macron below
{{Short description|Diacritical mark}}
{{Infobox diacritic|char=◌̱
|name=
|unicode={{Unichar|0331|COMBINING MACRON BELOW|cwith=◌}}}}
| class="wikitable" align="right"
!style="background: #ccf; font-size: 300%"|A̱a̱ḆḇC̱c̱ |
Macron below is a combining diacritical mark that is used in various orthographies.{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0300.pdf|title=Combining Diacritical Marks Code Chart, Range: 0300–036F|work=The Unicode Standard|access-date=2016-11-21}}
A non-combining form is {{unichar|02CD|MODIFIER LETTER LOW MACRON}}. It is not to be confused with {{Unichar|0320|COMBINING MINUS SIGN BELOW|nlink=Relative articulation#Advanced and retracted|cwith=◌}}, {{Unichar|0332|COMBINING LOW LINE|nlink=Underline|cwith=◌}} and {{Unichar|005F|LOW LINE|nlink=Underline}}. The difference between "macron below" and "low line" is that the latter results in an unbroken underline when it is run together: compare a̱ḇc̱ and a̲b̲c̲ (only the latter should look like abc).{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode11.0.0/ch06.pdf|title=The Unicode Standard|version=Version 11.0.0|place=Mountain View, CA|publisher=The Unicode Consortium|publication-date=2018|isbn=978-1-936213-19-1 |chapter=6.2 General Punctuation|page=273|access-date=2018-12-12|quote=Spacing Overscores and Underscores. U+203E OVERLINE is the above-the-line counterpart to U+005F low line. It is a spacing character, not to be confused with U+0305 COMBINING OVERLINE. As with all overscores and underscores, a sequence of these characters should connect in an unbroken line. The overscoring characters also must be distinguished from U+0304 COMBINING MACRON, which does not connect horizontally in this way.}}
Unicode
=Macron below character=
Unicode defines several characters for the macron below:
| class="wikitable" | |||||
| colspan="6" | macron below | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| colspan="3" | combining || colspan="3" | spacing | |||||
| character || Unicode || HTML || character || Unicode || HTML | |||||
| {{char|◌̱}} single | U+0331 | ̱ | ˍ letter | U+02CD | ˍ |
| {{char|◌͟◌}} double | U+035F | ͟ |
There are many similar marks covered elsewhere:
- Spacing underscores, including
- {{Unichar|005F|LOW LINE|html=}}
- {{Unichar|2017|DOUBLE LOW LINE|html=}}
- Combining underlines, including
- {{Unichar|0332|COMBINING LOW LINE|cwith=◌|html=}}
- {{Unichar|0333|COMBINING DOUBLE LOW LINE|cwith=◌|html=}}
- {{Unichar|0347|COMBINING EQUALS SIGN BELOW|cwith=◌|html=}};
- {{Unichar|FE2B|COMBINING MACRON LEFT HALF BELOW|cwith=◌|html=}}
- {{Unichar|FE2C|COMBINING MACRON RIGHT HALF BELOW|cwith=◌|html=}}
- {{Unichar|FE2D|COMBINING CONJOINING MACRON BELOW|cwith=◌|html=}}
- International Phonetic Alphabet mark for retracted or backed articulation:
- {{Unichar|0320|COMBINING MINUS SIGN BELOW|cwith=◌|html=}}
- {{Unichar|02D7|MODIFIER LETTER MINUS SIGN|html=}}
=Precomposed characters=
Various precomposed letters with a macron below are defined in Unicode:
| class="wikitable" | ||||||
| colspan="3" | upper case || colspan="3" | lower case || rowspan="2" | notes | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| letter || Unicode || HTML || letter || Unicode || HTML | ||||||
| Ḇ | U+1E06 | Ḇ | ḇ | U+1E07 | ḇ | Used in the transliteration of Biblical Hebrew into the Roman alphabet to show the fricative value of the letter beth ({{lang|he|ב}}) representing [v], or perhaps {{IPAblink|β}}. |
| Ḏ | U+1E0E | Ḏ | ḏ | U+1E0F | ḏ | Used in the transliteration of Biblical Hebrew, Syriac and Arabic into the Roman alphabet to show the fricative value of the letter dalet (ד), {{IPAblink|ð}}, and in the romanization of Pashto, it is used sometimes to represent retroflex D. In Dravidian languages' transcription it represents an alveolar /d/. |
| ẖ | U+1E96 | ẖ | Sometimes used for Arabic {{lang|ar|خ}} ẖāʼ, Hebrew Heth (letter), Egyptian {{lang|egy|𓄡}}.
There is no precomposed upper case equivalent of ẖ so it uses a combining macron below instead: H̱. | |||
| Ḵ | U+1E34 | Ḵ | ḵ | U+1E35 | ḵ | Used in the transliteration of Biblical Hebrew into the Roman alphabet to show the fricative value of the letter kaph ({{lang|he|כ}}) representing {{IPAblink|x}}.
Used in Tlingit and Haida (among other Pacific Northwest languages) for the voiceless uvular stop {{IPAblink|q}}. Close to Korean ㄲ kk; closest English "shocking" Used optionally in the K-dialect of Māori in the South Island of New Zealand, where an original ng has merged with k. The ḵ indicates that it corresponds to ng in other dialects. There is no difference in pronunciation between ḵ and k. |
| Ḻ | U+1E3A | Ḻ | ḻ | U+1E3B | ḻ | One possible transliteration of the Dravidian retroflex approximant /ɻ/ as in Tamil letter ழ. Ḻ is used in the Seri language to represent {{IPAblink|l}}, like English l, while unmodified "l" represents {{IPAblink|ɬ}}, like Welsh ll. It is also used in the proposed Unified Alphabet for Mapudungun. |
| Ṉ | U+1E48 | Ṉ | ṉ | U+1E49 | ṉ | Used in Pitjantjatjara to represent {{IPAblink|ɳ}}, and in Saanich to represent both plain and glottalized {{IPAblink|ɴ}}. In the romanization of Pashto, it is used sometimes to represent retroflex N. In Dravidian languages' transcription it represents an alveolar /n/. |
| Ṟ | U+1E5E | Ṟ | ṟ | U+1E5F | ṟ | Used in Pitjantjatjara to represent {{IPAblink|ɻ}}, and sometimes in the romanization of Pashto to represent the retroflex R. In Dravidian languages' transcription it represents an alveolar trill /r/. |
| Ṯ | U+1E6E | Ṯ | ṯ | U+1E6F | ṯ | Used in the proposed Unified Alphabet for Mapudungun language representing {{IPAblink|t̪}}. In the romanization of Pashto, it is used sometimes to represent retroflex T. In Dravidian languages' transcription it represents an alveolar /t/. In the romanization of Arabic this letter is used to transcribe the letter Ṯāʾ. |
| Ẕ | U+1E94 | Ẕ | ẕ | U+1E95 | ẕ | Used in the 1953 Hebrew Academy Romanization of Hebrew to represent tsade ({{lang|he|צ}}). |
| ₫ | U+20AB | ₫ | Vietnamese đồng. |
Note that the Unicode character names of precomposed characters whose decompositions contain {{Unichar|0331|COMBINING MACRON BELOW|cwith=◌}} use "WITH LINE BELOW" rather than "WITH MACRON BELOW". Thus, {{Unichar|1E07|LATIN SMALL LETTER B WITH LINE BELOW}} decomposes to {{Unichar|0062|LATIN SMALL LETTER B}} and {{Unichar|0331|COMBINING MACRON BELOW|cwith=◌}}.{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1E00.pdf|title=Latin Extended Additional Code Chart, Range: 1E00–1EFF|work=The Unicode Standard|access-date=2016-11-21}}
The Vietnamese đồng currency sign resembles a lower case d with a stroke and macron below: {{Unichar|20AB|DONG SIGN|html=}} but is neither a letter nor decomposable.{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org|title=Unicode character database|work=The Unicode Standard|access-date=2016-11-21}}