guided democracy

{{Short description|Formally democratic governments that actually function as de facto autocracies}}{{Redirect-distinguish|Directed democracy|Direct democracy}}{{forms of government}}

Guided democracy, also called directed democracySultana, Tasneem. (2012). The Evolution of Democracy through the Ages: Focus on the European Experience. 28. p. 38. "[Guided democracy] is also called Directed Democracy." and managed democracy,E. Akıllı, H. Tabak, O. Tufekci, A. Chiriatti. (2017). Eurasian Politics and Society: Issues and Challenges. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. {{ISBN|9781443891820|1443891827}}. p. 158. Rohmann, Chris (2000). A World of Ideas: The Dictionary of Important Ideas and Thinkers. Ballantine Books {{ISBN|978-0-345-43706-8}} is a formally democratic government that functions as a de facto authoritarian government or, in some cases, as an autocratic government.{{Cite web |last=Vanbergen |first=Graham |date=March 28, 2024 |title=Democracy: The Political Assault On Civil Society |url=https://economic-times.co.uk/opinion/democracy-the-political-assault-on-civil-society/ |access-date=July 28, 2024 |website=The Economic Times}} Such hybrid regimes are legitimized by elections, but do not change the state's policies, motives, and goals.{{cite book |last=Wolin |first=Sheldon S. |author-link=Sheldon Wolin |url=https://archive.org/details/democracyincorpo0000woli/page/47/mode/1up?ref=ol&view=theater&q=47 |title=Democracy Incorporated: Managed Democracy and the Specter of Inverted Totalitarianism |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-691-13566-3 |location=Princeton |access-date= |page=47}}

In a guided democracy, the government controls elections such that the people can exercise democratic rights without truly changing public policy. While they follow basic democratic principles, there can be major deviations towards authoritarianism. Under managed democracy, the state's continuous use of propaganda techniques, such as through manufacturing consent, prevents the electorate from having a significant impact on policy.

The concept is also related to semi-democracy, also known as anocracy.

Examples

= Poland under Sanacja =

The Sanacja regime that governed interwar Poland from 1926 to 1939{{cite book |last=Chojnowski |first=Andrzej |url=https://depot.ceon.pl/handle/123456789/13679 |title=Rządy pomajowe |date=2009 |publisher=Muzeum Historii Polski |isbn=978-83-11-11629-0 |access-date=August 24, 2022}} is considered an example of guided democracy, during both its first phase from 1926 to 1930,{{cite book |last=Plach |first=Eva |url=https://www.ohioswallow.com/extras/0821416952_intro.pdf |title=The Clash of Moral Nations: Cultural Politics in Piłsudski's Poland, 1926–1935 |date=2006 |pages=13–14 |access-date=August 24, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212152427/https://www.ohioswallow.com/extras/0821416952_intro.pdf |archive-date=2007-12-12}} as well as the final 1930-1939 phase.{{cite journal |title=European and Polish constitutionalism in the aftermath of WW1 |first=Angela |last=di Gregorio |issn=2037-6677 |year=2021 |doi=10.57660/dpceonline.2021.1388 |url=https://www.dpceonline.it/index.php/dpceonline/article/view/1388 |journal=DPCE Online |volume=48 |issue=3 |page=31}} The regime retained much of the structures and institutions of Polish parliamentary democracy, even though Józef Piłsudski exercised such large influence on the government that he "assumed some of the postures of a dictator". The 1935 April Constitution of Poland implemented by Sanacja centralized most state power in the hands of President, but the Polish guided democracy nevertheless stayed pluralistic, even if authoritarian. The opposition sat in the parliament and local governments, and political parties were allowed to function legally.

Polish historian {{ill|Andrzej Chojnowski|pl}} notes that elections under Piłsudski's regime were still organised along the principles of parliamentary democracy, and the Sanacja regime was genuinely popular as the opposition parties were blamed for failing to prevent the Great Depression.{{cite web |title=Kalendarium wydarzeń - Kalendarium - Polska.pl |url=http://wiadomosci.polska.pl/kalendarz/kalendarium/article.htm?id=59022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070118191901/http://wiadomosci.polska.pl/kalendarz/kalendarium/article.htm?id=59022 |archive-date=January 18, 2007 |access-date=2022-08-24 |publisher=Wiadomosci.polska.pl}} Writing about late Sanacja, Antony Polonsky stated that even after 1930, "parties survived, the

press was fairly free, criticism was allowed", thus maintaining the system of guided democracy.{{cite book |title=Politics in Independent Poland 1921-1939: The Crisis of Constitutional Government |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1972 |first=Antony |last=Polonsky |isbn=978-0-19-827182-6 |author-link=Antony Polonsky |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsinindepe0000polo}} While the actions of the opposition were hampered, repressions were rare and only two parties were banned: Camp of Great Poland and National Radical Camp.{{cite book |last=Andrzej Friszke |first=Henryk Samsonowicz |url=http://rekrutacja.ksap.gov.pl/ksap/sites/default/files/files/ksap_xx_lat_spis.pdf#page=125 |title=KSAP XX LAT |date=2010 |pages=349–379 |chapter=Józef Piłsudski |access-date=2018-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007223157/http://rekrutacja.ksap.gov.pl/ksap/sites/default/files/files/ksap_xx_lat_spis.pdf#page=125 |archive-date=2018-10-07}}

= Indonesia under Sukarno =

After World War II, the term "guided democracy" was used in Indonesia for the approach to government under the Sukarno administration from 1959 to 1966.{{Cite web |last=Lindsey |first=Tim |date=2021-08-20 |title=Soeharto: the giant of modern Indonesia who left a legacy of violence and corruption |url=http://theconversation.com/soeharto-the-giant-of-modern-indonesia-who-left-a-legacy-of-violence-and-corruption-164411 |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}

= Russia under Putin =

The term "managed democracy" has been used to describe the political system of Russia under Vladimir Putin by former Putin advisor Gleb Pavlovsky,{{cite news |last=Weir |first=Fred |date=October 1, 2003 |title=Kremlin lobs another shot at marketplace of ideas |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/1001/p07s02-woeu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724012508/http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/1001/p07s02-woeu.html |archive-date=2012-07-24 |access-date=2009-11-10 |newspaper=The Christian Science Monitor}} by media,{{Cite news |last=Sauer |first=Pjotr |date=2023-12-08 |title=Vladimir Putin to run for Russian president again in March 2024 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/08/vladimir-putin-to-run-for-russian-president-again-in-march-2024 |access-date=2024-06-07 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}{{Cite web |last1=Shukla |first1=Sebastian |last2=Chernova |first2=Anna |last3=Sebastian |first3=Clare |last4=Picheta |first4=Rob |date=2024-02-08 |title=Russian anti-war election candidate barred from running against Putin |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/02/08/europe/russia-nadezhdin-election-candidate-disqualified-intl/index.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=CNN |language=en}} and by Russian intellectual Marat Gelman.{{Cite news |date=July 8, 2005 |title=Managed Democracy |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/stories/2005/07/08/106.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140815213156/http://web.archive.org/web/20060528104356/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/stories/2005/07/08/106.html |archive-date=2014-08-15 |newspaper=The Moscow Times}}

References

Category:Mixed government

Category:Propaganda

Category:Types of democracy