jack (flag)
{{Short description|Banner flown from a ship's bow}}
File:Dutch submarine HNLMS Walrus (SSK S802).jpg jack]]
File:Naval jack hoisted.jpg being hoisted on {{USS|Kitty Hawk|CV-63|6}}'s jackstaff in December 2001]]
A jack is a flag flown from a short jackstaff at the bow (front) of a vessel, while the ensign is flown on the stern (rear). Jacks on bowsprits or foremasts appeared in the 17th century. A country may have different jacks for different purposes, especially when (as in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands) the naval jack is forbidden to other vessels. The United Kingdom has an official civil jack; the Netherlands has several unofficial ones. In some countries, ships of other government institutions may fly the naval jack, e.g. the ships of the United States Coast Guard and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration in the case of the US jack. Certain organs of the UK's government have their own departmental jacks. Commercial or pleasure craft may fly the flag of an administrative division (state, province, land) or municipality at the bow. Merchant ships may fly a house flag. Yachts may fly a club burgee or officer's flag or the owner's private signal at the bow. Practice may be regulated by law, custom, or personal judgment.
Etymology
"Jack" occupies 6 pages of the complete second edition of the Oxford English Dictionary and the use of the word in English goes back to the 14th century, appearing as a forename in Piers Plowman. Quite early on it was used as a name for a peasant or "a man of the lower orders".{{cite OED2|jack}} It continued the low class connotations in phrases such as "jack tar" for a common seaman, "every man jack," or the use of jack for the knave in cards. The diminutive form is also seen in "Jack of all trades, master of none", where Jack implies a poor tradesman, possibly not up to journeyman standard. The term was taken into inanimate objects and denoted a small (or occasionally inferior) component: jack-pit (a small mine shaft), jackplug (single pronged, low current), jack-shaft (intermediate or idler shaft), jack (in bowling: the small ball) or jack-engine (a donkey or barring engine). Incidentally, a jack is a garment for the upper body (quotes from 1375 onwards), a jacket is derived from this and is a small jack; not the other way around. As a further example of this usage, in 1686 Robert Plot writing about gins (i.e. horse engines) to pump water out of mines says: "they draw it [the water] up by Gin, which is made bigger, or less ... the less they call a Jack".{{ Citation | last = Plot | first = Robert, LLD | author-link = Robert Plot | title = The natural history of Stafford-shire | year = 1686 | page = 148}}
As a flag, "jack" followed this usage. A jack flag was a small flag, used to distinguish it from the large ensign or pennants. The OED mentions the theory of its derivation from James I or from a leathern jacket but dismisses both: "neither of these conjectures covers the early use of the word". Originally, the jack would have been flown from the bowsprit topmast head: "You are alsoe for this present service to keepe in yor Jack at yor Boultspritt end" (sailing instructions 1633 as quoted in OED2). In 1667 Samuel Pepys, naval administrator and diarist, recorded the Dutch taking the {{HMS|Royal Charles|1660|2}} and a man "struck her flag and jacke" — clearly two different things. By 1692 the jackstaff had been developed to fly the jack: "Jack staff and Jack".{{cite OED2|jack-staff|ref=none}}
Usage
File:B-585 Sankt-Peterburg in 2010.jpg submarine Sankt Peterburg displaying the Russian naval jack at the bow and the naval ensign at the stern]]
A naval jack is usually flown when the ship is not under way, but is moored or at anchor, or when it is dressed overall on special occasions. The Union Jack of the Royal Navy must be run up when the first line is ashore when coming alongside. The same regulations are applied by the Royal Canadian Navy.{{cite web|url=http://www.navy-marine.forces.gc.ca/en/navy-life/rcn-ensign/naval-flags-display.page|title=Royal Canadian Navy - National Defence - Canadian Armed Forces|first=Government of Canada, National|last=Defence|website=www.navy-marine.forces.gc.ca|date=30 September 2014 |access-date=2016-01-20|archive-date=2016-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402173616/http://www.navy-marine.forces.gc.ca/en/navy-life/rcn-ensign/naval-flags-display.page|url-status=live}}.
In the United States, the First Navy Jack is also used as embroidered sleeve patches by the US Navy on its uniforms.{{cite web|url=http://archive.militarytimes.com/article/20131104/NEWS07/311040026/UPDATE-Navy-Jack-flag-rumor-started-chiefs-mess-official-says|title=Military Times & Sightline Media Group nov. 4, 2013}}
Shapes and designs
Naval jacks are usually rectangular, often square, and smaller than the national ensign or war flag. Some countries fly a smaller version of the national or war flag, or its canton on its own. France and some other countries use the same flag or ensign for all purposes, civil or military, and also as their naval jack. Japan and some other countries with civil and war ensigns of different designs fly the civil ensign as a jack and the war ensign at the ship's stern. A shortened, square version of the national flag is used by some countries. A larger group of jacks show the country's national coat of arms, either as a banner of arms, or as a badge displayed on the field. Most countries have chosen a completely different design for their naval jacks, often with some national or maritime symbol, and usually with the same colours as in their flags.
War ensign as jack
Countries that use their war ensign also as a jack will usually fly a smaller version at the bow.
{{gallery|width=120|height=120|noborder=yes|whitebg=no
|File:Naval_Ensign_of_Denmark.svg|Naval jack of Denmark
|File:Naval Ensign of Egypt.svg|Naval jack of Egypt
|File:Naval Ensign of Germany.svg|Naval jack of Germany
|File:Flag of Iceland (state).svg|Coast Guard jack of Iceland
|File:Naval Ensign of Sweden.svg|Naval jack of Sweden
}}
War flag as jack
File:Flag of the People's Liberation Army.svg|Naval jack of China
Square version of national flag as jack
File:Naval Jack of Belgium.svg|Naval jack of Belgium
File:Naval Jack of Norway.svg|Naval jack of Norway
File:Naval Jack of Romania.svg|Naval jack of Romania (former)
Canton of national ensign as jack
File:Naval Jack of Chile.svg|Naval jack of Chile
File:Naval Jack of Greece.svg|Naval jack of Greece
File:Star in Blue Box - Flag of Liberia.svg|Naval jack of Liberia
File:Naval Jack of the Republic of China.svg|Naval jack of the Republic of China
File:Flag of Tonga (1862-1866).svg|Naval jack of Tonga
File:US Naval Jack.svg|Naval jack of the United States, also flown by other federal government and civilian ships
National coat of arms as jack
{{gallery|width=120|height=120|noborder=yes|whitebg=no
|Naval jack of Colombia.svg|Naval jack of Colombia
|File:Naval Jack of Croatia.svg|Naval jack of Croatia
|File:Naval Jack of the Dominican Republic.svg|Naval jack of the Dominican Republic
|File:Naval Jack of Finland.svg|Naval jack of Finland
|File:Naval Jack of Iran.svg|Naval jack of Iran
|File:Flag of Lithuania (state).svg|Naval jack of Lithuania
|File:Naval Jack of Montenegro.svg|Naval jack of Montenegro
|File:Naval Jack of Peru.svg|Naval jack of Peru
|File:Naval Jack of Portugal.svg|Naval jack of Portugal
|File:Naval Jack of Spain.svg|Naval jack of Spain
|File:Naval Jack of Ukraine (1993).svg|Naval jack of Ukraine in 1993
}}
National flag as jack
File:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg|Naval jack of Antigua and Barbuda
File:Flag of Australia (converted).svg|Naval jack of Australia
File:Flag of the Bahamas.svg|Naval jack of the Bahamas
File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg|Naval jack of Bangladesh
File:Flag of Brunei.svg|Naval jack of Brunei
File:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg|Naval jack of Canada{{Efn|Adopted as such in 2013.{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/navy-replaces-maple-leaf-flag-for-new-design-1.1353423|title=Navy replaces maple leaf flag for new design|access-date=2016-09-18|archive-date=2016-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202120243/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/navy-replaces-maple-leaf-flag-for-new-design-1.1353423|url-status=live}}}}
File:Flag of France.svg|Naval jack of France
File:Flag of India.svg|Naval jack of India
File:Flag of Japan.svg|Naval jack of Japan
File:Flag of Malaysia.svg|Naval jack of Malaysia{{cite web|url=https://www.fahnenversand.de/fotw/flags/my~w.html#jac|title=War ensign (Malaysia)|access-date=2020-10-08|archive-date=2020-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023060534/https://www.fahnenversand.de/fotw/flags/my~w.html#jac|url-status=live}}
File:Flag of Myanmar.svg|Naval jack of Myanmar
File:Flag of New Zealand.svg|Naval jack of New Zealand
File:Flag of South Africa.svg|Naval jack of South Africa{{Efn|Was used as the naval ensign in 1994.}}
File:Flag of Singapore.svg|Naval jack of Singapore
File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg|Naval jack of Sri Lanka
File:Flag of Turkey.svg|Naval jack of Turkey
File:Flag of Ukraine.svg|Naval jack of Ukraine
File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|Naval jack of the United Kingdom (i.e. the Union Jack)
File:Flag of Vietnam.svg|Naval jack of Vietnam
National flag in canton as jack
{{gallery|width=120|height=120|noborder=yes|whitebg=no
|File:Naval Jack of Algeria.svg|Naval jack of Algeria
|File:Civil Jack of the Bahamas.svg|Civil jack of the Bahamas
|File:Naval Jack of Canada (1968-2013).svg|Naval jack of Canada from 1968 to 2013{{Efn|Now used as the Canadian naval ensign.}}
|File:Naval Jack of Romania (2019-).svg|Naval jack of Romania
}}
Jacks of special design
{{gallery|width=120|height=120|noborder=yes|whitebg=no
|File:Naval Jack of Argentina.svg|Naval jack of Argentina
|File:Flag of the Royal Bahrain Naval Force.svg|Naval jack of Bahrain{{Efn|Also used on land as the Royal Bahrain Naval Force's organizational flag.}}
|File:Naval Jack of Bolivia.svg|Naval jack of Bolivia
|File:Bandeira do Cruzeiro.svg|Naval jack of Brazil
|File:Flag of Cambodia under French protection.svg|Naval jack of Cambodia{{Efn|Also identical to the flag of the French protectorate of Cambodia.}}
|File:Coastguard Flag of Canada.svg|Canadian Coast Guard jack
|File:Naval Jack of Cuba.svg|Naval jack of Cuba
|File:Naval jack of Cyprus.png|Naval jack of Cyprus
|File:Naval Jack of Ecuador.svg|Naval jack of Ecuador
|File:Naval Jack of Indonesia.svg|Naval jack of Indonesia
|File:Naval jack of Ireland.svg|Naval jack of Ireland
|File:Naval Jack of Italy.svg|Naval jack of Italy{{Efn|Also includes the arms of Venice, Genoa, Amalfi, and Pisa.}}
|File:Naval Jack of Kazakhstan.svg|Naval jack of Kazakhstan
|File:Naval Jack of Malta.svg|Naval jack of Malta
|File:Naval jack of North Korea.svg|Naval jack of North Korea
|File:Flag of the Republic of Korea Navy.svg|Naval jack of South Korea{{Efn|Also used on land as the South Korean navy's organizational flag.}}
|File:Naval Jack of Mexico.svg|Naval jack of Mexico
|File:Naval Jack of Morocco.svg|Naval jack of Morocco
|File:Naval Jack of the Netherlands.svg|Naval jack (Prinsengeus) of the Royal Netherlands Navy (Kingdom of The Netherlands)
|File:Civil Jack of the Netherlands.svg|Netherlands (civil jack, unofficial, the most popular of several designs)
|File:Zulu flag.svg|Naval jack of Nicaragua, identical to the international maritime signal flag "Z"{{Citation needed|date=June 2025|reason=I, nor the vexillologists at FOTW, can find any evidence that Nicaragua uses the "Z Flag" as a jack.{{cite web |last1=Southworth |first1=Christopher |title=Nicaragua - Navy |url=https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/ni%5Enavy.html |website=crwflags.com/fotw/flags |publisher=Flags of the World |date=19 November 2024 |quote="Going through hundreds of photos I have been unable to spot a single Nicaraguan vessel (at anchor or at sea) flying any sort of flag at its bows."}}}}
|File:Naval Jack of Pakistan.svg|Naval jack of Pakistan
|File:Naval Jack of Panama.svg|Naval jack of Panama
|File:Naval Jack of Paraguay.svg|Naval jack of Paraguay
|File:Naval Jack of the Philippines.svg|Naval jack of Philippines
|File:Naval Jack of Poland.svg|Naval jack of Poland
|File:Naval Jack of Saudi Arabia.svg|Naval jack of Saudi Arabia
|File:Naval Jack of Slovenia.svg|Naval jack of Slovenia
|File:Naval_Jack_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg|Naval jack of the Soviet Union from 1932 to 1991
|File:Thailand Naval Jack (Thong Chan).svg|Naval jack of Thailand
|File:Naval Jack of Uruguay.svg|Naval jack of Uruguay
|File:Civil Jack of the United Kingdom.svg|Civil jack of the United Kingdom
|File:Naval jack of the United States (1776–1777).svg|Naval jack of the United States in 1776 and 1777
|File:Naval jack of the United States (2002–2019).svg|Naval jack of the United States from 2002 to 2019
|File:Naval Jack of Venezuela.svg|Naval jack of Venezuela}}
Cross and Saltire Jacks
Union jacks
File:HMS Wasa 1903.jpg flown by Swedish armored cruiser Wasa in 1903]]
File:Norwegian gunboat Sleipner at Kiel June 1895.jpg, June 1895, flying the Union Jack of Norway and Sweden]]
United or confederated states have in many cases adopted a jack representing their national union. The best known is the Union Jack of the United Kingdom's Royal Navy, composed in 1606 by joining the flags of England and Scotland. When the Kingdom of Ireland merged with Great Britain in 1801, a red saltire (Saint Patrick's Cross) was added to form the present Union Flag. The design of the UK's Union Jack probably inspired later jacks of other states, such as Russia and the Union Jack of Sweden and Norway. The Russian jack in its turn inspired the jacks of Bulgaria, Estonia, and Latvia.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}
From 1777 to 1975, 1977 to September 2002, and June 2019 to the present, the United States Navy has flown a "union jack", consisting of the blue canton with white stars from the US national ensign. In 1975 and 1976, and then again from September 11, 2002, to June 4, 2019, the US Navy flew the First Navy Jack, allegedly used in 1775 and 1776, with a rattlesnake and the motto "DONT TREAD ON ME" [sic] superimposed on thirteen alternating red and white stripes.
The Confederate States of America followed the same pattern for its first naval jack (1861–1863), using the canton of its first naval ensign, with seven stars forming a circle on a "medium blue" field. Later versions had up to fifteen stars. The second Confederate naval jack was a rectangular cousin of the Confederate army's battle flag and was in use from 1863 until 1865.
The Union Jack of Sweden and Norway (1844–1905) was a rectangular cross flag divided per saltire, combining the national colours of Sweden (hoist and fly) and Norway (top and bottom). The naval jack was also used as a flag for the common diplomatic representations abroad.
File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|The Union Jack of the United Kingdom
File:US Naval Jack.svg|Naval jack of the United States from 1960 to 1975, 1977 to 2002, and 2019 to the present (identical to the canton in the national flag or ensign of that period)
File:Naval jack of the Confederate States of America (1861-1863).svg|Naval jack of the Confederate States from 1861 to 1863
File:Union Jack of Sweden and Norway (1844-1905).svg|Naval jack of Sweden and Norway from 1844 to 1905
File:Battle flag of the Confederate States of America (light blue) (2-3).svg|Naval jack of the Confederate States from 1863 to 1865
See also
- British ensign
- Flag terminology
- Naval ensign
- Vexillology – the study of flags
Notes
{{Notelist}}
References
{{Reflist}}
Further reading
- Album des pavillons nationaux et des marques distinctives. National flags and distinctive markings, Service hydrographique et océanographique de la marine, Brest, 2000
External links
{{Commons category|Naval jacks}}
- [http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/xf-jack.html FOTW (Flags of the World) website on jacks]
- [http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/vxt-dv-j.html FOTW Dictionary of Vexillology: J (Jack - Jolly Roger)]