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king of the gods

{{Short description|Leading or primary god of a polytheistic pantheon}}

{{more citations needed|date=August 2019}}

File:Guardians of the eight directions 02.JPG, the Hindu king of the Devas and Devis]]

As polytheistic systems evolve, there is a tendency for one deity to achieve preeminence as king of the gods,{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}} for example by being their (sky) father. This tendency can parallel the growth of hierarchical systems of political power in which a monarch eventually comes to assume ultimate authority for human affairs.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}} Other gods come to serve in a Divine Council or pantheon; such subsidiary courtier-deities are usually linked by family ties from the union of a single husband or wife, or else from an androgynous divinity who is responsible for the creation.

Historically, subsequent social events, such as invasions or shifts in power structures, can cause the previous king of the gods to be displaced by a new divinity, who assumes the displaced god's attributes and functions.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}} Frequently the king of the gods has at least one wife who is the queen of the gods.

According to feminist theories of the replacement of original matriarchies by patriarchies, male sky gods tend to supplant female (motherly) earth goddesses and achieve omnipotence.

Compare:

{{cite book

| last1 = Stookey

| first1 = Lorena Laura

| year = 2004

| chapter = Primal Parents

| title = Thematic Guide to World Mythology

| url = https://archive.org/details/thematicguidetow00lore

| url-access = registration

| series = Thematic Guides to Literature

| location = Westport, Connecticut

| publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group

| publication-date = 2004

| pages = [https://archive.org/details/thematicguidetow00lore/page/142 142]–143

| isbn = 9780313315053

| access-date = 2018-10-20

| quote = Myths from many cultures posit the original existence of [...] primal parents, or world parents, that most commonly take the forms of earth mother and sky father [...]. [...] the association of the father with the sky also signifies the ascendancy of the male that occurs with the emergence of patriarchal culture. [...] As agricultural communities are supplanted by warrior societies, the primal parent known as the sky father is readily transformed into another familiar figure, the omnipotent sky god who can also take the form of the sun god or the god of storms.

}}

There is also a tendency for kings of the gods to assume more and more importance, syncretistically assuming the attributes and functions of lesser divinities, who come to be seen as aspects of the single supreme deity.

King of the gods in different cultures

Examples of kings of the gods in different cultures include:

  • In the Mesopotamian Anunnaki, Enlil displaces Anu and is in turn replaced by Marduk.{{Cite web|url=http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/marduk/|title = Marduk (God)}}
  • In the Ancient Egyptian religion, Amun was the official god of the Pharaoh and the people of Egypt.
  • In the Canaanite pantheon, Baal (Hadad) displaces El.
  • In the Hurrian/Hittite pantheon, Teshub or Tarḫunz or Arinna displaces Kumarbi.
  • In the Armenian Ar, later – Aramazd.
  • In Hinduism, the King of the Gods is Indra, The God of Thunder and lightning and the ruler of heaven.{{Cite book |last=Agrawala |first=Prithvi Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6FHvf59ceLEC&pg=PA47 |title=Goddessess [sic] in Ancient India |date=1984 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-0-391-02960-6 |page=47 |language=en}}{{Cite book |last=Doniger |first=Wendy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nNsXZkdHvXUC&pg=PA12 |title=The Hindus: An Alternative History |date=2010-09-30 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-959334-7 |page=12 |language=en}}

List of rulers of pantheons

The leaders of the various pantheons include:

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Characteristics

The following are the characteristics shared by virtually all Kings of the gods:

  • Creation: Most of these gods derive their power from the fact that they created the world, formulated its laws and/or created life forms, notably humans. Examples: Ra, Odin.
  • Dominion over the sky: Many such deities hold control over all aspects of the sky, such as weather, rain, thunderstorms, air, winds and celestial objects like stars. They also control some aspects of Earth like harvest, fertility, plants or mountains. Examples: Zeus, Hadad, Jupiter.
  • Lightning bolts as personal weapons: Commonly seen with sky gods.
  • Divine Wisdom: Some Kings of Gods possess superior wisdom and clairvoyance, compared to most beings. Examples: Ra, Odin.
  • God of the Sun, Daylight or Celestial Fire: Some kings of gods are associated with the Sun, as it is life giving and is a powerful symbol of order. They are said to be in charge of celestial fire, which is purifying by nature. Daylight is also an important phenomenon, as most events take place under its presence. Examples: Ra, Dyaus Pitr.
  • Conquest, Law, Justice, Order, Time and Fate: Most kings of gods have the ability to control the events of battle and grant victory to those who deserve it. They are seen as paragons of law and promote order. They are seen as powerful manifestations of their respective civilizations. Some gods either possess great skill in war or tremendous physical strength. Some of them have some control over time and regulate it with seasons. Others have limited control over the fate of a human. Examples: Zeus, Odin, Ra, Jupiter.
  • Divine authority over other gods: This may be because the concerned head of the pantheon is the father or creator of many gods and goddesses who swear allegiance to him. As a result, the king of the gods makes sure that all deities function properly, punish them for misdeeds, grant or take away immortality from lesser gods etc. Examples: Zeus, Odin, Enlil.
  • Divine rival: In some cases, there may be another god, who is equal in supernatural power and thinks he can do a better job than the current king. This often results in conflict, and in extreme cases, war. Examples: Ra and Apophis; Osiris, Set and Horus; Apollo vs Python ; Mitra and the Daeva; Zeus and Poseidon; Cronos and Uranus; Typhon and Zeus; etc.

See also

{{Portal|Ancient Greece|Religion}}

References

{{reflist}}

Works cited

  • {{cite book |last=Campo |first=Juan E. |title=Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC}}
  • {{cite book |last=Hughes |first=Aaron W. |author-link=Aaron W. Hughes |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmGrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 |chapter=Setting the Stage: Pre-Islamic Arabia |title=Muslim Identities: An Introduction to Islam |pages=17–40 |year=2013 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-53192-4}}

{{List of mythological figures by region}}

Category:Gods by association

Category:Mythological archetypes

Category:Mythological kings

Category:Polytheism