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mealybug

{{short description|Family of insects (Pseudococcidae)}}

{{Automatic taxobox

|name=Pseudococcidae

|image=Mealybugs on flower stem, Yogyakarta, 2014-10-31.jpg

|image_caption=Mealybugs on a flower stem in Yogyakarta

|taxon=Pseudococcidae

|authority=Heymons, 1915 {{ITIS|id=109211 |taxon=Pseudococcidae Heymons, 1915}}

}}

Mealybugs are insects in the family Pseudococcidae, unarmored scale insects found in moist, warm habitats. Of the more than 2,000 described species, many are considered pests as they feed on plant juices of greenhouse plants, house plants and subtropical trees and also act as a vector for several plant diseases. Some ants live in symbiotic relationships with them, protecting them from predators and feeding off the honeydew which they excrete.

Description

File:Mealybug moving.webm

Mealybugs are sexually dimorphic: females appear as nymphs, exhibiting reduced morphology, and lack wings, although unlike many female scale insects, they often retain legs and can move. Males are smaller, gnat-like and have wings. Since mealybugs, as well as all other Hemiptera, are hemimetabolous insects, they do not undergo complete metamorphosis in the true sense of the word. However, male mealybugs exhibit a radical change during their life cycle, changing from wingless, ovoid nymphs to wasp-like flying adults.{{citation needed|reason=Are males gnat-like or wasp-like insects?|date=January 2023}}

Mealybug females feed on plant sap, normally in roots or other crevices, and in a few cases the bottoms of stored fruit. They attach themselves to the plant and secrete a powdery wax layer (hence the name "mealy" bug) used for protection while they suck the plant juices. The males are short-lived, as they do not feed at all as adults and only live to fertilize the females. Male citrus mealy bugs fly to the females and resemble fluffy gnats.

Some species of mealybug lay their eggs in the same waxy layer used for protection in quantities of 50–100; other species are born directly from the female.

The most serious pests are mealybugs that feed on citrus. Other species damage sugarcane, grapes, pineapple (Jahn et al. 2003), coffee trees, cassava, ferns, cacti, gardenias, papaya, mulberry, sunflower and orchids. Mealybugs only tend to be serious pests in the presence of ants because the ants protect them from predators and parasites.{{cite journal|pmc=3503828|title=Fire Ants Protect Mealybugs against Their Natural Enemies by Utilizing the Leaf Shelters Constructed by the Leaf Roller Sylepta derogata|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=7|issue=11|pages=e49982|date=November 21, 2012|author=Noe, Ronald|publisher=US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health|pmid=23185505|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0049982|bibcode=2012PLoSO...749982Z|doi-access=free}} Mealybugs are also a vector of viruses in grapevines, spreading grapevine leafroll and grapevine red blotch viruses.{{cite web |last1=Bettiga |first1=Larry J |title=Assessing Grapevine Leafroll and Red Blotch Disease Impacts in Local Vineyards |url=https://ucanr.edu/blogs/blogcore/postdetail.cfm?postnum=18900&sharing=yes |website=ANR Blogs |publisher=Salinas Valley Agriculture |access-date=23 December 2022 |language=en-us |date=8 September 2015}}

Mealybugs also infest some species of carnivorous plant such as Sarracenia (pitcher plants). In such cases it is difficult to eradicate them without repeated applications of insecticide such as diazinon. Small infestations may not inflict significant damage. In larger amounts though, they can induce leaf drop. In recent years, some of the mealybug species have become invasive pests in localities posing a great problem to the new agro-ecosystems. In India, Withania somnifera plant have been reported as a new reservoir host for an invasive mealybug species Phenacoccus solenopsis.{{cite journal |author1=Sharma, A. |author2=Pati, P. K. |title=First record of Ashwagandha as a new host to the invasive mealybug (Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley) in India |journal=Entomological News |year=2013 |volume=123 |issue=1 |pages=59–62 |doi=10.3157/021.123.0114 |s2cid=85645762 }}

Some mealybugs of the Hypogeococcus are used as biological pest controls of invasive cacti in South Africa, including Harrisia balansae, H. martinii, and Opuntia cespitosa.{{cite web | title=Cactus control in the Klein Karoo | website=Rhodes University | date=2014-09-17 | url=http://www.ru.ac.za/centreforbiologicalcontrol/latestnews/cactuscontrolinthekleinkaroo.html | access-date=2021-04-19}}

Fossil specimens of genus Acropyga ants have been recovered from the Burdigalian stage Dominican amber deposits and several individuals are preserved carrying the extinct mealybug genus Electromyrmococcus.{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=M.S. |year=2001 |title=Acropyga and Azteca Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with Scale Insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea): 20 Million Years of Intimate Symbiosis |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=3335 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1206/0003-0082(2001)335<0001:AAAAHF>2.0.CO;2|s2cid=55067700 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/5370690 |display-authors=etal}} These fossils represent the oldest record of the symbiosis between mealybugs and Acropyga species ants.

File:Maconellicoccus hirsutus - hibiscus mealybug - adult male.jpg|Male hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus

File:Formica fusca and mealy bugs.jpg|Formica fusca ants tending a herd of mealybugs

File:Ladybug(india).jpg|A ladybird preying on mealybugs

File:Mealybugs feeding on hibiscus plant.jpg|alt=Mealybugs on Hibiscus plant.|Mealybugs on hibiscus plant

File:Phenacoccus aceris.jpg|Phenacoccus aceris

File:Acropyga glaesaria SMFBE457B2 01.jpg|Acropyga glaesaria ant carrying an Electromyrmococcus abductus mealybug

Control methods

Insecticides such as pyrethroids (e.g. permethrin, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin) have been used for control,{{cite report|date=2003 |title=SP290-S-Mealybugs on Ornamentals |url=https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_agexdise/35/ |publisher=The University of Tennessee Agricultural Extension Service|docket=SP290S-1.5M-5/03(Rev) E12-4615-00-030-03}} but this approach is often considered counter-productive due to mortality of mealybug natural enemies.

Some gardeners use species of predatory beetles (e.g. Cryptolaemus) and green lacewings (Chrysopidae) larvae to control mealybug infestations, as the larval lacewings are voracious predators of aphids and other small insects.{{cite web |title=Cryptolaemus and lacewings for mealybug and scale control |url=https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/1158103/Cryptolaemus-and-lacewings-for-mealybug-and-scale-control.pdf |website=Department of Primary Studies, NSW |publisher=New South Wales |access-date=25 May 2021}}

Metabolism

Mealybugs have a highly sophisticated metabolism that involves not one but two bacterial endosymbionts, one inside the other. The endosymbionts make essential amino acids that the mealybug is not able to acquire directly from its diet. Genetically, mealybugs rely on a "mosaic" of metabolic pathways in which proteins are transported across membranes between what were once independent organisms.{{cite journal |last1=Callier |first1=Viviane |title=Mitochondria and the origin of eukaryotes |journal=Knowable Magazine |date=8 June 2022 |doi=10.1146/knowable-060822-2 |doi-access=free |url=https://knowablemagazine.org/article/living-world/2022/mitochondria-origin-eukaryotes |access-date=18 August 2022}}

==Use in the textile industry==

In Oaxaca, Mexico, where mealybugs are known as cochinilla algodonosa, the insects are intentionally cultivated and farmed. Dried mealybugs are ground into a dust, producing a red dye that is used to colour fabrics, in artist's paints, and in cosmetics.

Note that while cochineal beetles are commonly called mealybugs, and they share a very similar physical appearance and size, mealybugs (Pseudococcidae) are in a different family to cochineal beetles (Dactylopiidae), of which there are several species.

File:Nopales prickly pear cactus with mealy bugs.jpg|Prickly Pear Cactus with Mealybugs

File:Mealy Bugs (Pseudococcidae) living on Prickly Pear Cactus Leaves (Leaves of Opuntia).jpg|Mealybugs on Prickly Pear Cactus Leaves

File:Mealy Bugs Ground Red Dye.jpg|Mealybugs being ground into traditional red dye in Oaxaca, Mexico

Genera

{{div col|colwidth=18em}}

The following are included in BioLib.cz:[https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id17160/ BioLib.cz: family: mealybugs - Pseudococcidae Heymons, 1915] (retrieved 14 May 2024)

  1. Acaciacoccus {{Au|Williams & Matile-Ferrero, 1994}}
  2. Acinicoccus {{Au|Williams, 1985}}
  3. Acrochordonus {{Au|Cox, 1987}}
  4. Adelosoma {{Au|Borchsenius, 1948}}
  5. Aemulantonina {{Au|Williams, 2004}}
  6. Agastococcus {{Au|Cox, 1987}}
  7. Albertinia {{Au|de Lotto, 1971}}
  8. Allococcus {{Au|Ezzat & McConnell, 1956}}
  9. Allomyrmococcus {{Au|Takahashi, 1941}}
  10. Allotrionymus {{Au|Takahashi, 1958}}
  11. Amonostherium {{Au|Morrison & Morrison, 1922}}
  12. Anaparaputo {{Au|Borchsenius, 1962}}
  13. Anisococcus {{Au|Ferris, 1950}}
  14. Annulococcus {{Au|James, 1936}}
  15. Anthelococcus {{Au|McKenzie, 1964}}
  16. Antonina {{Au|Signoret, 1875}}
  17. Antoninella {{Au|Kiritchenko, 1938}}
  18. Antoninoides {{Au|Ferris, 1953}}
  19. Apodastococcus {{Au|Williams, 1985}}
  20. Archeomyrmococcus {{Au|Williams, 2002}}
  21. Artemicoccus {{Au|Balachowsky, 1953}}
  22. Asaphococcus {{Au|Cox, 1987}}
  23. Asphodelococcus {{Au|Morrison, 1945}}
  24. Asteliacoccus {{Au|Williams, 1985}}
  25. Atriplicicoccus {{Au|Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992}}
  26. Atrococcus {{Au|Goux, 1941}}
  27. Australicoccus {{Au|Williams, 1985}}
  28. Australiputo {{Au|Williams, 1985}}
  29. Balachowskya {{Au|Gomez-Menor, 1956}}
  30. Balanococcus {{Au|Williams, 1962}}
  31. Benedictycoccina {{Au|Kozár & Foldi, 2004}}
  32. Bessenayla {{Au|Goux, 1988}}
  33. Birendracoccus {{Au|Ali, 1975}}
  34. Bolbococcus {{Au|Williams, 2002}}
  35. Boninococcus {{Au|Kawai, 1973}}
  36. Boreococcus {{Au|Danzig, 1960}}
  37. Borneococcus {{Au|Williams, 2002}}
  38. Bouhelia {{Au|Balachowsky, 1938}}
  39. Brevennia {{Au|Goux, 1940}}
  40. Brevicoccus {{Au|Hambleton, 1946}}
  41. Calicoccus {{Au|Balachowsky, 1959}}
  42. Callitricoccus {{Au|Williams, 1985}}
  43. Calyptococcus {{Au|Borchsenius, 1948}}
  44. Cannococcus {{Au|Borchsenius, 1960}}
  45. Casuarinaloma {{Au|Froggatt, 1933}}
  46. Cataenococcus {{Au|Ferris, 1955}}
  47. Caulococcus {{Au|Borchsenius, 1960}}
  48. Chaetococcus {{Au|Maskell, 1898}}
  49. Chaetotrionymus {{Au|Williams, 1985}}
  50. Chloeoon {{Au|Anderson, 1788}}
  51. Chlorizococcus {{Au|McKenzie, 1960}}[https://www.gbif.org/species/2093521 GBIF] Chorizococcus McKenzie, 1960
  52. Chlorococcus {{Au|Beardsley, 1971}}
  53. Chryseococcus {{Au|Cox, 1987}}
  54. Cintococcus {{Au|Goux, 1940}}
  55. Circaputo {{Au|McKenzie, 1962}}
  56. Clavicoccus {{Au|Ferris, 1948}}
  57. Coccidella {{Au|Hambleton, 1946}}
  58. Coccidohystrix {{Au|Lindinger, 1943}}
  59. Coccura {{Au|Šulc, 1908}}
  60. Coleococcus {{Au|Borchsenius, 1962}}
  61. Conicoccus {{Au|Goux, 1994}}
  62. Conicosoma {{Au|de Lotto, 1971}}
  63. Conulicoccus {{Au|Williams, 1985}}
  64. Coorongia {{Au|Williams, 1985}}
  65. Cormiococcus {{Au|Williams, 1989}}
  66. Crenicoccus {{Au|Williams, 2004}}
  67. Criniticoccus {{Au|Williams, 1960}}
  68. Crisicoccus {{Au|Ferris, 1950}}
  69. Crocydococcus {{Au|Cox, 1987}}
  70. Cryptoripersia {{Au|Cockerell, 1899}}
  71. Cucullococcus {{Au|Ferris, 1941}}
  72. Cyperia {{Au|De Lotto, 1964}}
  73. Cypericoccus {{Au|Williams, 1985}}
  74. Cyphonococcus {{Au|Cox, 1987}}
  75. Dawa {{Au|Williams, 1985}}
  76. Delococcus {{Au|Ferris, 1955}}
  77. Delottococcus {{Au|Cox & Ben-Dov, 1986}}
  78. Dicranococcus {{Au|Williams, 2002}}
  79. Discococcus {{Au|Ferris, 1953}}
  80. Distichlicoccus {{Au|Ferris, 1950}}
  81. Diversicrus {{Au|de Lotto, 1971}}
  82. Doryphorococcus {{Au|Williams, 2002}}
  83. Drymococcus {{Au|Borchsenius, 1962}}
  84. Dysmicoccus {{Au|Ferris, 1950}}
  85. Eastia {{Au|De Lotto, 1964}}
  86. Ehrhornia {{Au|Ferris, 1918}}
  87. Epicoccus {{Au|Cockerell, 1902}}
  88. Eriocorys {{Au|de Lotto, 1967}}
  89. Erioides {{Au|Green, 1922}}
  90. Erium {{Au|Cockerell, 1897}}
  91. Eucalyptococcus {{Au|Williams, 1985}}
  92. Eumirococcus {{Au|Ter-Grigorian, 1964}}
  93. Eumyrmococcus {{Au|Silvestri, 1926}}
  94. Eupeliococcus {{Au|Sãvescu, 1985}}
  95. Euripersia {{Au|Borchsenius, 1948}}
  96. Eurycoccus {{Au|Ferris, 1950}}
  97. Exallomochlus {{Au|Williams, 2004}}
  98. Exilipedronia {{Au|Williams, 1960}}
  99. Extanticoccus {{Au|Williams, 2004}}
  100. Farinococcus {{Au|Morrison, 1922}}
  101. Ferrisia {{Au|Fullaway, 1923}}
  102. Ferrisicoccus {{Au|Ezzat & McConnell, 1956}}
  103. Fijicoccus {{Au|Williams & Watson, 1988}}
  104. Fonscolombia {{Au|Lichtenstein, 1877}}
  105. Formicococcus {{Au|Takahashi, 1928}}
  106. Gallulacoccus {{Au|Beardsley, 1971}}
  107. Geococcus {{Au|Green, 1902}}
  108. Glycycnyza {{Au|Danzig, 1974}}
  109. Gouxia {{Au|Koçak & Kemal, 2009}}{{efn|synonym of Giraudia: monotypic Gouxia danielaferreroae {{Au|(Goux, 1989)}}.}}
  110. Gomezmenoricoccus {{Au|Kozar & Walter, 1985}}
  111. Greenoripersia {{Au|Bodenheimer, 1929}}
  112. Grewiacoccus {{Au|Brain, 1918}}
  113. Grewiacococcus {{Au|Brain, 1918}}
  114. Hadrococcus {{Au|Williams, 1985}}
  115. Hambletonrhizoecus {{Au|Kozár & Konczné Benedicty, 2005}}
  116. Heliococcus {{Au|Šulc, 1912}}
  117. Hemisphaerococcus {{Au|Borchsenius, 1934}}
  118. Heterococcopsis {{Au|Borchsenius, 1948}}
  119. Heterococcus {{Au|Ferris, 1918}}
  120. Hippeococcus {{Au|Reyne, 1954}}
  121. Hopefoldia {{Au|Foldi, 1988}}
  122. Hordeolicoccus {{Au|Williams, 2004}}
  123. Humoccoccus {{Au|Ferris, 1953}}
  124. Humococcus {{Au|Ferris, 1953}}
  125. Hypogeococcus {{Au|Rau, 1938}}
  126. Iberococcus {{Au|Gomez-Menor Ortega, 1928}}
  127. Idiococcus {{Au|Takahashi & Kanda, 1939}}
  128. Inopicoccus {{Au|Danzig, 1971}}
  129. Ityococcus {{Au|Williams, 1985}}
  130. Kaicoccus {{Au|Takahashi, 1958}}
  131. Kenmorea {{Au|Williams, 1985}}
  132. Kermicus {{Au|Newstead, 1897}}
  133. Kiritshenkella {{Au|Borchsenius, 1948}}
  134. Lachnodiella {{Au|Hempel, 1910}}
  135. Lachnodiopsis {{Au|Borchsenius, 1960}}
  136. Lacombia {{Au|Goux, 1940}}
  137. Laingiococcus {{Au|Morrison, 1945}}
  138. Laminicoccus {{Au|Williams, 1960}}
  139. Lanceacoccus {{Au|Williams, 2004}}
  140. Lantanacoccus {{Au|Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992}}
  141. Lenania {{Au|De Lotto, 1964}}
  142. Leococcus {{Au|Kanda, 1959}}
  143. Leptococcus {{Au|Reyne, 1961}}
  144. Leptorhizoecus {{Au|Williams, 1998}}
  145. Liucoccus {{Au|Borchsenius, 1960}}
  146. Lomatococcus {{Au|Borchsenius, 1960}}
  147. Londiania {{Au|De Lotto, 1964}}
  148. Longicoccus {{Au|Danzig, 1975}}
  149. Maconellicoccus {{Au|Ezzat, 1958}}
  150. Macrocepicoccus {{Au|Morrison, 1919}}
  151. Macrocerococcus {{Au|Leonardi, 1907}}
  152. Maculicoccus {{Au|Williams, 1960}}
  153. Madacanthococcus {{Au|Mamet, 1959}}
  154. Madagasia {{Au|Mamet, 1962}}
  155. Madangiacoccus {{Au|Williams, 1985}}
  156. Madeurycoccus {{Au|Mamet, 1959}}
  157. Malaicoccus {{Au|Takahashi, 1950}}
  158. Malekoccus {{Au|Matile-Ferrero, 1988}}
  159. Mammicoccus {{Au|Balachowsky, 1959}}
  160. Marendellea {{Au|de Lotto, 1967}}
  161. Mascarenococcus {{Au|Mamet, 1940}}
  162. Maskellococcus {{Au|Cox, 1987}}
  163. Mediococcus {{Au|Kiritschenko, 1936}}
  164. Melanococcus {{Au|Williams, 1985}}
  165. Metadenopsis {{Au|Matesova, 1966}}
  166. Metadenopus {{Au|Sulc, 1933}}
  167. Miconicoccus {{Au|Williams & Miller, 1999}}
  168. Mirococcopsis {{Au|Borchsenius, 1948}}
  169. Mirococcus {{Au|Borchsenius, 1947}}
  170. Miscanthicoccus {{Au|Takahashi, 1958}}
  171. Misericoccus {{Au|Ferris, 1953}}
  172. Mollicoccus {{Au|Williams, 1960}}
  173. Mombasinia {{Au|De Lotto, 1964}}
  174. Moystonia {{Au|Williams, 1985}}
  175. Mutabilicoccus {{Au|Williams, 1960}}
  176. Naiacoccus {{Au|Green, 1919}}
  177. Nairobia {{Au|De Lotto, 1964}}
  178. Natalensia {{Au|Brain, 1915}}
  179. Neochavesia {{Au|Williams & de Willink, 1992}}
  180. Neoclavicoccus {{Au|Cohic, 1959}}
  181. Neorhizoecus {{Au|Hambleton, 1916}}
  182. Neoripersia {{Au|Kanda, 1943}}
  183. Neosimmondsia {{Au|Laing, 1930}}
  184. Neotrionymus {{Au|Borchsenius, 1948}}
  185. Nesococcus {{Au|Ehrhorn, 1916}}
  186. Nesopedronia {{Au|Beardsley, 1971}}
  187. Nesticoccus {{Au|Tang, 1977}}
  188. Nipaecoccus {{Au|Šulc, 1945}}
  189. Octococcus {{Au|Hall, 1939}}
  190. Odacoccus {{Au|Williams & Watson, 1988}}
  191. Ohiacoccus {{Au|Beardsley, 1971}}
  192. Oracella {{Au|Ferris, 1950}}
  193. Orstomicoccus {{Au|Mamet, 1962}}
  194. Oudablis {{Au|Signoret, 1882}}
  195. Oxyacanthus {{Au|Chevallier, 1836}}
  196. Palaucoccus {{Au|Beardsley, 1966}}
  197. Palmicultor {{Au|Williams, 1963}}
  198. Paludicoccus {{Au|Ferris, 1918}}
  199. Pandanicola {{Au|Beardsley, 1966}}
  200. Papuacoccus {{Au|Williams & Watson, 1988}}
  201. Paracoccus {{Au|Ezzat & McConnell, 1956}}
  202. Paradiscococcus {{Au|Williams, 1985}}
  203. Paradoxococcus {{Au|McKenzie, 1962}}
  204. Paraferrisia {{Au|Williams & de Boer, 1973}}
  205. Paramococcus {{Au|Foldi & Cox, 1989}}
  206. Paramonostherium {{Au|Williams, 1985}}
  207. Paramyrmococcus {{Au|Takahashi, 1941}}
  208. Parapaludicoccus {{Au|Mamet, 1962}}
  209. Parapedronia {{Au|Balachowsky, 1953}}
  210. Paraputo {{Au|Laing, 1929}}
  211. Pararhodania {{Au|Ter-Grigorian, 1964}}
  212. Paratrionymus {{Au|Borchsenius, 1948}}
  213. Pedrococcus {{Au|Mamet, 1942}}
  214. Pedronia {{Au|Green, 1922}}
  215. Peliococcopsis {{Au|Borchesenius, 1948}}
  216. Peliococcus {{Au|Borchsenius, 1948}}
  217. Pellizzaricoccus {{Au|Kozar, 1991}}
  218. Penthococcus {{Au|Danzig, 1972}}
  219. Peridiococcus {{Au|Williams, 1985}}
  220. Perystrix {{Au|Gavrilov, 2004}}
  221. Phenacoccopsis {{Au|Borchsenius, 1948}}
  222. Phenacoccus {{Au|Cockerell, 1893}}
  223. Pilococcus {{Au|Takahashi, 1928}}
  224. Planococcoides {{Au|Ezzat & McConnell, 1956}}
  225. Planococcus {{Au|Ferris, 1950}}
  226. Pleistocerarius {{Au|Matile-Ferrero, 1970}}
  227. Plotococcus {{Au|Miller & Denno, 1977}}
  228. Poecilococcus {{Au|Brookes, 1981}}
  229. Polystomophora {{Au|Borchsenius, 1948}}
  230. Porococcus {{Au|Cockerell, 1898}}
  231. Promyrmococcus {{Au|Williams, 2002}}
  232. Prorhizoecus {{Au|Miller & McKenzie, 1971}}
  233. Prorsococcus {{Au|Williams, 1985}}
  234. Pseudantonina {{Au|Green, 1922}}
  235. Pseudococcus {{Au|Westwood, 1840}}
  236. Pseudorhizoecus {{Au|Green, 1933}}
  237. Pseudorhodania {{Au|Borchsenius, 1962}}
  238. Pseudoripersia {{Au|Cockerell, 1899}}
  239. Pseudotrionymus {{Au|Beardsley, 1971}}
  240. Pygmaeococcus {{Au|McKenzie, 1960}}
  241. Quadrigallicoccus {{Au|Williams & Miller, 1999}}
  242. Radicoccus {{Au|Hambleton, 1946}}
  243. Rastrococcus {{Au|Ferris, 1954}}
  244. Renicaula {{Au|Cox, 1987}}
  245. Rhizoecus {{Au|Künckel d'Herculais, 1878}}
  246. Rhodania {{Au|Goux, 1935}}
  247. Ripersia {{Au|Signoret, 1875}}
  248. Ritsemia {{Au|Lichtenstein, 1879}}
  249. Saccharicoccus {{Au|Ferris, 1950}}
  250. Saliococcus {{Au|Kanda, 1934}}
  251. Sarococcus {{Au|Williams & de Boer, 1973}}
  252. Scaptococcus {{Au|McKenzie, 1964}}
  253. Seabrina {{Au|Neves, 1943}}
  254. Serrolecanium {{Au|Shinji, 1935}}
  255. Seyneria {{Au|Goux, 1990}}
  256. Sinococcus {{Au|Wu & Zheng, 2001}}
  257. Spartinacoccus {{Au|Kosztarab, 1996}}
  258. Sphaerococcus {{Au|Maskell, 1892}}
  259. Spilococcus {{Au|Ferris, 1950}}
  260. Stachycoccus {{Au|Borchsenius, 1962}}
  261. Stemmatomerinx {{Au|Ferris, 1950}}
  262. Stipacoccus {{Au|Tang, 1992}}
  263. Strandanna {{Au|De Lotto, 1969}}
  264. Strombococcus {{Au|Williams, 1985}}
  265. Synacanthococcus {{Au|Morrison, 1920}}
  266. Syrmococcus {{Au|Ferris, 1953}}
  267. Takahashicoccus {{Au|Kanda, 1959}}
  268. Tasmanicoccus {{Au|Williams, 1985}}
  269. Thaimyrmococcus {{Au|Williams, 2002}}
  270. Tomentocera {{Au|Beardsley, 1964}}
  271. Trabutina {{Au|Marchal, 1904}}
  272. Trabutinella {{Au|Borchsenius, 1948}}
  273. Trechocorys {{Au|Curtis, 1843}}
  274. Tridiscus {{Au|Ferris, 1950}}
  275. Trimerococcus {{Au|Balachowsky, 1952}}
  276. Trionymus {{Au|Berg, 1899}}
  277. Trochiscococcus {{Au|Williams & Pellizzari, 1997}}
  278. Tylococcus {{Au|Newstead, 1897}}
  279. Tympanococcus {{Au|Williams, 1967}}
  280. Ventrispina {{Au|Williams, 1985}}
  281. Villosicoccus {{Au|Williams, 1985}}
  282. Volvicoccus {{Au|Goux, 1945}}
  283. Vryburgia {{Au|De Lotto, 1967}}
  284. Xenococcus {{Au|Silvestri, 1924}}
  285. Yudnapinna {{Au|Williams, 1985}}

{{div col end}}

Extinct genera:

Note:

{{notelist}}

References

{{Reflist}}

Further reading

  • Jahn, G. C. and J. W. Beardsley (1994). "Big-headed ants, Pheidole megacephala: Interference with the biological control of gray pineapple mealybugs". In D.F. Williams [ed.] Exotic Ants: Biology, Impact and Control of Introduced Species. Boulder, Col.: Westview Press, 199–205. {{ISBN|9780813386157}}.
  • Jahn, G. C. and J. W. Beardsley (1998). "Presence/absence sampling of mealybugs, ants, and major predators in pineapple". J. Plant Protection in the Tropics 11(1):73–79.
  • Jahn, Gary C., J. W. Beardsley, and H. González-Hernández (2003). [https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/95/1/36_9-28.pdf "A review of the association of ants with mealybug wilt disease of pineapple"]. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society. 36:9–28.

External links

  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20100409064217/http://www.ncipm.org.in/mealybugs/mealybuglifecycle.htm#lifecycle NCIPM (National Centre for Integrated Pest Management) – Cotton Mealybugs]
  • [https://www.bbc.co.uk/gardening/advice/pests_and_diseases/identifier.shtml?mealy_bugs Mealy bugs Pseudococcus spp.]—BBC gardening advice
  • [https://cisr.ucr.edu/invasive-species/vine-mealybug CISR – Vine Mealybug]—Center for Invasive Species Research summary on Vine Mealybug
  • On the University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Featured Creatures website:
  • [https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/orn/mealybug/hypogeococcus_pungens.htm Hypogeococcus pungens]
  • [https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/orn/mealybug/coconut_mealybug.htm Nipaecoccus nipae, coconut mealybug]

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Category:Agricultural pest insects

Category:Insect pests of ornamental plants

Category:Insect vectors of plant pathogens