kemben
{{Short description|Indonesian and Malaysian traditional female clothing}}
{{Italic title|reason=:Category:Javanese words and phrases}}
{{Infobox clothing type
| name = Kemben
| image_file = COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Studioportret van een Javaanse vrouw mogelijk uit Jogjakarta TMnr 60027279.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Javanese woman in traditional batik kemben, c. 1900.
| type = Traditional female torso wrap
| material =
| location = Indonesia{{Cite web|url=https://historia.id/kuno/articles/cara-berpakaian-orang-jawa-kuno-6k4Jq/page/1|title=Cara Berpakaian Orang Jawa Kuno|website=historia.id|date=November 2018|lang=id|access-date=2020-11-20}}{{cite book |last=Raffles |first=Thomas Stamford |date=1817 |title=The History of Java |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gJEC2q7DzpQC |location=London |publisher=John Murray |oclc= 74175458}}
| manufacturer =
| url =
}}
Kemben ({{langx|jv|ꦏꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦼꦤ꧀}}, Indonesian: kemban) is an Indonesian female torso wrap historically common in Java, Bali, and other parts of the Indonesian archipelago. It is made by wrapping a piece of kain (clothes), either plain, batik printed, velvet, or any type of fabrics, covering the chest wrapped around the woman's torso.{{Cite web| url=https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/kemban| title=Hasil Pencarian - KBBI Daring|website=kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id|language=id|access-date=2017-10-12}}
History
File:Rimbi temple relief, Jombang, 2017-09-19 25.jpg temple reliefs at the Candi Rimbi, Jombang, East Java, Indonesia.]]
File:Golden Celestial Nymph of Majapahit.jpg in Majapahit style, wearing kemben.]]
Prior to the prevalence of kebaya, it is believed that kemben was the most popular and common female dress in the ancient and classical period of Java. It was commonly worn in the Majapahit era until the Mataram Sultanate. Today, this shoulder-baring garment still features in many Indonesian rituals, traditional Javanese dances or palace ceremonies in Javanese keratons.{{Cite web|url=https://historia.id/kuno/articles/cara-berpakaian-orang-jawa-kuno-6k4Jq/page/1|title=Cara Berpakaian Orang Jawa Kuno|website=historia.id|date=November 2018|lang=id|access-date=2020-11-20}}
The bare shoulders of the kemben may be regarded as a representation of aesthetics, elegance, and femininity. In recent decades, however, kemben has fallen out of favor among Javanese Muslim women as they abandoned their traditional fashion and wear Islamic clothing such as the hijab, which was previously uncommon in Indonesia. Today, the tradition of wearing kemben were preserved and kept alive in the Javanese royal court of Yogyakarta and Surakarta keratons, especially among nobles and abdi dalem (palace servants). However, in recent years, this also had stirred debate about the efforts to preserve classic Javanese court culture being contended by the growing conservative Islamism among the Indonesian Muslims community.{{Cite web|title=Dikritik Gara-gara Unggah Foto Abdi Dalem, Jawaban Putri Keraton Jogja ini Tak Terduga!|url=https://wow.tribunnews.com/2017/05/02/dikritik-gara-gara-unggah-foto-abdi-dalem-jawaban-putri-keraton-jogja-ini-tak-terduga|access-date=2020-11-22|website=Tribun Wow|language=id-ID}}
Uses
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een geposeerde opname van een kleine batikwerkplaats. Middenvoor enkele cantings. De vrouwen dragen een kemben (borstdoek). Java TMnr 60034291.jpg clothes in a village in Java, Indonesia. 1800s.]]
File:2011-06-05 TTF 51.jpg dancer wearing velvet kemben.]]
Traditional kemben is worn by wrapping a piece of cloth around the torso, folding and securing the edge, tying it with additional rope, and covering it with an angkin, a smaller sash around the abdomen. Traditional Javanese batik kemben worn by palace ladies in keratons are mostly this type of kemben.{{Cite news|url=http://indonesianbatik.id/2018/02/26/memakai-batik-untuk-kemben-eksotisme-fashion-wanita-jawa/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604130814/http://indonesianbatik.id/2018/02/26/memakai-batik-untuk-kemben-eksotisme-fashion-wanita-jawa/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=June 4, 2018|title=Memakai Batik Untuk Kemben, Eksotisme Fashion Wanita Jawa - Indonesian Batik|date=2018-02-26|work=Indonesian Batik|access-date=2018-06-01|language=id}} Today, there is also tight-fitted and tailored kemben secured using buttons, straps or zippers similar to the western corset. The kemben of female Javanese traditional dancers (srimpi or wayang wong) are usually made of tailored velvet corsets.
= Kemben outside Indonesia =
In the Malay Peninsula, kemban is essentially a type of sarong and was a very popular style of clothing prior to the prevalence of Baju Kurung and Baju Kebaya in Malaysia. The members of the nobility used better quality and designed cloths, as well as elaborate jewelry made of gold and precious stones.{{Cite web|url=https://prpm.dbp.gov.my/Cari1?keyword=kemban|title=Carian Umum - Kemban|website=prpm.dbp.gov.my|lang=ms|access-date=2020-11-19}} They had their kain kelubung (shawl) to cover their heads from the sun and a kain kemban worn from the bust downwards to keep them cool in the tropical heat. According to the Malay Annals, Sultan Mansur Shah, the sixth Malaccan ruler, banned Malay women from wearing only a kemban as it ran contrary to personal modesty based on Islamic teachings.{{cite web |title=Enduring charm of the baju kurung| date=18 August 2019 | url=https://www.nst.com.my/lifestyle/sunday-vibes/2019/08/513680/enduring-charm-baju-kurung |access-date=19 November 2020}} Today, the kemban torso wrap is rarely worn in the piously Islamic Malay community of Malaysia, regarded as a relic of the past, replaced by the more modest Baju Kurung which is generally worn with tudong to comply with Islamic modesty requirements.
In Europe, it is akin to European décolletage, however, it is more indigenous by using local fabrics such as batik, ikat, songket, or tenun, and simply secured by folding and slipping the cloth edges and tying the knot. Traditionally, women wear two pieces of clothes; the lower one is wrapped around the hips covering lower parts of the body (hips, thighs, and legs) and is called as kain or Sarong, while the piece that is wrapped about the upper body (chest and torso) is called kemben. In the Malay Peninsula, a third piece of cloth is used to cover the head (head, shoulders, and arms) from the sun and it is called kain kelubung as shown in the pictures below.
{{multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| header = Styles of traditional kemban in the Malay Peninsula{{cite book |publisher=Funk & Wagnalls Company |author=Thomas Athol Joyce & Northcote Whitridge Thomas |year=1908 |title=Women of All Nations: A Record of Their Characteristics, Habits, Manners, Customs, and Influence |asin=B011C9TDQE}}
| header_align = center
| header_background = #fee8ab
| footer =
| footer_align = left
| footer_background = #f0f0f0
| width = 100
| image1 = Image from page 217 of "Women of all nations, a record of their characteristics, habits, manners, customs and influence;" (1908) (14583643838).jpg
| caption1 = A kain lepas with a broad sash (kain kemban) dressed over a Terengganuan style of flowered sarong with kain kelubung.
| image2 = Image from page 217 of "Women of all nations, a record of their characteristics, habits, manners, customs and influence;" (1908) (14583809677).jpg
| caption2 = A kain lepas with Kelantanese style of check pattern (kain kemban) dressed over a flowered sarong with kain kelubung.
| image3 = Image from page 220 of "Women of all nations, a record of their characteristics, habits, manners, customs and influence;" (1908) (14767920874).jpg
| caption3 = A kain lepas girt about the breast (kain kemban) over a Kelantanese style sarong with kain kelubung.
| image4 = Image from page 217 of "Women of all nations, a record of their characteristics, habits, manners, customs and influence;" (1908) (14583809217).jpg
| caption4 = A kain lepas draped about the breast (kain kemban) over a flowered sarong with decorative flowers in hair.
}}
See also
{{Portal|Clothing|Fashion|Indonesia|Malaysia}}
{{commonscat|Kemben}}
References
{{reflist}}
{{Folk costume}}
{{Indonesian clothing}}
{{Malaysian clothing}}