merca

The city of Essina is believed to have been the predecessor state of Merca. It used to be an ancient Proto-Somali emporium city-state.Ptolemy's Topography of Eastern Equatorial Africa, by Henry Schlichter Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography © 1891 - p. 443 It is mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, a Greek travel document dating from the first century AD, as one of a series of commercial ports on the Somali littoral.{{sfn|Jama|1962|p=19}} According to the Periplus, maritime trade already connected peoples in the Merca area with other communities along the Somali Sea coast.{{sfn|Huntingford|1980|p=94}}

{{main article|Ajuran Sultanate|Somali aristocratic and court titles}}

File:Merca_minaret_moonrise.jpg and moonrise in Merca]]

According to the 12th-century author Al-Idrisi the Hawiye occupied the coastal areas between Ras Hafun and Merca, as well as the lower basin of the lower Shabelle river. Al-Idrisi's mention of the Hawiye is the first documentary reference to a specific Somali group in the Horn. Later Arab writers also make references to the Hawiye clan in connection with both Merca and the lower Shabelle valley. Ibn Sa'id (1214–74), for instance, considered Merca to be the capital of the Hawiye, who lived in fifty villages on the bank of a river which he called the Nile of Mogadishu, a clear reference to the Shabelle river. Yaqut al-Hamawi, another thirteen-century Arab geographer also mentions Merca, which he says belonged to the Black Berbers considered ancestors of modern Somalis.{{Cite book|title=The Cambridge history of Africa: Fage, J. D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C&q=hawiya+still+form+one+of+the+most+important+tribes+of+the+somal&pg=PA137 | page= 137 |isbn = 9780521209816|last1 = Fage|first1 = J. D.|last2 = Oliver|first2 = Roland|last3 = Oliver|first3 = Roland Anthony|last4 = Clark|first4 = John Desmond|last5 = Gray|first5 = Richard|last6 = Flint|first6 = John E.|last7 = Roberts|first7 = A. D.|last8 = Sanderson|first8 = G. N.|last9 = Crowder|first9 = Michael|year = 1975}}

During the Middle Ages, the area was one of several prominent administrative centers of the Ajuran Sultanate. The polity formed one of the largest kingdoms in the Horn region. Various pillar tombs exist in the region, which local tradition holds were built in the 15th century when the Sultanate's naa'ibs governed the district.{{cite book|title=Northeast African Studies|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8QAOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA115%7C|year=1989|publisher=African Studies Center, Michigan State University|page= 115}} According to Ibn Sa'id in the thirteenth century described nearby Merca as one of the three most important cities on the East African coast along with Mogadishu and Barawa all serving as the commercial and Islamic centers for the Indian Ocean.The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3 - Page 138

Following the decline of Ajuran Sultanate. In the vicinity of Merca, a mysterious group known as the El Amir made its appearance between 1650 and 1700. According to an account collected by Guillain in 1847, a leader known as Amir, believed to originate from the Abgaal, formed a following or "tribe" which invaded the territory of Merca and expelled the Ajuran clan. The El Amir ruled for thirty-four years until the Biimaal expelled them and definitively occupied Merca.{{cite book|title=The Benaadir Past Essays in Southern Somali History|first=Lee|last=Cassanelli|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JytqAAAAMAAJ&q=Ajuran+merca |year=1973|publisher=University of Wisconsin Madison}}

One of the most powerful sultanates to have emerged from Southern Somalia called the Geledi Sultanate centered in Afgooye in the late 17th century. The Sultanate of Geledi tried to attack and destroy the Bimaal clan many times to try and capture the coastal city of Merca. But the Bimal of Merca managed to defeat the Geledi Sultanate 2 times. In 1843 Yusuf Mahamud, the Sultan of Geledi, vowed to destroy the Bimaal once and for all and mobilizes the Geledi army. In 1848 the sultan of the Geledi, Yusuf Mahamud was killed at Adaddey Suleyman, a village near Merca, in a battle between the Bimaal and Geledi Sultanates. His son Sultan Ahmed Yusuf tried to seek revenge but was also killed in 1878 at Agaaran, near Marka by the Bimal. This caused a steady decline in the Geledi Sultanate.{{Cite book|last=Mukhtar|first=Mohamed Haji|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DPwOsOcNy5YC&q=historical+dictionary+geledi&pg=PA34%7C|title=Historical Dictionary of Somalia|date=25 February 2003|publisher= Scarecrow Press|isbn=9780810866041|language=en}}

File:Walls of Merca.png]]

The Bimal revolt, Bimal resistance, or Banadir resistance was a guerrilla war against the Italian Somaliland in southern Somalia. It was fought from the years 1896 to 1926 and largely concentrated in the Lower Shebelle, Banadir, and Middle Shebelle. The war was centered around Merka and Danane.

It is compared to the war of the Mad Mullah in northern Somalia.{{Cite book|last=Ciisa-Salwe|first=Cabdisalaam M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ONotAQAAIAAJ|title=The collapse of the Somali state: the impact of the colonial legacy|date=1996-01-01|publisher=HAAN|isbn=9781874209270|pages=19|language=en}}{{Cite book|last=Kusow|first=Abdi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=03QwAQAAIAAJ&q=1886%E2%80%931925.|title=Putting the cart before the horse: contested nationalism and the crisis of the nation-state in Somalia|date=2004-01-01|publisher=Red Sea Press|isbn=9781569022023|pages=82|language=en}} Named after the Bimal clan since they were the major element in the resistance.{{Cite book|last=Kusow|first=Abdi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=03QwAQAAIAAJ&q=putting+the+cart+before+the+horse|title=Putting the cart before the horse: contested nationalism and the crisis of the nation-state in Somalia|date=2004-01-01|publisher=Red Sea Press|isbn=9781569022023|pages=86|language=en|quote=the Bimal clan was the major element in the resistance. See: Gherardo Pantano, Nel Benadir: La Citta di Merca e la Regione Bimal}}

File:Notables belong to the Biimaal clan.jpg

For more about Bimal or Merca revolt see: {{Main|Bimal Revolt}}

In the 1930s a group of Italian Somalis established residency in Merca. The Port of Merca was the oldest port in Italian Somalia and was nicknamed the "port of bananas" due to its status as a key exporter of bananas from Somalia to Europe.{{cite web|url=https://italiacoloniale.com/2015/03/30/la-colonizzazione-agricola-nella-somalia-italiana-192039/|title=La colonization agricola nella Somalia italiana 1920/39|date=March 30, 2015}} In the city of Merca there was a huge economic development in the 1930s, due mainly to the growing commerce of the port of Merca connected by small railway to the farm area of Genale.{{cite web|url=http://images.delcampe.com/img_large/auction/000/263/923/923_001.jpg|title=Map of Genale (the green area was the farm concessions) and Merca in the 1930s}}

Following the full outbreak of the Somali Civil War in 1991, Merca came under the control of Al-Itihaad Al-Islamiya, a Islamist group who soon after started governing the city. Al-Itihaad controlled the city until US troops landed in Somalia during December 1992. In this period the organization relinquished of the port control to the US military peacefully.{{Cite news |last=Noble |first=Kenneth B. |date=1993-01-15 |title=Islamic Militants, Pushed Aside, Express Anger in Somali Port |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/15/world/islamic-militants-pushed-aside-express-anger-in-somali-port.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-02-09 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}

Merca was abandoned by government forces and captured by Al-Shabaab in February 2016.{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/05/al-shabaab-militants-retake-somali-port-merka-african-union|title=Al-Shabaab militants retake Somali port|date=February 5, 2016|via=www.theguardian.com}} It was recaptured by the Somali National Army along with African Union troops, a few days later. A small battle was fought in which a Somali soldier, several militants, and four civilians died.{{cite news|title = Somali troops 'retake' key port city of Merca from al-Shabab - BBC News| work=BBC News | date=6 February 2016 |url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35512034|access-date = 2016-02-06|language = en-GB}}

On 27 July 2022, an Al-Shabaab suicide bomber killed mayor Abdullahi Ali Ahmed Waafow and twenty other people while Waafow was giving a speech.{{Cite web |last=Dhaysane |first=Mohamed |date=July 27, 2022 |title=Bombings in Somalia Kill at Least 20 |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/bombings-in-somalia-kill-at-least-18/6675695.html |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}

According to the UNDP in 2005, Merca had a population of around 250,000inhabitants.{{cite web|url=https://docs.unocha.org/sites/dms/Somalia/UNDP-POP-RURAL-URBAN%202005.pdf |title=Population data |website=docs.unocha.org |access-date=2019-07-18}}

it is primarily inhabited by Biimaal Clan with there being a recognizable amount of other Somali tribes.[https://landinfo.no/asset/2736/1/2736_1.pdf Landinfo Somalia: Lower Shabelle]. Landinfo Somalia: Lower Shabelle

Merca has a jetty-class seaport, the Port of Merca.{{cite web|title=Istanbul conference on Somalia 21 – 23 May 2010 - Draft discussion paper for Round Table "Transport infrastructure"|url=http://www.somalitalk.com/2010/may/istambul/transport.pdf|publisher=Government of Somalia|access-date=31 August 2013}}

The nearest airport to the city is the K50 Airport in the Lower Shebelle province.

Otherwise, most people take the Aden Adde Airport in Mogadishu and then take an hour and 30 minute bus ride to Merca

• Asha Jama, social activist, and former TV reporter and journalist.
• Sheikh Abibakar Gafle, described as one of the best-known resistance leaders in Southern Somalia and from Merca.{{Cite book|last=Marchal|first=Roland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vhy_ds8iMn0C&q=gafle+merka|title=Studies on Governance|date=1997|publisher=United Nations Development Office for Somalia|language=en}}
• Ali Maow Maalin, the last person known to have been naturally infected by Variola minor smallpox
• Abdullahi Ali Ahmed Waafow, former mayor of Merca and Member of Parliament

• Port of Merca
• Mogadishu
• Barawa

{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite book |last=Huntingford |first=George Wynn Brereton |title=The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpoN9PDYKC4C |year=1980 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-0-904180-05-3}}
• {{cite book |last=Jama |first=Mohamed |title=An Introduction to Somali History from 5000 Years B.C. Down to the Present Time |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y14MAQAAIAAJ |year=1962}}

{{refend}}

• [http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-4570952&fid=5776&c=somalia Marka, Somalia]

{{Authority control}}

Category:Ajuran Sultanate

Category:Populated places in Lower Shebelle

Category:Populated coastal places in Somalia