bet (letter)

The name bet is derived from the West Semitic word for "house" (as in {{langx|he|בַּיִת|bayt}}), and the shape of the letter derives from a Proto-Sinaitic glyph that may have been based on the Egyptian hieroglyph Pr O1 , which depicts a house.{{cn|date= September 2024}}

{{Infobox grapheme|name=bāʾ باء|letter=ب|script=Arabic script|type=Abjad|language=Arabic language|phonemes={{IPA link|b}}|alphanumber=2|direction=Right-to-left|fam1=𐤁‎|fam2=𐡁|fam3=𐢂 ,𐢃|fam4=ٮ}}

The Arabic letter {{lang|ar|ب}} is named {{lang|ar|بَاءْ}} {{transliteration|ar|DIN|bāʾ}} ({{transliteration|sem|bāʔ}}). It is written in several ways depending on its position in the word

{{Arabic alphabet shapes|ب}}{{cn|date= September 2024}}

The letter normally renders {{IPA|/b/}} sound, except in some names and loanwords where it can also render {{IPA|/p/}}, often Arabized as {{IPA|/b/}}, as in {{lang|ar|بَرْسِيلْ}} (Persil). For {{IPA|/p/}}, it may be used interchangeably with the Persian letter {{lang|fa|پ}} - pe (with 3 dots) in this case.{{cn|date= September 2024}}

Bāʾ is the first letter of the Quran {{qref|1|1|s=y}}, the first letter of Basmala.{{Cite web |title=Mengapa Basmalah Diawali Huruf 'Ba'? |url=https://islam.nu.or.id/tasawuf-akhlak/mengapa-basmalah-diawali-huruf-ba-CwN37 |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=NU Online |language=id-id |archive-date=2024-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410091927/https://islam.nu.or.id/tasawuf-akhlak/mengapa-basmalah-diawali-huruf-ba-CwN37 |url-status=live }} The letter bāʾ as a prefix may function as a preposition meaning "by" or "with". Some tafsirs interpreted the positioning of bāʾ as the opener of the Qur'an with "by My (God's) cause (all is present and happen)".{{Cite web |last=Syafirin |first=Muhammad |date=2022-01-05 |title=Menyingkap Tabir Huruf Ba'; Muara Al-Qur'an Sumber Segala Ilmu |url=https://aliflam.staidk.ac.id/2022/01/05/menyingkap-tabir-huruf-ba-muara-al-quran-sumber-segala-ilmu/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=Darul Kamal Islamic College |language=id |archive-date=2024-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410091418/https://aliflam.staidk.ac.id/2022/01/05/menyingkap-tabir-huruf-ba-muara-al-quran-sumber-segala-ilmu/ |url-status=live }}

{{Main|Pe (Persian letter)}}

A variant letter of bāʾ named pe is used in Persian with three dots below instead of just one dot below. However, it is not included on one of the 28 letters on the Arabic alphabet. It is thus written as:

{{Arabic alphabet shapes|پ}}{{cn|date= September 2024}}

Hebrew spelling: {{Script/Hebrew|בֵּית}}

The Hebrew letter represents two different phonemes: a "b" sound ({{IPA|/b/}}) (bet) and a "v" sound ({{IPA|/v/}}) (vet). When Hebrew is written Ktiv menuqad (with niqqud diacritics) the two are distinguished by a dot (called a dagesh) in the centre of the letter for {{IPA|/b/}} and no dot for {{IPA|/v/}}. In modern Hebrew, the more commonly used Ktiv hasar niqqud spelling, which does not use diacritics, does not visually distinguish between the two phonemes.{{cn|date= September 2024}}

This letter is named bet and vet, following the modern Israeli Hebrew pronunciation, bet and vet ({{IPA|/bet/}}), in Israel and by most Jews familiar with Hebrew, although some non-Israeli Ashkenazi speakers pronounce it beis (or bais)The school system Bais Yaakov or BaisYakov.net in Baltimore and veis ({{IPA|/bejs/}}) (or vais or vaiz).{{cite web

|title=Learning Alef-Bais

|url=https://www.imamother.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=197374

|date=October 22, 2012

|access-date=June 22, 2018

|archive-date=September 24, 2023

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924201111/https://www.imamother.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=197374

|url-status=live

}} "His Hebrew Morah is teaching the sounds of the alef bais based on English ... For Vais, since there are no Hebrew words that begin with a vais, ..." (whether or not it's true that "no Hebrew..." is not the point. It's that the teacher uses VAIZ) It is also named beth, following the Tiberian Hebrew pronunciation, in academic circles.{{cn|date= September 2024}}

In modern Hebrew the frequency of the usage of bet, out of all the letters, is 4.98%.{{cn|date= September 2024}}

{{main|Modern Hebrew phonology}}

When the Bet appears as {{Script/Hebrew|בּ}} with a "dot" in its center, known as a dagesh, then it represents {{IPA|/b/}}. There are various rules in Hebrew grammar that stipulate when and why a dagesh is used.{{cn|date= September 2024}}

In Ktiv menuqad spelling, which uses diacritics, when the letter appears as {{Script/Hebrew|ב}} without the dagesh ("dot") in its center it represents a voiced labiodental fricative: {{IPA|/v/}}. In Ktiv hasar niqqud spelling, without diacritics, the letter without the dot may represent either phoneme.{{cn|date= September 2024}}

As a prefix, i.e. when attached to the beginning of a word, the letter bet may function as a preposition meaning "in", "at", or "with".{{cn|date= September 2024}}

As a numeral, the letter represents the number 2, and, using various systems of dashes above or below, can stand for 2,000 and 20,000.{{cn|date= September 2024}}

Bet in gematria represents the number 2.{{cn|date= September 2024}}

Bet is the first letter of the Torah. As Bet is the number 2 in gematria, this is said to symbolize that there are two parts to Torah: the Written Torah and the Oral Torah. According to Jewish legend, the letter Bet was specially chosen among the 22 letters in Hebrew by God as the first letter of Torah as it begins with "Bereshit (In the beginning) God created heaven and earth."Ginzberg, Louis (1909). The Legends of the Jews [http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/e-books/misc/Legends/Legends%20of%20the%20Jews.pdf Vol. I : Alphabet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313050820/http://www.swartzentrover.com/cotor/e-books/misc/Legends/Legends |date=2020-03-13 }} (Translated by Henrietta Szold) Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society.

Genesis Rabbah points out that the letter is closed on three sides and open on one; this is indicate that one can investigate what happened after creation, but not what happened before it, or what is above the heavens or below the earth.[https://archive.org/details/RabbaGenesis/page/n55/mode/2up Genesis Rabbah 1:10]

File:Syriac letter shapes Beth.PNG

In the Syriac alphabet, the second letter is {{lang|syr|ܒ}} — Beth ({{lang|syr|ܒܹܝܬ}}). It is one of six letters that represents two associated sounds (the others are Gimel, Dalet, Kaph, Pe and Taw). When Beth has a hard pronunciation (qûššāyâ) it is a {{bracket|b}}. When Beth has a soft pronunciation (rûkkāḵâ) it is traditionally pronounced as a {{bracket|v}}, similar to its Hebrew form. However, in eastern dialects, the soft Beth is more often pronounced as a {{bracket|w}}, and can form diphthongs with its preceding vowel. Whether Beth should be pronounced as a hard or soft sound is generally determined by its context within a word. However, wherever it is traditionally geminate within a word, even in dialects that no longer distinguish double consonants, it is hard. In the West Syriac dialect, some speakers always pronounce Beth with its hard sound.{{cn|date= September 2024}}

In set theory, the beth numbers stand for powers of infinite sets.{{cn|date= September 2024}}

{{charmap

|05D1|name1=Hebrew Letter Bet

|0628|name2=Arabic Letter Beh

|0712|name3=Syriac Letter Beth

|0801|name4=Samaritan Letter Bit

|2136|name5=Bet Symbol

}}

{{charmap

|10381|name1=Ugaritic Letter Beta

|10841|name2=Imperial Aramaic Letter Beth

|10901|name3=Phoenician Letter Bet

}}

• Bayt/Beit/Beth/Bet (disambiguation), meaning 'house' in various Semitic languages; part of many place-names

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