally?redirectedFrom=fulltext |language=en |issn=0003-004X |access-date=12 December 2020 |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030015524/https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/msa/ammin/article-abstract/68/11-12/1220/104803/The-crystal-chemistry-of-shcherbinaite-naturally?redirectedFrom=fulltext |url-status=live }}

{{cite journal |last1=Pekov |first1=Igor V. |last2=Zubkova |first2=Natalia V. |last3=Koshlyakova |first3=Natalia N. |last4=Belakovskiy |first4=Dmitry I. |last5=Agakhanov |first5=Atali A. |last6=Vigasina |first6=Marina F. |last7=Britvin |first7=Sergey N. |last8=Sidorov |first8=Evgeny G. |last9=Pushcharovsky |first9=Dmitry Yu. |title=Rhabdoborite‑(V), rhabdoborite‑(Mo) and rhabdoborite‑(W): a new group of borate minerals with the general formula Mg₁₂M_1¹/₃O₆[(BO₃)_6–x(PO₄)_xF_2–x] (M= V⁵⁺, Mo⁶⁺ or W⁶⁺ and x < 1) |journal=Physics and Chemistry of Minerals |date=1 October 2020 |volume=47 |issue=10 |pages=2–3 |doi=10.1007/s00269-020-01105-7 |s2cid=222070921 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00269-020-01105-7 |language=en |issn=1432-2021 |url-access=subscription |access-date=6 December 2020 |archive-date=14 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014011230/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00269-020-01105-7 |url-status=live }}

{{cite journal |last1=Kuenzer |first1=Claudia |last2=Stracher |first2=Glenn B. |title=Geomorphology of coal seam fires |journal=Geomorphology |date=1 February 2012 |volume=138 |issue=1 |page=217 |doi=10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.09.004 |bibcode=2012Geomo.138..209K |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X11004727 |language=en |issn=0169-555X}}

{{cite journal |last1=Hazen |first1=Robert M. |last2=Ausubel |first2=Jesse H. |title=On the nature and significance of rarity in mineralogy |journal=American Mineralogist |date=1 June 2016 |volume=101 |issue=6 |page=1247 |doi=10.2138/am-2016-5601CCBY |bibcode=2016AmMin.101.1245H |s2cid=9906353 |language=en |issn=0003-004X |doi-access=free}}

{{cite journal |last1=Zelenski |first1=Michael E. |last2=Zubkova |first2=Natalia V. |last3=Pekov |first3=Igor V. |last4=Polekhovsky |first4=Yuri S. |last5=Pushcharovsky |first5=Dmitry Yu |title=Cupromolybdite, Cu₃O(MoO₄)₂, a new fumarolic mineral from the Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia |journal=European Journal of Mineralogy |date=1 August 2012 |volume=24 |issue=4 |page=750 |doi=10.1127/0935-1221/2012/0024-2221 |bibcode=2012EJMin..24..749Z |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/eurjmin/article/24/4/749/69691/Cupromolybdite-Cu3O-MoO4-2-a-new-fumarolic-mineral |language=en |issn=0935-1221}}

{{cite journal |last1=Zelenski |first1=Michael E. |last2=Zubkova |first2=Natalia V. |last3=Pekov |first3=Igor V. |last4=Boldyreva |first4=Maya M. |last5=Pushcharovsky |first5=Dmitry YU |last6=Nekrasov |first6=Aleksey N. |title=Pseudolyonsite, Cu₃(VO₄)₂, a new mineral species from the Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia |journal=European Journal of Mineralogy |date=1 June 2011 |volume=23 |issue=3 |page=475 |doi=10.1127/0935-1221/2011/0023-2101 |bibcode=2011EJMin..23..475Z |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/eurjmin/article/23/3/475/69552/Pseudolyonsite-Cu3-VO4-2-a-new-mineral-species |language=en |issn=0935-1221}}

{{cite journal |last1=Siidra |first1=Oleg I. |last2=Nazarchuk |first2=Evgeny V. |last3=Agakhanov |first3=Atali A. |last4=Lukina |first4=Evgeniya A. |last5=Zaitsev |first5=Anatoly N. |last6=Turner |first6=Rick |last7=Filatov |first7=Stanislav K. |last8=Pekov |first8=Igor V. |last9=Karpov |first9=Gennady A. |last10=Yapaskurt |first10=Vasiliy O. |title=Hermannjahnite, CuZn(SO₄)₂, a new mineral with chalcocyanite derivative structure from the Naboko scoria cone of the 2012–2013 fissure eruption at Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka, Russia |journal=Mineralogy and Petrology |date=1 February 2018 |volume=112 |issue=1 |page=123 |doi=10.1007/s00710-017-0520-4 |bibcode=2018MinPe.112..123S |s2cid=134441203 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00710-017-0520-4 |language=en |issn=1438-1168 |access-date=6 December 2020 |archive-date=15 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615232829/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00710-017-0520-4 |url-status=live }}

{{cite journal |last1=Pekov |first1=Igor V. |last2=Zubkova |first2=Natalia V. |last3=Pautov |first3=Leonid A. |last4=Yapaskurt |first4=Vasiliy O. |last5=Chukanov |first5=Nikita V. |last6=Lykova |first6=Inna S. |last7=Britvin |first7=Sergey N. |last8=Sidorov |first8=Evgeny G. |last9=Pushcharovsky |first9=Dmitry Yu |title=CHUBAROVITE, KZn₂(BO₃)Cl₂, A NEW MINERAL SPECIES FROM THE TOLBACHIK VOLCANO, KAMCHATKA, RUSSIATHE CANADIAN MINERALOGIST |journal=The Canadian Mineralogist |date=1 March 2015 |volume=53 |issue=2 |page=273 |doi=10.3749/canmin.1400080 |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/canmin/article/53/2/273/127598/CHUBAROVITE-KZn2-BO3-Cl2-A-NEW-MINERAL-SPECIES |language=en |issn=0008-4476}}

{{cite journal |last1=Pekov |first1=Igor V. |last2=Siidra |first2=Oleg I. |last3=Yapaskurt |first3=Vasiliy O. |last4=Polekhovsky |first4=Yury S. |last5=Kartashov |first5=Pavel M. |title=Ziminaite, Fe³⁺VO₄, a new howardevansite-group mineral from the Bezymyannyi volcano, Kamchatka, Russia |journal=Mineralogy and Petrology |date=1 June 2018 |volume=112 |issue=3 |page=371 |doi=10.1007/s00710-017-0550-y |bibcode=2018MinPe.112..371P |s2cid=133637568 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00710-017-0550-y |language=en |issn=1438-1168}}

{{cite journal |last1=Shablinskii |first1=Andrey P. |last2=Filatov |first2=Stanislav K. |last3=Vergasova |first3=Lidiya P. |last4=Avdontseva |first4=Eugeniya YU |last5=Moskaleva |first5=Svetlana V. |last6=Povolotskiy |first6=Aleksey V. |title=Ozerovaite, Na₂KAl₃(AsO₄)₄, new mineral species from Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka peninsula, Russia |journal=European Journal of Mineralogy |date=1 January 2019 |volume=31 |issue=1 |page=159 |doi=10.1127/ejm/2019/0031-2808 |bibcode=2019EJMin..31..159S |s2cid=134630812 |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/eurjmin/article/31/1/159/565769/Ozerovaite-Na2KAl3-AsO4-4-new-mineral-species-from |language=en |issn=0935-1221}}

{{cite journal |last1=Yudovskaya |first1=M. A. |last2=Trubkin |first2=N. V. |last3=Koporulina |first3=E. V. |last4=Belakovsky |first4=D. I. |last5=Mokhov |first5=A. V. |last6=Kuznetsova |first6=M. V. |last7=Golovanova |first7=T. I. |title=Abramovite, Pb₂SnInBiS₇, a new mineral species from fumaroles of the Kudryavy volcano, Kurile Islands, Russia |journal=Geology of Ore Deposits |date=1 December 2008 |volume=50 |issue=7 |page=551 |doi=10.1134/S1075701508070052 |bibcode=2008GeoOD..50..551Y |s2cid=140650406 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1075701508070052 |language=en |issn=1555-6476 |access-date=6 December 2020 |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024073806/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1075701508070052 |url-status=live }}

{{cite journal |last1=Demartin |first1=F. |last2=Castellano |first2=C. |last3=Campostrini |first3=I. |title=Aluminopyracmonite, (NH₄)₃Al(SO₄)₃, a new ammonium aluminium sulfate from La Fossa crater, Vulcano, Aeolian Islands, Italy |journal=Mineralogical Magazine |date=2018 |volume=77 |issue=4 |page=443 |doi=10.1180/minmag.2013.077.4.04 |s2cid=130573127 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/abs/aluminopyracmonite-nh43also43-a-new-ammonium-aluminium-sulfate-from-la-fossa-crater-vulcano-aeolian-islands-italy/E0C90E0BA00F987A838DFF4259F154F7 |language=en |issn=0026-461X |access-date=2020-12-06 |archive-date=2021-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818205429/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/abs/aluminopyracmonite-nh43also43-a-new-ammonium-aluminium-sulfate-from-la-fossa-crater-vulcano-aeolian-islands-italy/E0C90E0BA00F987A838DFF4259F154F7 |url-status=live }}

{{cite journal |last1=Campostrini |first1=Italo |last2=Demartin |first2=Francesco |last3=Russo |first3=Massimo |title=Sbacchiite, Ca₂AlF₇, a new fumarolic mineral from the Vesuvius volcano, Napoli, Italy |journal=European Journal of Mineralogy |date=1 January 2019 |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=153–158 |doi=10.1127/ejm/2018/0030-2799 |bibcode=2019EJMin..31..153C |hdl=2434/633175 |s2cid=133815659 |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/eurjmin/article/31/1/153/548111/Sbacchiite-Ca2AlF7-a-new-fumarolic-mineral-from |language=en |issn=0935-1221 |hdl-access=free}}

{{cite journal |last1=Demartin |first1=Francesco |last2=Campostrini |first2=Italo |last3=Castellano |first3=Carlo |last4=Russo |first4=Massimo |title=Parascandolaite, KMgF₃, a new perovskite-type fluoride from Vesuvius |journal=Physics and Chemistry of Minerals |date=1 June 2014 |volume=41 |issue=6 |page=403 |doi=10.1007/s00269-014-0668-y |bibcode=2014PCM....41..403D |s2cid=95302985 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00269-014-0668-y |language=en |issn=1432-2021 |url-access=subscription |access-date=6 December 2020 |archive-date=16 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616120405/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00269-014-0668-y |url-status=live }}

{{cite journal |last1=Pekov |first1=Igor V. |last2=Zubkova |first2=Natalia V. |last3=Yapaskurt |first3=Vasiliy O. |last4=Belakovskiy |first4=Dmitry I. |last5=Chukanov |first5=Nikita V. |last6=Lykova |first6=Inna S. |last7=Savelyev |first7=Dmitry P. |last8=Sidorov |first8=Evgeny G. |last9=Pushcharovsky |first9=Dmitry Yu |title=Wulffite, K₃NaCu₄O₂(SO₄)₄, and Parawulffite, K₅Na₃Cu₈O₄(SO₄)₈, Two New Minerals from Fumarole Sublimates of the Tolbachik Volcano, Kamchatka, Russia |journal=The Canadian Mineralogist |date=1 August 2014 |volume=52 |issue=4 |page=699 |doi=10.3749/canmin.1400018 |bibcode=2014CaMin..52..699P |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/canmin/article/52/4/699/127543/WULFFITE-K3NaCu4O2-SO4-4-AND-PARAWULFFITE |language=en |issn=0008-4476}}

{{cite journal |last1=Filatov |first1=Stanislav K. |last2=Shablinskii |first2=Andrey P. |last3=Vergasova |first3=Lidiya P. |last4=Saprikina |first4=Olga U. |last5=Bubnova |first5=Rimma S. |last6=Moskaleva |first6=Svetlana V. |last7=Belousov |first7=Alexander B. |title=Belomarinaite KNa(SO₄): A new sulfate from 2012–2013 Tolbachik Fissure eruption, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia |journal=Mineralogical Magazine |date=2019 |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=569–575 |doi=10.1180/mgm.2018.170 |bibcode=2019MinM...83..569F |s2cid=133750327 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine/article/belomarinaite-knaso4-a-new-sulfate-from-20122013-tolbachik-fissure-eruption-kamchatka-peninsula-russia/25C231E7A6828D9A88967588BE51950D |language=en |issn=0026-461X}}

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Category:Fumaroles

Category:Minerals