gandrung
{{short description|Indonesian traditional dance}}
{{Infobox dance
| name = Gandrung dance
| native_name = {{native name|jv|ꦒꦤ꧀ꦝꦿꦸꦁ}}
{{native name|osi|Gandrong}}
{{native name|ban|ᬕᬦ᭄ᬤ᭄ᬭᬸᬂ}}
{{native name|id|Tari Gandrung}}
| native_name_lang = jv
| etymology =
| image = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 258px
| image_style = border:1;
| perrow = 1/2/1/2
| image1 = Sendratari gandrung sewu banyuwangi.jpg
| image2 = Gandrung Banyuwangi 2.jpg
| image3 = Tarian Gandrung sewu 01.jpg
| image4 = Senyum Penari Gandrung.jpg
| image5 = Tari gandrung sewu.jpg
| image6 = Event Gandrung Sewu 01.jpg
| footer = Gandrung dance performance
}}
| alt =
| caption = Gandrung dance performed in Banyuwangi
| genre = Traditional dance
| signature =
| instruments = {{lang|jv|Bonang}}, {{lang|jv|Gambang}}, {{lang|jv|Gong}}, {{lang|jv|Kendhang}}, Violin
| inventor = Javanese
| year =
| origin = Indonesia
}}
Gandrung ({{langx|jv|ꦒꦤ꧀ꦝꦿꦸꦁ}}; Osing: {{lang|osi|Gandrong}}; {{langx|ban|ᬕᬦ᭄ᬤ᭄ᬭᬸᬂ}}; {{langx|pey|Gandroeng}}) is a traditional dance from Indonesia. Gandrung has many variations and is popular in Bali, Lombok, and Eastern Java{{Cite book
| last = Müller
| first = Kal
| title = East of Bali: from Lombok to Timor
| publisher = Tuttle Publishing
| year = 1997
| pages = 52
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=DSmqaNFttVkC&pg=PA52
| isbn=9789625931784}} among the Balinese, Sasak, and Javanese (especially the Osing Javanese). The most popular variation is gandrung from the Banyuwangi region{{Cite web
| title = Music of Indonesia, Vol. 1: Songs Before Dawn: Gandrung Banyuwangi
| publisher = Smithsonian Folkways Recordings
| url = http://www.folkways.si.edu/albumdetails.aspx?itemid=2270
| access-date = 2011-04-10
| archive-date = 2012-05-18
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120518171830/http://www.folkways.si.edu/albumdetails.aspx?itemid=2270
| url-status = dead
}} in the eastern peninsula of Java; thus, the city is often referred to as Kota Gandrung, or "the city of gandrung".{{Cite journal
| last = Herriman
| first = Nicholas
| author-link =
| title = Fear and Uncertainty: Local Perceptions of the Sorcerer and the State in an Indonesian Witch-hunt
| journal = Asian Journal of Social Science
| volume = 34
| issue = 3
| pages = 360–387
| publisher = BRILL
| year = 2006
| doi = 10.1163/156853106778048669 }}
Originally a ritual dance dedicated to the goddess of rice and fertility, Dewi Sri, it is currently performed as a social dance of courtship and love in communal and social events, or as a tourist attraction. The Gandrung Sewu Festival is held at Banyuwangi annually.
{{Dance drama of Southeast Asia}}
Descriptions
Gandrung derives its name from the Javanese word for "love". It is theorized that the dance originated as a ritual dance to express the people's affection for the rice goddess Dewi Sri, with trance and as a kind of fertility dance. However, it has now lost its ritual connotations, especially among the Muslim Javanese and the Sasak. The dance has evolved into a social dance describing a girl looking for love companions. The dance has thus been de-ritualized and has mostly lost its connections with the rice goddess.
Gandrung is usually performed in an all-night performance that begins sometime around 9 p.m. and ends just before dawn. It is also commonly performed as a tourist attraction, for example in Bali or in Grajagan Bay in Banyuwangi. It is also performed as a social dance at communal and social events such as circumcisions or weddings.
The gandrung, or main dancer, is usually an unmarried girl or a transvestite{{Cite book
| last = Hinzler
| first = H. I. R.
| author-link =
|author2=Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden
| title = Catalogue of Balinese manuscripts in the Library of the University of Leiden and other collections in the Netherlands
| publisher = Brill
| year = 1986
| pages = 118
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IxAVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA118
| isbn=9789004072367}} (or simply a boy playing the role of a female dancer).{{Cite book
| last = Descutner
| first = Janet
| author-link =
|author2=Elizabeth A. Hanley |author3=Jacques D'Amboise
| title = Asian Dance
| publisher = Infobase Publishing
| year = 2010
| page = 71
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8tCYjXOtkdgC&pg=PA71
| isbn=9781604134780}} The dancer is dressed in traditional costume, with a fan, shawl, and ornamental headgear.{{Cite book
| last = Harnish
| first = David D.
| title = Bridges to the ancestors: music, myth, and cultural politics at an Indonesian festival
| publisher = University of Hawaii Press
| year = 2006
| location =
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=X448PHiNkwQC&pg=PA158
| isbn=9780824829148}} Often there will be more than one gandrung dancer in the performance.
Gandrung usually starts with the dancer(s) at the side of the stage, surrounded by the gamelan ensemble. When the music starts, the dancer begins dancing with hip thrusts and moves to the center stage. When the gandrung spots an audience member she wishes to dance with, she throws her shawl to him to bring him to the stage. The dancer and the audience member will then dance together. If there is more than one gandrung dancer in the performance, each dancer will choose a different partner to dance with. The audience member who has danced with the gandrung usually gives a small amount of money as a token of appreciation.
Gandrung is now also performed as dance of courtship and love between girls and boys in central and eastern Lombok. It is usually performed outdoors by the young men and women of the village with everyone standing around in a circle.{{Cite book
| last = Witton
| first = Patrick
|author2=Mark Elliott |author3=Paul Greenway |author4=Virginia Jealous
| title = Indonesia
| publisher = Lonely Planet
| year = 2003
| pages = 548
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dmDYLxcPDPoC&pg=PA548
| isbn=9781740591546}}
Similar dances are known throughout the Indonesian archipelago, such as ronggeng or tayuban in East and Central Java, jaipongan in West Java and Banten, and joged in Jakarta.
Music
The dance is performed to the tunes of a traditional ensemble similar to the gamelan, often composed of two violins, gendangs, bonang and gongs with gamelan xylophones (gambang). A singer is also present to sing the accompanying song for the gandrung performance.{{Cite book
| last = McConnachie
| first = James
| title = World music: the rough guide, Volume 2
| publisher = Rough Guides
| year = 2000
| page= 124
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QzX8THIgRjUC&pg=PA124
| isbn=9781858286365}} Villages in Banyuwangi, Bali and Lombok sometimes have their own gandrung music ensemble. Variations in ensemble composition exist between the different areas where gandrung is performed. The music has been described as "vibrant and earthy" and has been recorded by several anthropologists.
{{multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| header = Gandrung Movement
| header_align = center
| header_background = #fee8ab
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| footer_background = #f0f0f0
| width = 120
| image1 = COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Portret van een gandrung banyuwangi danseres TMnr 10026864.jpg
| caption1 =
| image2 = COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Portret van een gandrung banyuwangi danseres TMnr 10026813.jpg
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| image3 = COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Studioportret van een gandrung danseres TMnr 10026815.jpg
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| image4 = COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Studioportret van een gandrung danseres TMnr 10026824.jpg
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| image5 = COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Studioportret van een gandrung danseres TMnr 10026833.jpg
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| image6 = COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Studioportret van een gandrung danseres TMnr 10026818.jpg
| caption6 =
| image7 = COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Studioportret van een gandrung danseres TMnr 10026823.jpg
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}}
Gallery
COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Studioportret van een gandrung danseres TMnr 10026815.jpg| A gandrung dancer with traditional costume, a fan and a shawl
COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een gandrung banyuwangi danseres met muzikanten TMnr 10026816.jpg|Musical ensemble that accompanies the gandrung
COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Portret van een gandrung banyuwangi danseres TMnr 10026888.jpg|Gandrung dancer with a scarf as a dance accessory
See also
{{Portal|Indonesia|Jakarta}}