government of Nepal
{{Short description|none}}
{{Update|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox executive government
| background_color = #DC143C
| government_name = Government of Nepal
| altname = Federal Government of Nepal
| nativename = {{lang|ne|नेपाल सरकार}}
| border = federal
| image = Flag of Nepal.svg
| image_size = 150px
| image2 = Emblem of Nepal (alternative).svg
| image_size2 = 180px
| caption = National Flag and Emblem of Nepal
| state = {{flag|Nepal}}
| address = Singha Durbar, Kathmandu
| leader_title = Prime Minister
(KP Sharma Oli)
| appointed = President of Nepal
{{small|on the advice of the Federal Parliament}}
| budget =
| main_organ = Council of Ministers
| ministries = 20 ministries and several constitutional bodies
| responsible = Federal Parliament of Nepal
| url = {{URL|https://nepal.gov.np}}
}}
{{Politics of Nepal}}
The Government of Nepal ({{langx|ne|नेपाल सरकार}}) is the central executive authority of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal. The government is led by the prime minister (K.P. Oli since 15 July 2024) who selects all the other ministers. The country has had a coalition government since 2024 led by CPN (UML) and Congress. Prior to the abolition of the Nepalese monarchy in 2006, The Government officially known as His Majesty's Government.
The head of state is the president and the prime minister holds the position of the head of executive. The role of president is largely ceremonial as the functioning of the government is managed entirely by the prime minister, who is appointed by the Parliament. The heads of constitutional bodies are appointed by the president on the recommendation of Constitutional Council, with the exception of the attorney general, who is appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister.
History
{{See|History of the prime minister of Nepal}}
=Old Bharadari government=
The character of government in Kingdom of Nepal was driven from consultative state capacity of the previous Gorkha hill principality, known as Bharadar.{{refn|group=note|Bharadar translates as 'bearers of burden of state'.}}{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=8}} These Bharadars were not drawn from high caste and politically influential families. For instance; Thar Ghan aristocratic group in the earlier Gorkha hill principality. Bharadars formed a consultative body in the kingdom for the most important functions of the state as councillors, ministers and diplomats.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=8}} There was no one single successful coalition government as court politics were driven from large factional rivalries, consecutive conspiracies and ostracization of opponent Bharadar families through assassination rather than legal expulsion.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=8}} Another reason was the minority of the reigning King between 1777 and 1847 that led to establishment of anarchial rule.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=9}} The government was stated to have been controlled by regents, Mukhtiyars and alliance of political faction with strong fundamental support.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=9}} In the end of the 18th century, the central politics was regularly dominated by two notable political factions: Thapas and Pandes.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=9}} As per historians and contemporary writer Francis Hamilton, the government of Nepal{{refn|group=note|Here the government of Nepal can simply be called Bharadari Sabha or Council of Bharadars.}} comprised
- 1 Chautariya
- 4 Kajis
- 4 Sirdar/Sardars
- 2 Subedars
- 1 Khazanchi
- 1 Kapardar.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=8}}
As for Regmi states, the government of Nepal comprised
- 4 Chautariyas
- 4 Kajis
- 4 Sirdar/Sardars.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=8}} Later, the number varied after King Rana Bahadur Shah abdicated his throne to minor son in 1799.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=8}} There were 95 Bharadars as per the copper inscription of King Rana Bahadur Shah.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=8}}
In 1794, King Rana Bahadur Shah came of age and his first act was to re-constitute the government such that his uncle, Prince Bahadur Shah of Nepal, had no official part to play.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=14}}{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=12}} Rana Bahadur appointed Kirtiman Singh Basnyat as Chief (Mul) Kaji among the newly appointed four Kajis though Damodar Pande was the most influential Kaji.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=12}} Kirtiman had succeeded Abhiman Singh Basnyat as Chief Kaji{{sfn|Karmacharya|2005|p=56}} while Prince Bahadur Shah was succeeded as Chief (Mul) Chautariya by Prince Ranodyot Shah, then heir apparent of King Rana Bahadur Shah by a Chhetri Queen Subarna Prabha Devi.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=12}} Kajis had held the administrative and executive powers of nation after the fall of Chief Chautariya Prince Bahadur Shah in 1794. Later, Kirtiman Singh was secretly assassinated on 28 September 1801, by the supporters of Raj Rajeshwari Devi{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=34}} and his brother Bakhtawar Singh Basnyat, was then given the post of Chief (Mul) Kaji.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=35}} Later Damodar Pande was appointed by Queen Rajrajeshwari as Chief Kaji.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=14}} When the exiled abdicated King Rana Bahadur Shah prepared his return in 1804, he arrested many government officials including then Chief Kaji Damodar Pande and sacked the reigning government. He took over the administration of Nepal by assuming the position of Mukhtiyar (chief authority).{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=54}}{{sfn|Nepal|2007|p=57}}{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=15}} A new government was constituted with favoring officials. Bhimsen Thapa was made a second kaji; Ranajit Pande, who was the father-in-law of Bhimsen's brother, was made the Mul (Chief) Kaji; Sher Bahadur Shah, Rana Bahadur's half-brother, was made the Mul (Chief) Chautariya; while Rangnath Paudel was made the Raj Guru (royal spiritual preceptor).{{sfn|Nepal|2007|p=58}}{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=55}} Later in April 1806, tensions arose between Chief Chautariya Sher Bahadur Shah and Mukhtiyar Rana Bahadur Shah on the night of 25 April 1806 during a meeting at Tribhuvan Khawas's house{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=64–66}}{{sfn|Nepal|2007|p=62}} where around 10 pm, Sher Bahadur in desperation drew a sword and killed Rana Bahadur Shah before being cut down by nearby courtiers, Bam Shah and Bal Narsingh Kunwar, also allies of Bhimsen.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=67}}{{sfn|Nepal|2007|pp=62–63}} The assassination of Rana Bahadur Shah triggered a great massacre in Bhandarkhal (a royal garden east of Kathmandu Durbar) and at the bank of Bishnumati river{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=68–71}}{{sfn|Nepal|2007|pp=63–64}} after which Kaji Bhimsen killed 55 senior officials to benefit from the chaos.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=16}} He was declared Mukhtiyar (Chief Authority) of Nepal and led the new government from a royal mandate of minor King Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=71}}
Mukhtiyars ruled over the executive and administrative functions of the state until its replacement by British conventional prime minister in 1843 conferred upon then ruling Mukhtiyar Mathabar Singh Thapa.{{Cite book | last = Kandel | first = Devi Prasad | title = Pre-Rana Administrative System | publisher = Siddhababa Offset Press | pages = 95 | year = 2011 | location = Chitwan }}
=Ideals of the old Bharadari government=
The policies of the old Bharadari governments were derived from ancient Hindu texts as Dharmashastra and Manusmriti.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=7}} The King was considered as an incarnation of Lord Vishnu and was the chief authority over legislative, judiciary and executive functions.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=7}} The judiciary functions were decided on the principles of Hindu Dharma codes of conduct.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=7}} The king had full rights to expel any person who offended the country and also pardon the offenders and grant return to the country.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=7}} The government on practicality was not an absolute monarchy due to the dominance of Nepalese political clans making the Shah monarch a puppet ruler.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=7}} These basic Hindu templates provide the evidence that Nepal was administered as a Hindu state.
Structure
{{Main|President of Nepal|Vice President of Nepal|Council of Ministers of Nepal|Federal Parliament of Nepal}}
= Head of State =
= Executive =
- Prime Minister : KP Sharma Oli
- Chief Secretary : Lila Devi Gadtaula
= Legislative =
- Speaker of House of Representatives : Dev Raj Ghimire{{Cite web |title=Ghimire elected Speaker of the House of Representatives |date=January 19, 2023 |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/01/19/uml-s-dev-raj-ghimire-elected-house-speaker |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=The Kathmandu Post |language=English |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122031954/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/01/19/uml-s-dev-raj-ghimire-elected-house-speaker |archive-date= Jan 22, 2023 }}
- Chairman of National Assembly : Narayan Prasad Dahal{{cite web|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-03-14/timilsina-officially-elected-as-na-chairperson.html |website=The Kathmandu Post |date=Mar 14, 2018 |title=Timilsina officially elected as NA chairperson|access-date=9 September 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180730020945/http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-03-14/timilsina-officially-elected-as-na-chairperson.html |archive-date= Jul 30, 2018 }}
= Judiciary =
Government agencies in Nepal
=Ministries=
Current cabinet : Fourth Oli cabinet
Date of formation : 15 July 2024
| class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
!rowspan=2|S. No ! colspan=2| Ministry !rowspan=2|Minister !colspan="2" |Political !rowspan=2|Assumed office !rowspan=2|Left office ! rowspan=2|Website | |
| English
!Nepali !colspan=2|Party | |
|---|---|
| colspan="9" bgcolor="darkgrey" |Prime Minister | |
| 1.
|Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers |{{lang|ne|प्रधानमन्त्री तथा मन्त्रिपरिषद्को कार्यालय}} | KP Sharma Oli
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |15 July 2024 |Incumbent |[https://www.opmcm.gov.np/en/ Official website] |
| colspan="9" bgcolor="darkgrey" |Deputy Prime Minister | |
| 2.
|Deputy Prime Minister |{{lang|ne|उप- प्रधान एवं सहरी विकास मन्त्रालय}} | width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Nepali Congress}}" | |15 July 2024 |Incumbent |[https://www.moud.gov.np/ Official website] | |
| 3.
|Deputy Prime Minister |{{lang|ne|उप- प्रधान एवं अर्थ मन्त्रालय}} | width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |15 July 2024 |Incumbent |[https://www.mof.gov.np/ Official website] | |
| colspan="9" bgcolor="darkgrey" |Cabinet Ministers | |
| 4.
|Ministry of Information and Communications |{{lang|ne|सञ्चार तथा सूचना प्रविधि मन्त्रालय}} | width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |15 July 2024 |Incumbent |[https://www.mocit.gov.np/en/ Official website] | |
| 5.
|{{lang|ne|गृह मन्त्रालय}} | width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Nepali Congress}}" | |15 July 2024 |Incumbent |[http://www.moha.gov.np/ Official website] | |
| 6.
|Ministry of Labour, Employment and Social Security |{{lang|ne|श्रम, रोजगार तथा सामाजिक सुरक्षा मन्त्रालय}} | width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Loktantrik Samajwadi Party, Nepal}}" | |15 July 2024 |Incumbent |[https://www.moless.gov.np/ Official website] | |
| 7.
|{{lang|ne|परराष्ट्र मन्त्रालय}} | width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Nepali Congress}}" | |15 July 2024 |Incumbent |[https://www.mofa.gov.np/ Official website] | |
| 8.
|{{lang|ne|खानेपानी मन्त्रालय}} | bgcolor="{{party color|People's Socialist Party (Nepal)}}" | |15 July 2024 |Incumbent |[https://www.mowss.gov.np/ Official website] | |
| 9.
|Ministry of Land Management, Cooperatives and Poverty Alleviation |{{lang|ne|भूमि व्यवस्था, सहकारी तथा गरिबी निवारण मन्त्रालय}} | width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |15 July 2024 |Incumbent |[https://www.molcpa.gov.np/ Official website] | |
| 10.
|Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Supplies |{{lang|ne|उद्योग, वाणिज्य तथा आपूर्ति मन्त्रालय}} | width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |15 July 2024 |Incumbent |[https://moics.gov.np/np Official website] | |
| 11.
|Ministry of Women, Children and Senior Citizen |{{lang|ne|महिला, बालबालिका तथा ज्येष्ठ नागरिक मन्त्रालय}} | bgcolor="{{party color|People's Socialist Party (Nepal)}}" | |15 July 2024 |Incumbent |[https://www.mowcsc.gov.np/ Official website] | |
| 12.
|Ministry of Physical Infrastructure and Transportation |{{lang|ne|भौतिक पूर्वाधार तथा यातायात मन्त्रालय}} | width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |15 July 2024 |Incumbent |[https://www.mopit.gov.np// Official website] | |
| 13.
|{{lang|ne|युवा तथा खेलकुद मन्त्रालय}} | width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Nepali Congress}}" | |15 July 2024 |Incumbent |[https://moys.gov.np/np Official website] | |
| 14.
|Ministry of Health and Population |{{lang|ne|स्वास्थ्य तथा जनसङ्ख्या मन्त्रालय}} | width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Nepali Congress}}" | |15 July 2024 |Incumbent |[https://mohp.gov.np/eng/ Official website] | |
| 15.
|Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs |{{lang|ne|कानुन, न्याय तथा संसदीय मामिला मन्त्रालय}} | width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Nepali Congress}}" | |15 July 2024 |Incumbent |[https://www.moljpa.gov.np/en/ Official website] | |
| 16.
|Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation |{{lang|ne|संस्कृति, पर्यटन तथा नागरिक उड्डयन मन्त्रालय}} | width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Nepali Congress}}" | |15 July 2024 |Incumbent |[https://www.tourism.gov.np/ Official website] | |
| 17.
|Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development |{{lang|ne|कृषि तथा पशुपंक्षी विकास मन्त्रालय}} | width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Nepali Congress}}" | |15 July 2024 |Incumbent |[https://www.moald.gov.np// Official website] | |
| 18.
|Ministry of Education, Science and Technology |{{lang|ne|शिक्षा, विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि मन्त्रालय}} | width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |15 July 2024 |Incumbent |[https://www.moest.gov.np/ Official website] | |
| 19.
|{{lang|ne|रक्षा मन्त्रालय}} | width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |15 July 2024 |Incumbent |[https://mod.gov.np/ Official website] | |
| 20.
|Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation |{{lang|ne|उर्जा, जलश्रोत तथा सिँचाइ मन्त्रालय}} | width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Nepali Congress}}" | |15 July 2024 |Incumbent |[https://www.moewri.gov.np/en/ Official website] | |
| 21.
|Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Administration |{{lang|ne|सङ्घीय मामिला तथा सामान्य प्रशासन मन्त्रालय}} | width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)}}" | |15 July 2024 |Incumbent |[https://www.mofaga.gov.np/ Official website] | |
| 22.
|Ministry of Forests and Environment |{{lang|ne|वन तथा वातावरण मन्त्रालय}} | width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Nepali Congress}}" | |15 July 2024 |Incumbent |[https://mofe.gov.np/ Official website] | |
| colspan="9" |Source:{{Cite web |title=उपप्रधानमन्त्रीमा सिंह र पौडेलद्वारा शपथग्रहण |url=https://gorkhapatraonline.com/news/115927 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=GorakhaPatra}}{{Cite web |title=नवनियुक्त १९ मन्त्रीद्वारा शपथ ग्रहण |url=https://gorkhapatraonline.com/news/115930 |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=GorakhaPatra}}{{Cite web |title=Prime Minister Oli forms 22-member Cabinet |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2024/07/15/prime-minister-oli-forms-22-member-cabinet |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}} |
=Constitutional bodies=
| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" | Constitutional body ! colspan="2" | Head of constitutional body | ||
| Position/Title | Name | |
|---|---|---|
| Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority | Chief Commissioner | Prem Kumar Rai |
| Office of The Attorney General | Attorney General | Dinmani Pokharel |
| Office of the Auditor General | Auditor General | Tanka Mani Sharma (Dangal) |
| Election Commission | Chief Election Commission | Dinesh Thapaliya |
| Public Service Commission | Chairman | Madhav Prasad Regmi |
| National Women Commission | Chairperson | Kamala Kumari Parajuli |
| National Human Rights Commission | Chairman | Top Bahadur Magar |
| National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission | Chairman | Balananda Poudel |
=Security services=
| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" | Security Service ! colspan="2" | Head of agency | ||
| Position/Title | Current Head | |
|---|---|---|
| Nepal Army | Chief of Army Staff (प्रधान सेनापति) | Gen. Prabhu Ram Sharma |
| Nepal Police | Inspector General (प्रहरी महानिरीक्षक) | Basanta Bahadur Kunwar |
| Armed Police Force | Inspector General (सशस्त्र प्रहरी महानिरीक्षक) | Raju Aryal |
| National Investigation Department | Chief Investigation Director | Hutaraj Thapa |
International organisation participation
See also
Notes
{{Reflist|group=note}}
References
{{Reflist}}
=Works cited=
- {{citation |last=Acharya |first=Baburam |editor-last=Acharya |editor-first=Shri Krishna |title=Janaral Bhimsen Thapa : Yinko Utthan Tatha Pattan |location=Kathmandu |year=2012 |pages=228 |language=ne |publisher=Education Book House |isbn=9789937241748}}
- {{citation |last=Karmacharya |first=Ganga |title=Queens in Nepalese Politics: an account of roles of Nepalese queens in state affairs, 1775-1846 |publisher=Educational Publishing House |year=2005 |isbn=9789994633937 |location=Nepal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6G5uAAAAMAAJ}}
- {{citation |last=Nepal |first=Gyanmani |title=Nepal ko Mahabharat |publisher=Sajha |language=ne |year=2007 |edition=3rd |pages=314 |location=Kathmandu |isbn=9789993325857}}
- {{citation |last=Pradhan |first=Kumar L. |title=Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=2012 |isbn=9788180698132 |location=New Delhi |pages=278 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7PP1yElRzIUC}}
External links
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20171005102523/https://nepal.gov.np/ Official website] (archived 5 October 2017)
{{Government of Nepal}}
{{Asia topic|Government of|title=Governments of Asia|TW=Government of the Republic of China}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Government Of Nepal}}