lineated woodpecker

In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the lineated woodpecker in his Ornithologie based on a specimen collected in Cayenne, French Guiana. He used the French name Le pic noir hupé de Cayenne and the Latin name Picus niger cayanensis cristatus.{{ cite book | last=Brisson | first=Mathurin Jacques | author-link=Mathurin Jacques Brisson | year=1760 | title=Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés | volume=4 | language=French, Latin | place=Paris | publisher=Jean-Baptiste Bauche | pages=31–34, Plate 1 fig 2 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36195040 }} The two stars (**) at the start of the section indicates that Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen. Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.{{cite journal |last=Allen | first=J.A. | author-link=Joel Asaph Allen | year=1910 | title=Collation of Brisson's genera of birds with those of Linnaeus |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=28 | pages=317–335 | hdl=2246/678 }} When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the 12th edition, he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson. One of these was the lineated woodpecker. Linnaeus included a terse description, coined the binomial name Picus lineatus, and cited Brisson's work.{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | authorlink=Carl Linnaeus | year=1766 | title=Systema naturae : per regna tria natura, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | edition=12th | volume=1 Part 1 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | place=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | page=174 | url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42946370 }} The specific name lineatus is Latin and means "lined" or "marked with lines".{{cite web | last=Jobling | first=J.A. | year=2018 | title= Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | editor4-last=Christie | editor4-first=D.A. | editor5-last=de Juana | editor5-first=E. | work=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive | publisher=Lynx Edicions | url=https://www.hbw.com/dictionary/key-to-scientific-names-in-ornithology?name=lineatum+%2F+lineatus | accessdate=2 April 2018 }} The lineated woodpecker is now one of six species that the International Ornithological Committee (IOC) and the Clements taxonomy place in the genus Dryocopus. The North American Classification Committee of the American Ornithological Society concurs for the lineated and pileated woodpeckers, the only two of the six that occur in Central and North America.{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/woodpeckers/ |title=Woodpeckers |website=IOC World Bird List |version =v 13.1 |editor-last1=Gill |editor-first1= F. |editor-last2=Donsker|editor-first2=D.|editor-last3=Rasmussen |editor-first3=P. |date=January 2023 |access-date=January 31, 2023 }}Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2022. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2022. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved November 10, 2022Chesser, R. T., S. M. Billerman, K. J. Burns, C. Cicero, J. L. Dunn, B. E. Hernández-Baños, R. A. Jiménez, A. W. Kratter, N. A. Mason, P. C. Rasmussen, J. V. Remsen, Jr., D. F. Stotz, and K. Winker. 2022. Check-list of North American Birds (online). American Ornithological Society. https://checklist.aou.org/taxa However, BirdLife International's Handbook of the Birds of the World (HBW) places the pileated and several others in the genus Hylatomus.HBW and BirdLife International (2022) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v7_Dec22.zip retrieved December 13, 2022 Genus Dryocopus was introduced by the German naturalist Friedrich Boie in 1826.{{ cite journal | last=Boie | first=Friedrich | author-link=Friedrich Boie | year=1826 | title=Generalübersicht | journal=Isis von Oken | volume=19 | at=Col 977| language=de |url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27511180 }}

The IOC and Clements recognize these five subspecies:

• D. l. scapularis – (Vigors, 1829): found in western Mexico (Sonora south to Guerrero). The white stripe on the sides of the face is reduced or lacking; also smaller than similis and nominate lineatus. Bill pale, pale horn, dull white, or bluish-white.
• D. l. similis – (Lesson, 1847): found in eastern and southern Mexico south to northwestern Costa Rica. Bill pale, pale horn, dull white, or bluish-white. Underparts buffy. Body mass is {{convert|136|-|181|g|abbr=on}}.
• D. l. lineatus – (Linnaeus, 1766): nominate, found in eastern and southern Costa Rica south to western Colombia and east to Trinidad, the Guianas and northeastern and eastern Brazil (Maranhão, Bahia), and south to eastern Peru, northern Paraguay and south central Brazil (São Paulo). Bill dark. Body mass is {{convert|186|-|228|g|abbr=on}}.
• D. l. fuscipennis – (P. L. Sclater, 1860): found in western Ecuador and northwestern Peru. Bill dark. Smaller than nominate lineatus. Plumage browner, less black.
• D. l. erythrops – (Valenciennes, 1826): found in eastern Paraguay, northern and northeastern Argentina, and southeastern Brazil. Bill dark. Larger than nominate. White scapular lines are often reduced; generally, the scapular lines are absent in southern populations, but the "proportion of individuals with scapular lines increases towards range of nominate lineatus" (Winkler et al., 1995). Body mass is {{convert|216|-|264|g|abbr=on}}.

However, HBW separates D. l. fuscipennis as the "dusky-winged woodpecker".

File:Dryocopus lineatus.jpg

The lineated woodpecker is {{convert|31.5|to|36|cm|in|abbr=on}} long. It resembles the closely related pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus) of the United States and Canada.

Adults are mainly black above, with a red crest and whitish lines from the base of the bill, down the neck and shoulders (though individuals from the south-eastern part of its range commonly lack the line on the shoulders). The underparts are whitish, heavily barred with black. They show white on the wings in flight. Adult males have a red line from the bill to the throat (malar) and a red forehead. In adult females, these plumage features are black. The bill is typically black in both sexes, though pale-billed individuals regularly are seen.

The call of this widespread but wary bird is a loud, ringing wic-wic-wic. Both sexes drum.

In most of its range, it is most likely confused with the crimson-crested woodpecker (Campephilus melanoleucos), which is similar in plumage and size. In the female of that species, the light face line is far broader, and the white shoulder lines meet on the back lower back (forming a "V"). The male crimson-crested woodpecker is quite different with its almost entirely red head.

The habitat of this species is forest borders and other open woodland. It is not generally a mountain bird, though it has occasionally been recorded in the uplands (e.g., in the Serranía de las Quinchas of Colombia) Three white eggs are laid in a nest hole on a dead tree and incubated by both sexes. The young are fed by regurgitation.

Lineated woodpeckers chip out holes, often quite large, while searching out insects in trees. They mainly eat insects, especially ants and their larvae,{{cite web|url=https://sta.uwi.edu/fst/lifesciences/sites/default/files/lifesciences/documents/ogatt/Dryocopus_lineatus%20-%20Lineated%20Woodpecker.pdf|title=Dryocopus lineatus (Lineated Woodpecker)|website=Sta.uwi.edu|access-date=10 April 2022}} beetles and their larvae, termites, orthopterans, caterpillars with some seeds, such as from Heliconia and Clusia rosea, and fruits, berries, and nuts.

Lineated woodpeckers breed March–April in Panama, April–May in Belize, and February–April in Trinidad and Suriname. Nest cavities are excavated in dead trees at variable heights, from {{convert|2|to(-)|27|m|ft|abbr=on}} above the ground. Both sexes excavate the nests, which are about {{convert|45|cm|in|abbr=on}} deep, {{convert|13|x|18|cm|in|abbr=on}} wide, and have an entrance about {{convert|9|cm|in|abbr=on}} in diameter. Clutch size ranges from 2–4 eggs (2–3 in Trinidad). Males and females take 2- to 3-hour shifts incubating during the day, but only males incubate at night. Chicks are fed about once an hour by both parents through regurgitation; the female does most of the feeding while the male guards the nest. Incubation and fledging periods not documented.

The IUCN follows HBW taxonomy and so has assessed the "dusky-winged woodpecker" separately from the lineated woodpecker sensu stricto. Both are assessed as being of Least Concern. Neither has an estimate of its population size. The population of the lineated woodpecker is believed to be increasing; the trend of the "dusky-winged"'s population is unknown. No specific threats to either have been identified.

{{Reflist|refs=

• {{cite journal |last1=Cuervo |first1=Andrés M. |last2=Hernández-Jaramillo |first2=Alejandro |last3=Cortés-Herrera |first3=José Oswaldo |last4=Laverde |first4=Oscar |year=2007 |title=Nuevos registros de aves en la parte alta de la Serranía de las Quinchas, Magdalena medio, Colombia |trans-title=New bird records from the highlands of Serranía de las Quinchas, middle Magdalena valley, Colombia |journal=Ornitología Colombiana |volume=5 |pages=94–98 |language=Spanish, English|url=http://www.museum.lsu.edu/cuervo/pubs_files/Cuervo_etalOC2007.pdf }}
• {{cite web |url=http://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/portal/species/overview?p_p_spp=320376 |title=Lineated Woodpecker (Dryocopus lineatus) |last=Malekan |first=I.S. |editor-last=Schulenberg |editor-first=T.S. |date=2011 |website= Neotropical Birds Online |location=Ithaca |publisher=Cornell Lab of Ornithology }}

}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite book |last = ffrench |first = Richard |last2=O'Neill |first2=John Patton |last3=Eckelberry |first3=Don R.|title=A Guide to the Birds of Trinidad and Tobago |edition = 2nd |year = 1991 |location=Ithaca, N.Y. |publisher = Comstock Publishing |isbn = 0-8014-9792-2 | ref=none }}
• {{cite book |last=Hilty |first=Steven L. |date=2003 |title=Birds of Venezuela |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-7136-6418-5| ref=none }}

{{refend}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{ cite book | last=Skutch | first=Alexander F. | author-link=Alexander Skutch | date=1969 | chapter=Lineated woodpecker | title=Life Histories of Central American Birds III: Families Cotingidae, Pipridae, Formicariidae, Furnariidae, Dendrocolaptidae, and Picidae | series=Pacific Coast Avifauna, Number 35 | location=Berkeley, California | publisher=Cooper Ornithological Society | chapter-url=https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/pca/pca_035.pdf#page=428 | pages=428–439 | ref=none }}

{{refend}}

{{Commons category|Dryocopus lineatus}}

{{Wikispecies|Dryocopus lineatus}}

• {{InternetBirdCollection|lineated-woodpecker-dryocopus-lineatus|Lineated woodpecker}}
• {{VIREO|Lineated+woodpecker}}
• {{NeotropicalBirds|linwoo1|Lineated woodpecker}}
• {{IUCN_Map|22681366|Dryocopus lineatus}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1269603}}

lineated woodpecker

Category:Birds of Central America

Category:Birds of South America

Category:Birds of Mexico

Category:Birds of Trinidad and Tobago

Category:Birds of the Caribbean

lineated woodpecker

lineated woodpecker

Category:Birds of the Amazon rainforest

Category:Birds of Brazil

Category:Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN