monetary economics

{{See also|History of economic thought|History of money}}

{{More citations needed section|date=September 2018}}

At around the same time in the medieval Islamic world, a vigorous monetary economy was created during the 7th–12th centuries on the basis of the expanding levels of circulation of a stable high-value currency (the dinar). Innovations introduced by Muslim economists, traders and merchants include the earliest uses of credit,{{cite journal |last=Banaji |first=Jairus |year=2007 |title=Islam, the Mediterranean and the Rise of Capitalism |journal=Historical Materialism |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=47–74 |issn=1465-4466 |doi=10.1163/156920607X171591 |oclc=440360743 |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/14246569/Banaji-Jairus-Islam-The-Mediterranean-and-the-Rise-of-Capitalism |access-date=August 28, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090523015524/http://www.scribd.com/doc/14246569/Banaji-Jairus-Islam-The-Mediterranean-and-the-Rise-of-Capitalism |archive-date=May 23, 2009 |url-status=dead }} cheques, promissory notes,{{cite book|last1=Lopez |first1=Robert Sabatino |author-link1=Roberto Sabatino Lopez |last2=Raymond |first2=Irving Woodworth |last3=Constable |first3=Olivia Remie |title=Medieval trade in the Mediterranean world: Illustrative documents |series=Records of Western civilization.; Records of civilization, sources and studies, no. 52 |year=2001 |orig-year=1955 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |url=http://cup.columbia.edu/bookpreview/978-0-231-12356-3/ |isbn=978-0-231-12357-0 |oclc=466877309 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309144011/http://cup.columbia.edu/bookpreview/978-0-231-12356-3/ |archive-date=March 9, 2012 }} savings accounts, transactional accounts, loaning, trusts, exchange rates, the transfer of credit and debt,{{cite journal |last=Labib |first=Subhi Y. |date=March 1969 |title=Capitalism in Medieval Islam |journal=The Journal of Economic History |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=79–86 |issn=0022-0507 |oclc=478662641 |jstor=2115499 |doi=10.1017/S0022050700097837 |s2cid=153962294 }} and banking institutions for loans and deposits.

File:MauryanCoin.JPG, known as rūpyarūpa, with symbols of wheel and elephant. 3rd century BC.]]

File:French issued rupee in the name of Mohammed Sha 1719 1758 for Northern India trade cast in Pondicherry.jpg issued rupees in the name of Muhammad Shah (1719–1748) for Northern India trade. This was cast in Pondicherry.]]

In the Indian subcontinent, Sher Shah Suri (1540–1545), introduced a silver coin called a rupiya, weighing 178 grams. Its use was continued by the Mughal rulers.{{cite web |title=Mughal Coinage |url=https://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-mogul.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021005231609/http://www.rbi.org.in/currency/museum/c-mogul.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2002-10-05 |quote=Sher Shah issued a coin of silver which was termed the Rupiya. This weighed 178 grains and was the precursor of the modern rupee. It remained largely unchanged till the early 20th Century }} The history of the rupee traces back to Ancient India circa 3rd century BC. Ancient India was one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world,{{cite book |author=Subodh Kapoor |title=The Indian encyclopaedia: biographical, historical, religious ..., Volume 6 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |date=January 2002 |page=1599 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5ZM0nZXZEkC&pg=PA1599 |isbn=81-7755-257-0 }} along with the Lydian staters, several other Middle Eastern coinages and the Chinese wen.

The term is from rūpya, a Sanskrit term for silver coin,{{cite web

|url= https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/soas/index.html

|title= A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages

|access-date= 26 August 2010

|last= Turner

|first= Sir Ralph Lilley

|author-link= Ralph Lilley Turner

|year= 1985

|orig-year= London: Oxford University Press, 1962–1966.

|work= Includes three supplements, published 1969–1985.

|publisher= Digital South Asia Library, a project of the Center for Research Libraries and the University of Chicago

|quote= rū'pya 10805 rū'pya 'beautiful, bearing a stamp'; 'silver'

|archive-date= 28 August 2010

|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100828231731/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/soas/index.html

|url-status= live

}} from Sanskrit rūpa, beautiful form.{{cite web

|url= https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/soas/index.html

|title= A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages

|access-date= 26 August 2010

|last= Turner

|first= Sir Ralph Lilley

|author-link= Ralph Lilley Turner

|year= 1985

|orig-year= London: Oxford University Press, 1962–1966.

|work= Includes three supplements, published 1969–1985.

|publisher= Digital South Asia Library, a project of the Center for Research Libraries and the University of Chicago

|quote= rūpa 10803 'form, beauty'

|archive-date= 28 August 2010

|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100828231731/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/soas/index.html

|url-status= live

}}

The imperial taka was officially introduced by the monetary reforms of Muhammad bin Tughluq, the emperor of the Delhi Sultanate, in 1329. It was modeled as representative money, a concept pioneered as paper money by the Mongols in China and Persia. The tanka was minted in copper and brass. Its value was exchanged with gold and silver reserves in the imperial treasury. The currency was introduced due to the shortage of metals.{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/821406/demonetisation-lessons-how-tughlaqs-unplanned-currency-change-in-14th-century-india-led-to-chaos|author=Shoaib Daniyal|publisher=scroll.in|title=History revisited: How Tughlaq's currency change led to chaos in 14th century India|access-date=2017-02-14|archive-date=2017-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215114508/https://scroll.in/article/821406/demonetisation-lessons-how-tughlaqs-unplanned-currency-change-in-14th-century-india-led-to-chaos|url-status=live}}

Both the Kabuli rupee and the Kandahari rupee were used as currency in Afghanistan prior to 1891, when they were standardized as the Afghan rupee. The Afghan rupee, which was subdivided into 60 paisas, was replaced by the Afghan afghani in 1925.

Until the middle of the 20th century, Tibet's official currency was also known as the Tibetan rupee.{{Cite journal | title=Trailing the giant panda |author1=Theodore Roosevelt |author2=Kermit Roosevelt |journal=Nature | year=1929 |volume=124 |issue=3138 |page=944 | publisher=Scribner |doi=10.1038/124944b0 |bibcode=1929Natur.124R.944. |s2cid=4086078 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXZCAAAAIAAJ | quote=... The currency in general use was what was known at the Tibetan rupee ...|url-access=subscription }}

Serious interest in the concepts behind money occurred during the dramatic period of inflation in the late 15th to early 17th centuries known as the Price Revolution, during which the value of gold fell precipitously, sometimes fluctuating wildly, because of the importation of gold from the New World, primarily by Spain.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}}

At the end of this period, the first modern texts on monetary economics were beginning to appear.

During the eighteenth century, the concept of banknotes became more common in Europe. David Hume referred to it as "this new invention of paper".{{Cite web |url=https://mises.org/system/tdf/History%20of%20Monetary%20and%20Credit%20Theory_3.pdf?file=1&type=document |title=History of Monetary and Credit Theory |access-date=2017-02-26 |archive-date=2023-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150656/https://cdn.mises.org/History |url-status=live }}

In 1705, John Law in Scotland published Money and Trade Considered, which examined the failure of metal-based money during the previous hundred and fifty years. He proposed replacing that system with a land bank system of paper money based on the value of real estate. He succeeded in getting this proposal implemented. However, his bank failed due to a bubble of speculation collapsing into extreme inflation; perhaps because he failed to take the lessons of the Spanish Price Revolution seriously.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}}

In 1720, Isaac Gervaise wrote The System or Theory of the Trade of the World. He criticised mercantilism and state-supported credit for the inflation problems of his era.{{Citation needed|date=October 2018}}

Della Moneta, was published by Ferdinando Galiani in 1751, and is arguably the first modern text on economic theory. It was printed twenty-five years before Adam Smith's more famous book, The Wealth of Nations, which touched on some of the same topics. Della Moneta covered many modern monetary concepts, including the value, origin, and regulation of money. It carefully examined the possible causes for money's value to fluctuate.

The year following, 1752, Of the Balance of Trade was published by Hume. He argued that one need not worry about the import or export of goods creating a surplus or shortage of either money or goods because an excess or shortage of money will always increase or decrease demand until equilibrium is reached. In modern economic terms, this is as equilibration through the price–specie flow mechanism.

{{Further|Quantity theory of money}}

The foundational concept of any modern theory of money is the understanding that the value of fiat money depends upon exchange and not weight (compare with the Arrow–Debreu model).{{cite book |last1=Sargent |first1=Thomas J. |title=The Princeton Economic History of the Western World |publisher=Princeton University Press |date=2001 |page=69 |quote=...the competitive equilibrium model of Arrow (1951) and Debreu (1954) has no role for fiat money, an asset that is valued only because it facilitates exchange. In the Arrow–Debreu model, all exchanges occur through a frictionless credit system. Credit works so well that no coins or notes are ever required for exchange. The Arrow–Debreu model would make coins worth the metal they contain.}}

Traditionally, research areas in monetary economics have included:

• Empirical determinants and measurement of the money supply, whether narrowly, broadly, or index-aggregated, in relation to economic activity{{r|wil}}
• Empirical determinants of the demand for money.
• Credit theory of money (also called debt theory of money), concerning the relationship between credit and money.
• Debt deflation and balance-sheet theories, which hypothesize that over-extension of credit associated with a subsequent asset-price fall generate business fluctuations through the wealth effect on net worth.{{r|bernanke}}{{r|n4}}
• Monetary aspects studied by central banks.{{r|n3}}
• The monetary/fiscal policy relationship to macroeconomic stability{{r|pal2}}
• The effect of money supply growth on inflation.
• The political economy of financial regulation and monetary policy{{r|n1}}
• Monetary implications of the asset-price/macroeconomic relation:{{r|mat}} the quantity theory of money,Milton Friedman, [1987] 2008. "quantity theory of money." The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. 2nd Edition. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_Q000006&q=&result_number=1 Abstract.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204206/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_Q000006&q=&result_number=1 |date=2016-03-03 }} Arrow-page searchable [https://books.google.com/books?id=jTx3VZd0T8oC&dq=+norton&pg=PA1 preview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150118/https://books.google.com/books?id=jTx3VZd0T8oC&pg=PA1&lpg=PR5&dq=+norton |date=2023-01-16 }} at John Eatwell et al., 1989, Money: The New Palgrave, pp. 1-40. monetarism,• Bennett T. McCallum, 2008. "Monetarism," Concise Encyclopedia of Economics, 2nd ed.
     • Phillip Cagan, 1987. "monetarism," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 3, pp. 492–97. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000191&q=Monetarism%20&topicid=&result_number=1 Table of Contents.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204155/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000191&q=Monetarism%20&topicid=&result_number=1 |date=2016-03-03 }} Reprinted in John Eatwell et al., 1989), Money: The New Palgrave, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=mFe17okC_EcC&dq=%22&pg=PA195 195] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150116/https://books.google.com/books?id=mFe17okC_EcC&pg=PA195&lpg=PA195&dq=%22&source=bl&ots=PZwtf2Lciz&sig=_PIxoCi_sC0gjrykJbuBvTIGpjU&hl=en&ei=NTGoSd28J5jAtgf1q-3oDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=3&ct=result |date=2023-01-16 }}-[https://books.google.com/books?id=mFe17okC_EcC&dq=%22&pg=PA195 205.]
     • Jerome L. Stein, ed., 1976. Monetarism. Elsevier. and the importance and stability of the relation between the money supply and interest rates, the price level, and nominal and real output of an economy.• Benjamin M. Friedman, 2008. "money supply," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. v. 5, pp. 745-51. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000236&q=monetary%20economics%20&topicid=&result_number=55 Abstract.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225244/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000236&q=monetary%20economics%20&topicid=&result_number=55 |date=2016-03-03 }}
     • Clark Warburton, 1966. Depression, Inflation, and Monetary Policy: Selected Papers, 1945-1953. Johns Hopkins Press. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130117084348/https://www.nber.org/chapters/c7504.pdf Evaluation] in Anna J. Schwartz, Money in Historical Perspective, 1987.
     • Milton Friedman and Anna Jacobson Schwartz, 1963. A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960. Princeton. Page-searchable links to chapters on [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7J_EUM3RfoC&dq=%22A+Monetary+History+of+the+United+States,+1867-1960%22&pg=PR9 1929-41] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150117/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7J_EUM3RfoC&pg=PR9&lpg=PP1&dq=%22A+Monetary+History+of+the+United+States,+1867-1960%22 |date=2023-01-16 }} and [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7J_EUM3RfoC&dq=%22A+Monetary+History+of+the+United+States,+1867-1960%22&pg=PR10 1948-60.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150125/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7J_EUM3RfoC&pg=PR10&lpg=PP1&dq=%22A+Monetary+History+of+the+United+States,+1867-1960%22 |date=2023-01-16 }}
     • James Tobin, 1970. "Money and Income: Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc?" Quarterly Journal of Economics, 84(2), pp. [http://pascal.iseg.utl.pt/~mabreu/mtm/doc/CopiaAula1%20Tobin%201970.pdf 301-317.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516102643/http://pascal.iseg.utl.pt/~mabreu/mtm/doc/CopiaAula1%20Tobin%201970.pdf |date=2013-05-16 }}
     • Christopher A. Sims, 1972. "Money, Income, and Causality," American Economic Review, 62(4), pp. [http://www.sonoma.edu/users/c/cuellar/econ411/Sims.pdf 540-552.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190627/http://www.sonoma.edu/users/c/cuellar/econ411/Sims.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}
     • _____, 1980. "Comparison of Interwar and Postwar Business Cycles: Monetarism Reconsidered,"

American Economic Review, 70(2), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1815476 250] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150105/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1815476 |date=2023-01-16 }}-257.
   • _____, 2011. [http://sims.princeton.edu/yftp/Nobel/NobelLect.pdf "Statistical Modeling of Monetary Policy and its Effects"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413131318/http://sims.princeton.edu/yftp/Nobel/NobelLect.pdf |date=2021-04-13 }}, Nobel Prize lecture.
   • John P. Judd and John L. Scadding, 1982. "The Search for a Stable Money Demand Function: A Survey of the Post-1973 Literature," Journal of Economic Literature, 20(3), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2724409 993] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150642/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2724409 |date=2023-01-16 }}-1023.
   • Christina D. Romer and David H. Romer, 1989. "Does Monetary Policy Matter? A New Test in the Spirit of Friedman and Schwartz", NBER Macroeconomics Annual 1989, 4, downloadable at [https://www.nber.org/books/blan89-1 ch. 3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804022250/https://www.nber.org/books/blan89-1 |date=2020-08-04 }} and at Journal of Monetary Economics, 1994, 34(1), pp. 75-88. [http://en.scientificcommons.org/22001742 Abstract.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327101741/http://en.scientificcommons.org/22001742 |date=2012-03-27 }}
   • Dennis L. Hoffman, Robert H. Rasche, and Margie A. Tieslau, 1995. "The Stability of Long-run Money Demand in Five Industrial Countries," Journal of Monetary Economics, 35(2), pp. 317-339 [https://archive.today/20130201231321/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VBW-3YMWMX9-B&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=c7937a0ed73456dceb01c6f296dc0be3 Abstract.]
   • Robert G. King and Charles I. Plosser, 1984. "Money, Credit, and Prices in a Real Business Cycle," American Economic Review, 74(3), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1804013 363]-380. Reprinted in Finn E. Kydland, ed., 1995. Business Cycle Theory, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=H1NbKtqz_BwC&pg=PA136 136-55.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150643/https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=H1NbKtqz_BwC&oi=fnd&pg=PA136&ots=20xTFEMfiC&sig=BUyb6wakpqC10x8rPW1sIsmnGXE |date=2023-01-16 }}
   • Tack Yun, 1996. "Nominal Price Rigidity, Money Supply Endogeneity, and Business Cycles," Journal of Monetary Economics, 37{2}, pp. 345–70. [https://archive.today/20130201211928/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VBW-4CYXSBK-9&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=5b9e1de0a1b8aa84887f9ec3ba71e1f1 Abstract.]
   • Arturo Estrella and Frederic S. Mishkin, 1997. "Is There a Role for Monetary Aggregates in the Conduct of Monetary Policy?" Journal of Monetary Economics, 40(2), pp. 279-304. [https://archive.today/20130202000208/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VBW-3SWSJP8-5&_user=10&_coverDate=10/31/1997&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=6a1b559a31f2f9cfad04cf6042c37783 Abstract.]

• Monetary impacts on interest rates and the term structure of interest rates• Robert Mundell, 1963. "Inflation and Real Interest," Journal of Political Economy, 71(3), pp. [http://econ.pku.edu.cn/jiaoyuan/teacher/adminteacher/documents_file/3969/3969.pdf pp. 280-283.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319235047/http://econ.pku.edu.cn/jiaoyuan/teacher/adminteacher/documents_file/3969/3969.pdf |date=2009-03-19 }} [http://www.robertmundell.net/books/main.asp?Title=Inflation%20and%20Real%20Interest Briefer description.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831171542/http://www.robertmundell.net/books/main.asp?Title=Inflation%20and%20Real%20Interest |date=2007-08-31 }}
     • Burton G. Malkiel, [1987] 2008. "term structure of interest rates," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_T000042&q=term%20structure%20of%20interest%20rates&topicid=&result_number=1 Abstract.]
     • Michael W. Brandt and David A. Chapman, 2008. "affine term structure models," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_A000239&q=term%20structure%20of%20interest%20rates&topicid=&result_number=2 Abstract.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326015844/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_A000239&q=term%20structure%20of%20interest%20rates&topicid=&result_number=2 |date=2012-03-26 }}
     • William Poole, 2005. [http://www.stlouisfed.org/news/speeches/2005/6_14_05.html "Understanding the Term Structure of Interest Rates,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080808135258/http://stlouisfed.org/news/speeches/2005/6_14_05.html |date=2008-08-08 }} speech, New York, Money Marketeers, The Down Town Association.
     • Bennett T. McCallum, 2005. "Monetary Policy and the Term Structure of Interest Rates," Economic Quarterly, 91(4), pp. [http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic_quarterly/2005/fall/pdf/mccallum.pdf 1-21.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927095922/http://www.richmondfed.org/publications/research/economic_quarterly/2005/fall/pdf/mccallum.pdf |date=2011-09-27 }} Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond.
     • Kenneth N. Kuttner, 2001. "Monetary Policy Surprises and Interest Rates: Evidence from the Fed Funds Futures Market," Journal of Monetary Economics, 47(3), pp. 523-544. [https://archive.today/20130201222343/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VBW-438BR26-5&_user=10&_coverDate=06/30/2001&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1250095287&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=bb9401deb5bca550c519c4cc76529746 Abstract.]
     • 2004. Interest Rates and Monetary Policy. Conference, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco and Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research. [http://www.frbsf.org/publications/economics/letter/2004/el2004-13.html#subhead1 Summary] and session [http://www.frbsf.org/economics/conferences/0403/index.html links.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520151423/http://www.frbsf.org/economics/conferences/0403/index.html |date=2009-05-20 }}
• Lessons of monetary/financial history• Michael D. Bordo, 2008. "monetary policy, history of," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_H000180&edition=current&q=real%20%20nominal&topicid=&result_number=40 Abstract] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112700/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_H000180&edition=current&q=real%20%20nominal&topicid=&result_number=40|date=2016-03-04}} and [http://michael.bordo.googlepages.com/TheHistoryofMonetaryPolicy.pdf pre-publication copy.]
     • John Kenneth Galbraith, 1975. Money: Whence it Came, Where it Went, Houghton Mifflin. {{ISBN|0-7351-0070-5}}} [http://lachlan.bluehaze.com.au/books/galbraith_money.html Extracts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523114345/http://lachlan.bluehaze.com.au/books/galbraith_money.html|date=2010-05-23}} and review extracts.[http://ann.sagepub.com/cgi/pdf_extract/424/1/163][https://www.jstor.org/pss/1992011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150646/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1992011|date=2023-01-16}}
     • Gauti B. Eggertsson, 2008. "liquidity trap," .The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_L000237&edition=current&q=liquidity%20trap&topicid=&result_number=1 Abstract.]
     • Athanasios Orphanides, 2004. "Monetary Policy in Deflation: The Liquidity Trap in History and Practice," North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 15(1), pp. 101-124. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S10629408030005249 Abstract].
     • Ben S. Bernanke, 2000, "Japanese Monetary Policy: A Case of Self-Induced Paralysis?" ch. 7, pp. [http://www.piie.com/publications/chapters_preview/319/7iie289X.pdf 149-66] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103193824/http://www.piie.com/publications/chapters_preview/319/7iie289X.pdf|date=2012-11-03}} in Japan's Financial Crisis and Its Parallels to US Experience, Adam S. Posen and Ryoichi Mikitani, ed.
     • _____, 2003. [http://www.federalreserve.gov/boarddocs/speeches/2003/20030531/default.htm_____, "Some Thoughts on Monetary Policy in Japan,"]{{Dead link|date=June 2022|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}} May 31, (speech) Federal Reserve Board.
     • _____, 2005. Essays on the Great Depression, ch. 1-4. Princeton. [http://press.princeton.edu/titles/6817.html Description] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329133459/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/6817.html|date=2010-03-29}}, [http://press.princeton.edu/TOCs/c6817.html TOC] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119050606/http://press.princeton.edu/TOCs/c6817.html|date=2010-01-19}}, and ch. 1, " The Macroeconomics of the Great Depression," [http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s6817.html preview.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704124101/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s6817.html|date=2010-07-04}}
     • Satyajit Chatterjee and P. Dean Corbae, 2008. "Great Depression, monetary and financial forces in," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000398&q=great%20depression&topicid=&result_number=2 Abstract.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326015438/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000398&q=great%20depression&topicid=&result_number=2|date=2012-03-26}}
     • G.J. Santoni, 1987. "The Great Bull Markets 1924-29 and 1982-87: Speculative Bubbles or Economic Fundamentals?" Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Review, November, pp. [http://research.stlouisfed.com/publications/review/87/11/Bull_Nov1987.pdf 16-30.]{{dead link|date=September 2018|bot=medic}}
     • Richard C. Koo, 2008. The Holy Grail of Macro Economics: Lessons From Japan's Great Recession, Wiley. [http://search.barnesandnoble.com/The-Holy-Grail-of-Macro-Economics/Richard-C-Koo/e/9780470823873 Description] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608004729/http://search.barnesandnoble.com/The-Holy-Grail-of-Macro-Economics/Richard-C-Koo/e/9780470823873|date=2011-06-08}} and [http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/63433/richard-n-cooper/the-holy-grail-of-macro-economics-lessons-from-japans-great-rece Review.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611061615/http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/63433/richard-n-cooper/the-holy-grail-of-macro-economics-lessons-from-japans-great-rece|date=2010-06-11}}
     • Carmen M. Reinhart and Kenneth S. Rogoff, 2009. This Time Is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly. Princeton University Press. [http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8973.html Description] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118213207/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8973.html|date=2013-01-18}}, ch. 1 ("Varieties of Crises and their Dates," pp. [http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8973.pdf 3-20)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925065855/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s8973.pdf|date=2012-09-25}}, and chapter-preview [https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5fLB24ircC&pg=PR7GBS_ATB links.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115105829/https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5fLB24ircC&printsec=frontcover&source=find&pg=PR7gbs_atb|date=2023-01-15}}
     • Kevin H. O'Rourke and Barry Eichengreen, 2009. "A Tale of Two Depressions," pp. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100923102543/http://economicforumonline.org/_source/downloads/ataleoftwodepressions.pdf 1-8.] VoxEU.org.
     • John Quiggin, 2010. Zombie Economics: How Dead Ideas Still Walk among Us, ch. 2-3 & 5. Princeton U.P. [http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9270.html Description], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625034842/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/9270.html|date=2010-06-25}} [http://press.princeton.edu/TOCs/c9270.html TOC] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110402054333/http://press.princeton.edu/TOCs/c9270.html|date=2011-04-02}}, and [http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i9270.pdf Introduction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110401003255/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i9270.pdf|date=2011-04-01}}.
     • Christopher L. Foote and Paul S. Willen, 2011. "subprime mortgage crisis, the," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Online Edition. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2011_S000547 Abstract.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815204612/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2011_S000547|date=2011-08-15}}
     • Thomas J. Sargent, 2011. [https://files.nyu.edu/ts43/public/research/Sargent_Sweden_final.pdf "United States Then, Europe Now,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115165359/https://files.nyu.edu/ts43/public/research/Sargent_Sweden_final.pdf|date=2013-01-15}} Nobel lecture, sect.

7, Lessons for Now.
   • Roger Lowenstein, 2012. [https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/04/the-villain/8901/ "The Villain,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815091018/http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/04/the-villain/8901/|date=2012-08-15}} (front-cover title: "The Hero"), The Atlantic, 309(2), April, pp. 48-60. [Bernanke, other economists, and politicians on U.S. monetary policy since 2006.]

• Transmission mechanisms of monetary policy as to the macroeconomy{{r|brunner}}
• Neutrality of money vs. money illusion as to a change in the money supply, price level, or inflation on output• Don Patinkin, 1987. "neutrality of money," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 3, pp. 639–44. Reprinted in John Eatwell et al., 1989, Money: The New Palgrave, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jTx3VZd0T8oC&pg=PA273 273][https://books.google.com/books?id=mFe17okC_EcC&dq=bl&pg=PA274 -] 287.
     • Irving Fisher, 1928. The Money Illusion. Chapter-preview [https://books.google.com/books?id=LiyX9Xdk8YAC&q=printsec%3Dfrontcover links.]
     • William H. Branson and Alvin K. Klevorick, 1969. "Money Illusion and the Aggregate Consumption Function," American Economic Review, 59(5), pp. [http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/P/cp/p03a/p0312.pdf 832-849.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306043334/http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/P/cp/p03a/p0312.pdf |date=2012-03-06 }}
     • Eldar Shafir, Peter Diamond, and Amos Tversky, 1997. "Money Illusion," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(2), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2951239 341] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150649/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2951239 |date=2023-01-16 }}-374.
     • Bruno, Michael, and William Easterly, 1998. "Inflation Crises and Long-run Growth," Journal of Monetary Economics 41(1), pp. 3–26. [https://archive.today/20130202144908/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VBW-3SX82ND-1&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=2a0f597427b05339ddec450d372e52f2 Abstract.]
• Tests, testability, and implications of rational-expectations theory as to changes in output or inflation from monetary policy• Milton Friedman, [1987] 2008. "quantity theory of money." sect. 4, The Theory of Rational Expectations, The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. 2nd Edition. Earlier at John Eatwell et al., 1989), Money: The New Palgrave, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=jTx3VZd0T8oC&dq=+norton&pg=PA1 26] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150118/https://books.google.com/books?id=jTx3VZd0T8oC&pg=PA1&lpg=PR5&dq=+norton#PPA26,M1 |date=2023-01-16 }}-28.
     • From The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2008. 2nd Edition:
           "rational expectations" by Thomas J. Sargent. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_R000025&q=lag&topicid=&result_number=19 Abstract.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326020021/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_R000025&q=lag&topicid=&result_number=19 |date=2012-03-26 }}
           "inflation expectations" by Bennett T. McCallum. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_I000098&q=lag&topicid=&result_number=10 Abstract.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326015938/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_I000098&q=lag&topicid=&result_number=10 |date=2012-03-26 }}
           "inflation targeting" by Lars E.O. Svensson. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_I000095&q=lag&topicid=&result_number=71 Abstract] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326015953/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_I000095&q=lag&topicid=&result_number=71 |date=2012-03-26 }} and pre-publication [http://www.princeton.edu/svensson/papers/PalgraveIT.pdf copy.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201200645/http://www.princeton.edu/svensson/papers/PalgraveIT.pdf |date=2008-12-01 }}
     • Thomas J. Sargent and Neil Wallace, 1975. "'Rational' Expectations, the Optimal Monetary Instrument, and the Optimal Money Supply Rule," Journal of Political Economy, 83(2), pp. [http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic500592.files/sargent%20wallace.pdf 241-254] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527153406/http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic500592.files/sargent%20wallace.pdf |date=2014-05-27 }}.
     • Thomas J. Sargent, 1976. "A Classical Macroeconometric Model for the United States," Journal of Political Economy, 84(2), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1831898 207] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150651/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1831898 |date=2023-01-16 }}-238. Reprinted in Lucas and Sargent, ed., 1981, Rational Expectations and Econometric Practice, University of Minnesota Press, 1981. v. 2, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=DWSRoJ5UEFkC&pg=PA521 521-51.]
     • Christopher A. Sims, 1980. "Macroeconomics and Reality", Econometrica, 48(1), pp. [http://www.terry.uga.edu/~last/classes/8130/readings/sims_1980.pdf 1-48] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402163650/http://www.terry.uga.edu/~last/classes/8130/readings/sims_1980.pdf |date=2012-04-02 }}.
     • Thomas J. Sargent, 1982. "The Ends of Four Big Inflations," in Robert E. Hall, ed., Inflation: Causes and Effects, ch. 2, pp. [https://www.nber.org/chapters/c11452.pdf?new_window=1 41-98.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817230429/http://www.nber.org/chapters/c11452.pdf?new_window=1 |date=2017-08-17 }} Chicago.
     • Steven M. Sheffrin, 1996, 2nd Ed. Rational Expectations. Cambridge. [https://books.google.com/books?id=nkLzXjsMgbEC&q=Monetary+%22rational+expectations%22 Description] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=nkLzXjsMgbEC&pg=PR7=GBS_V2_SUMMARY_R preview.]
     • Robert E. Lucas Jr., 1972. "Expectations and the Neutrality of Money," Journal of Economic Theory, 4(2), pp. [http://www-wiwi.uni-muenster.de/me/downloads/Veranstaltungen/Lucas-1972.pdf 103-124.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319235047/http://www-wiwi.uni-muenster.de/me/downloads/Veranstaltungen/Lucas-1972.pdf |date=2009-03-19 }}
     • _____, 1976. "Econometric Policy Evaluation: A Critique," Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, 1(1), pp. [http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic500592.files/lucas%20econometric%20policy.pdf 19–46].
     • _____, 1980. "Two Illustrations of the Quantity Theory of Money," American Economic Review, 70(5), pp. [http://www.hilbertcorporation.com.ar/teoriacuantitativalucas.pdf 1005-1014.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531161622/http://www.hilbertcorporation.com.ar/teoriacuantitativalucas.pdf |date=2011-05-31 }}
     • _____, 1995. [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1995/lucas-lecture.pdf "Monetary Neutrality,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319235045/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1995/lucas-lecture.pdf |date=2009-03-19 }} Nobel Prize Lecture.
     • Stanley Fischer, 1977. "Long-Term Contracts, Rational Expectations, and the Optimal Money Supply Rule," Journal of Political Economy, 85(1), pp. [http://web.econ.unito.it/bagliano/macro3/fischer_jpe77.pdf 191-205.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615182617/http://web.econ.unito.it/bagliano/macro3/fischer_jpe77.pdf |date=2011-06-15 }}
     • Robert J. Barro, 1978. "Unanticipated Money, Output, and the Price Level in the United States," Journal of Political Economy, 86(4), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1840379 549] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150652/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1840379 |date=2023-01-16 }}-580, reprinted in Lucas and Sargent, ed., 1981, Rational Expectations and Econometric Practice, University of Minnesota Press, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=aOZzy82g13UC&pg=PA585 585]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=aOZzy82g13UC&pg=PA616 616.]
     • Clifford L. F. Attfield and Nigel W. Duck, 1983. "The Influence of Unanticipated Money Growth on Real Output: Some Cross-Country Estimates," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 15(4), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1992160 442] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150652/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1992160 |date=2023-01-16 }}-454.
     • Olivier J. Blanchard, 1990. "Why Does Money Affect Output? A Survey," in B. M. Friedman and F. H. Hahn, ed., 1990, Handbook of Monetary Economics, v. 2, ch. 15, pp. 779-835. {{doi|10.3386/w2285}}
• Monetary implications of imperfect and asymmetric information• From 2008, The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition:
         "monetary business cycles (imperfect information)" by Christian Hellwig. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000375&q=information&topicid=&result_number=5 Abstract.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184650/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000375&q=information&topicid=&result_number=5 |date=2016-03-03 }}
        [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_S000278&q=20%20&topicid=&result_number=1 "bubbles"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326015539/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_S000278&q=20%20&topicid=&result_number=1 |date=2012-03-26 }} by Markus K. Brunnermeier.
        "speculative bubbles" by Miguel A. Iraola and Manuel S. Santos. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_S000205&q=bubble&topicid=&result_number=5 Abstract.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326020410/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_S000205&q=bubble&topicid=&result_number=5 |date=2012-03-26 }}

       "information cascades," by Sushil Bikhchandani, David Hirshleifer and Ivo Welch. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_I000103&q=information&topicid=&result_number=2 Abstract.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172842/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_I000103&q=information&topicid=&result_number=2 |date=2016-03-03 }}
   • Alex Cukierman and Allan H. Meltzer, 1986. "A Theory of Ambiguity, Credibility, and Inflation under Discretion and Asymmetric Information," Econometrica, 54(5), pp. [http://www.tau.ac.il/~alexcuk/pdf/EA-86.pdf 1099-1128.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604030109/http://www.tau.ac.il/~alexcuk/pdf/EA-86.pdf |date=2011-06-04 }}
   • Matthew B. Canzoneri, 1985. "Monetary Policy Games and the Role of Private Information," American Economic Review, 75(5), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1818645 1056] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150652/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1818645 |date=2023-01-16 }}-1070.
   • Frederic S. Mishkin, 1991. "Asymmetric Information and Financial Crises: A Historical Perspective," in R. Glenn Hubbard, ed., Financial Markets and Financial Crises [https://books.google.com/books?id=MEfUi2H4cqwC (description)], Chicago, pp.

[https://books.google.com/books?id=MEfUi2H4cqwC&pg=RA1-PA69 69]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=MEfUi2H4cqwC&pg=RA1-PA108 108]
   • Joseph E. Stiglitz and Andrew M. Weiss, 1992. "Asymmetric Information in Credit Markets: Implications for Macro-Economics," Oxford Economic Papers, 44(4), pp. [http://www.ase.ro/upcpr/profesori/167/Stiglitz-Weiss3.pdf 694-724.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728002447/http://www.ase.ro/upcpr/profesori/167/Stiglitz-Weiss3.pdf |date=2011-07-28 }}
   • Pradeep Dubey, John Geanakoplos, and Martin Shubik, 1987. "A Critique of Rational Expectations Equilibrium," Journal of Mathematical Economics, 16(2), pp. [http://dido.wss.yale.edu/P/cp/p06b/p0686.pdf 105-137] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425161241/http://dido.wss.yale.edu/P/cp/p06b/p0686.pdf |date=2012-04-25 }}.
   • Joseph Stiglitz and Bruce Greenwald, 2003. Towards a New Paradigm in Monetary Economics. Cambridge. Arrow page-searchable [http://works.bepress.com/joseph_stiglitz/8/ Description] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113120523/http://works.bepress.com/joseph_stiglitz/8/ |date=2007-01-13 }} and [https://books.google.com/books?id=dZrI_dHoKgUC Table of Contents] chapter-preview links.
   • Franklin Allen and Douglas Gale, 2000 "Financial Contagion," Journal of Political Economy, 108(1), pp.

[https://web.archive.org/web/20090902162412/http://grad.econ.ubc.ca/yaotang/Allen_and_Gale_2000_Financial_Contagion%20_JPE.pdf 1-33.]
   • Laura E. Kodres and Matthew Pritsker, 2002. "A Rational Expectations Model of Financial Contagion," Journal of Finance, 57(2), pp. [http://web.cenet.org.cn/upfile/97188.pdf 769-799.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615184541/http://web.cenet.org.cn/upfile/97188.pdf |date=2011-06-15 }} and fraudulent finance• Paul Povel, Rajdeep Singh, and Andrew Winton, 2007. "Booms, Busts, and Fraud," Review of Financial Studies, 20(4), pp. [http://www.tc.umn.edu/~rajsingh/povel_singh_winton_rfs_2007.pdf 1219-1254.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414173854/http://www.tc.umn.edu/~rajsingh/povel_singh_winton_rfs_2007.pdf|date=2010-04-14}}
   • William K. Black, 2005. The Best Way to Rob a Bank Is to Own One. [https://books.google.com/books?id=SI3F8wEuT24C Description] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=SI3F8wEuT24C&pg=PR7=GBS_NAVLINKS_S preview].
   • _____, 2005. "'Control Frauds' as Financial Super-predators: How 'Pathogens' Make Financial Markets Inefficient," Journal of Socio-Economics, 34(6), pp. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053535705000417734-755.] [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053535705000417 Abstract.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924184013/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053535705000417|date=2015-09-24}}
   • _____, 2009. "Those Who Forget the Regulatory Successes of the Past are Condemned to Failure," Economic & Political Weekly, 44(13), pp. 80-86,. [https://ssrn.com/abstract=1536531 Abstract.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150701/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1536531|date=2023-01-16}}

• Game theory as a modeling paradigm for monetary and financial institutions{{r|game}}
• Possible advantages of following a monetary-policy rule to avoid inefficiencies of time inconsistency from discretionary policy{{r|palgrave}}

{{div col|colwidth=16em}}

• {{annotated link|Chartalism}}
• {{annotated link|Classical dichotomy}}
• {{annotated link|Currency crisis}}
• {{annotated link|Equation of exchange}}
• {{annotated link|Financial economics}}
• {{annotated link|Free banking}}
• {{annotated link|Horizontalism}}
• {{annotated link|Liquidity preference}}
• {{annotated link|Liquidity trap}}
• {{annotated link|Market monetarism}}
• {{annotated link|Modern Monetary Theory}}
• {{annotated link|Monetarism}}
• {{annotated link|Monetary base}}
• {{annotated link|Monetary-disequilibrium theory}}
• {{annotated link|Monetary reform}}
• {{annotated link|Money creation}}
• {{annotated link|Money supply}}
• {{annotated link|Systemic risk}}
• {{annotated link|Taylor rule}}
• {{annotated link|The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money}}
• {{annotated link|The Theory of Money and Credit}}
• {{annotated link|Velocity of money}}
• {{annotated link|Welfare cost of inflation}}

{{div col end}}

{{Economics}}

{{Macroeconomics}}

{{Reflist|refs=

• Karl Brunner and Allan H. Meltzer, 1988. "Money and Credit in the Monetary Transmission Process," American Economic Review, 78(2), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1818166 446]-451.
   • Ben S. Bernanke and Mark Gertler, 1995. "Inside the Black Box: The Credit Channel of Monetary Policy Transmission," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 9(4), 1995 pp. [http://www.fclar.unesp.br/poseco/Bernanke%20e%20Gertler%20(1995).pdf 27-48.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319235047/http://www.fclar.unesp.br/poseco/Bernanke%20e%20Gertler%20(1995).pdf |date=2009-03-19 }}
   • Frederic S. Mishkin, 1996. "The Channels of Monetary Transmission: Lessons for Monetary Policy," Banque de France Bulletin Digest, No. 27, pp. [http://bdfbs-ws01.heb3.fr.colt.net/gb/publications/telechar/bulletin/27etud1.pdf 33-44.]{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
   • Ben S. Bernanke and Vincent R. Reinhart, 2004. "Conducting Monetary Policy at Very Low Short-Term Interest Rates," American Economic Review, 94(2), pp. [http://public.econ.duke.edu/~staff/wrkshop_papers/2008-2009%20Papers/Bernanke_Reinhart_AER_2004.pdf 85-90] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704085944/http://public.econ.duke.edu/~staff/wrkshop_papers/2008-2009%20Papers/Bernanke_Reinhart_AER_2004.pdf |date=2015-07-04 }}.
   • Peter N. Ireland, 2008. "monetary transmission mechanism," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000214&q=monetary%20economics%20&topicid=&result_number=2 Abstract.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215082828/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000214&q=monetary%20economics%20&topicid=&result_number=2 |date=2012-02-15 }}

[http://fmwww.bc.edu/ec-p/wp628.pdf Pre-publication copy.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612163614/http://fmwww.bc.edu/ec-p/WP628.pdf |date=2010-06-12 }}
   • Alan S. Blinder et al., 2008. "Central Bank Communication and Monetary Policy: A Survey of Theory and Evidence," Journal of Economic Literature, 46(4), pp. 910–945 Pre-publication [http://www.ecb.int/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp898.pdf copy.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319235044/http://www.ecb.int/pub/pdf/scpwps/ecbwp898.pdf |date=2009-03-19 }}
   • Vasco Cúrdia and Michael Woodford, 2011, "The Central-Bank Balance Sheet as an Instrument of Monetary Policy," Journal of Monetary Economics, 58(1), pp. 54-79. [https://archive.today/20130201194900/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VBW-515SRM0-2&_user=10&_coverDate=01/31/2011&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1648057535&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=626e994ab8941bdf9e8c5847cc1658e7&searchtype=a Abstract.]
   • Xavier Freixas, 2009. "Monetary Policy in a Systemic Crisis," Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 25(4), pp. 630-53. [https://archive.today/20130415192315/http://oxrep.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/25/4/630 Abstract.]

• From The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2008. 2nd Edition:

         "monetary and fiscal policy overview" by Narayana R. Kocherlakota. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000383 Abstract.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229205850/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000383 |date=2010-12-29 }}

         "fiscal and monetary policies in developing countries" by David Fielding. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_F000116&q=monetary%20developing&topicid=&result_number=1 Abstract.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311082427/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_F000116&q=monetary%20developing&topicid=&result_number=1 |date=2012-03-11 }}

         "government budget constraint" by Eric M. Leeper and James M. Nason. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_G000161 Abstract.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229211231/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_G000161 |date=2010-12-29 }}

         "currency crises" by Graciela Laura Kaminsky. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_C000468 Abstract.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326015551/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_C000468 |date=2012-03-26 }}

         "currency crises models" by Craig Burnside, Martin Eichenbaum, and Sergio Rebelo. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_S000204 Abstract.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326015628/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_S000204 |date=2012-03-26 }}
   • Stanley Fischer and William Easterly, 1990. "The Economics of the Government Budget Constraint," World Bank Research Observer, 5(2), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/3986443 p. 127] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150656/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3986443 |date=2023-01-16 }}-142 ([http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/1990/07/01/000009265_3980513111756/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf#page=5 PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607004921/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/IW3P/IB/1990/07/01/000009265_3980513111756/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf#page=5 |date=2011-06-07 }}, pp. 5-20 of 101).
   • Thomas J. Sargent and Neil Wallace, 1981. "Some Unpleasant Monetarist Arithmetic," Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Quarterly Review, 5(3), pp. [http://research.mpls.frb.fed.us/research/qr/qr531.pdf 1-17.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727055011/http://research.mpls.frb.fed.us/research/qr/qr531.pdf |date=2011-07-27 }}
   • Thomas J. Sargent, 2011. [https://files.nyu.edu/ts43/public/research/Sargent_Sweden_final.pdf "United States Then, Europe Now,"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115165359/https://files.nyu.edu/ts43/public/research/Sargent_Sweden_final.pdf |date=2013-01-15 }} Nobel lecture, sect.

7, Lessons for Now.
   • Milton Friedman, 1948. "A Monetary and Fiscal Framework for Economic Stability," American Economic Review, 38(3), pp. [http://www.hilbertcorporation.com.ar/amonetaryandfiscaleconomicstability.pdf 245-264.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007091741/http://www.hilbertcorporation.com.ar/amonetaryandfiscaleconomicstability.pdf |date=2011-10-07 }}
   • _____, 1959. A Program for Monetary Stability. Fordham University Press. New York. TOC chapter-preview [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=22831717 links.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101070712/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=22831717 |date=2011-11-01 }}
   • Michael Woodford, 2001. "Fiscal Requirements for Price Stability," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 33(3), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2673890 669]-728.
   • Alberto Alesina and Allan Drazen, 1991. "Why Are Stabilizations Delayed?" American Economic Review, 81(5), pp. [http://j-bradford-delong.net/Teaching_Folder/Econ_202b_F2000/papers/Alesina_Drazen.pdf 1170-1188.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726113731/http://j-bradford-delong.net/Teaching_Folder/Econ_202b_F2000/papers/Alesina_Drazen.pdf |date=2011-07-26 }}
   • Lawrence H. Summers, 2000. "International Financial Crises: Causes, Prevention, and Cures." American Economic Review,, 90(2), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/117183 1]-16. Reprinted in M. Chatterji and P. Gangopadhyay, ed., 2005, Economic Globalization in Asia,

pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9kVdNzWA6qMC&pg=PA47 47]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=9kVdNzWA6qMC&pg=PA63 63.]
   • Graciela L. Kaminsky and Carmen M. Reinhart, 1999. "The Twin Crises: The Causes of Banking and Balance-Of-Payments Problems," American Economic Review, 89(3), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/117029 473]-500.
   • Christopher Adam and David Vines, 2009. "Remaking Macroeconomic Policy after the Global Financial Crisis: A Balance-Sheet Approach," Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 25(4), pp. 507-552. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100820071423/http://oxrep.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/25/4/507 Abstract.]

• Martin Shubik, 1990. "A Game Theoretic Approach to the Theory of Money and Financial Institutions," ch. 5, in B. M. Friedman and & F. H. Hahn, ed. Handbook of Monetary Economics, Elsevier, v. 1, pp. [http://dido.wss.yale.edu/P/cp/p07b/p0767.pdf 171-219] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425161321/http://dido.wss.yale.edu/P/cp/p07b/p0767.pdf |date=2012-04-25 }}.
   • _____, 2004. The Theory of Money and Financial Institutions, MIT Press:

      v. 1. [http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=10209 Description] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915232223/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=10209 |date=2006-09-15 }}, [http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=10209&mode=toc contents] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060920225145/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=10209&mode=toc |date=2006-09-20 }}, and chapter-preview [https://books.google.com/books?id=m9BWUe9xveQC&pg=PR7 links] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116150658/https://books.google.com/books?id=m9BWUe9xveQC&printsec=find&pg=PR7 |date=2023-01-16 }}

      v. 2. [http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=10210 Description] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060916122235/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=10210 |date=2006-09-16 }} and [http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=3453&mode=toc contents] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060920225207/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=3453&mode=toc |date=2006-09-20 }}.

      v. 3: [http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=12313 Description] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102183642/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=12313 |date=2011-11-02 }}.
   • Guido Tabellini, 1986. "Money, Debt and Deficits in a Dynamic Game," Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 10(4), pp. 427-442. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016518898680001X Abstract] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924163447/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016518898680001X |date=2015-09-24 }}.
   • Koichi Hamada, 1976. "Strategic Analysis of Monetary Interdependence," Journal of Political Economy, 84(4, Part 1), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1831327 677]-700.
   • _____, 1985. The Political Economy of International Monetary Interdependence, MIT Press. [http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?tid=5803&ttype=2 Description] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915233420/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=5803 |date=2006-09-15 }} and content-chapter [http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=5803&mode=toc links] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060920230337/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=5803&mode=toc |date=2006-09-20 }}. Review [https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02298860 extract] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116151214/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02298860 |date=2023-01-16 }}.
   • Matthew B. Canzoneri and Dale W. Henderson, 1991. Monetary Policy in Interdependent Economies: A Game-Theoretic Approach, MIT Press. [http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?tid=4997&ttype=2 Description] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915233358/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=4997 |date=2006-09-15 }} and chapter-preview [https://books.google.com/books?id=9D14XTDqfaYC&pg=PR7 links].

• Sudipto Bhattacharya, Anjan V. Thakor, and Arnoud W.A. Boot, 1998. "The Economics of Bank Regulation," Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, 30(4), pp. [https://apps.olin.wustl.edu/workingpapers/pdf/2006-06-038.pdf 745-770.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024716/https://apps.olin.wustl.edu/workingpapers/pdf/2006-06-038.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}
   • Frederic S. Mishkin, ed., 2001. Prudential Supervision: What Works and What Doesn't, Chicago. [https://www.nber.org/books/mish01-1 Chapter downloads.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215025916/https://www.nber.org/books/mish01-1 |date=2020-02-15 }}
   • James R. Barth, Gerard Caprio Jr., and Ross Levine, 2004. "Bank Regulation and Supervision: What Works Best?" Journal of Financial Intermediation, 13(2), pp. 205-248. [https://archive.today/20120911092305/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WJD-4B28V79-3&_user=10&_coverDate=04/30/2004&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3638046c9e4aceeb65e1815b46330d81 Abstract.]
   • Carlos M. Peláez and Carlos A. Peláez, 2009. Regulation of Banks and Finance: Theory and Policy after the Credit Crisis, Palgrave. [http://www.palgrave.com/resources/catalogue/pdfs/2009/Economics2009.pdf#page=12 Description.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331064226/http://www.palgrave.com/resources/catalogue/pdfs/2009/Economics2009.pdf#page=12 |date=2010-03-31 }}
   • Centre for Economic Policy Research, London:
         Mathias Dewatripont, Xavier Freixas, and Richard Portes, ed., 2009. [http://www.voxeu.org/reports/G20_ebook.pdf Macroeconomic Stability and Financial Regulation.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704003905/http://www.voxeu.org/reports/G20_ebook.pdf |date=2010-07-04 }}
         Thorsten Beck, Diane Coyle, Mathias Dewatripont, Xavier Freixas, and Paul Seabright, 2010. [http://www.cepr.org/pubs/other/Bailing_out_the_banks.pdf Bailing out the Banks: Reconciling Stability and Competition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415022835/http://www.cepr.org/pubs/other/Bailing_out_the_banks.pdf |date=2010-04-15 }}, ch. 7, "Preventing Future Crises: Reforming Prudential Regulation," pp. 67-83.
   • Robert E. Hall, 1982. "Monetary Trends in The United States and The United Kingdom: A Review from The Perspective of New Developments in Monetary Economics," Journal of Economic Literature, 20(4), pp. [http://www.stanford.edu/~rehall/Monetary%20Trends%20JEL%201982.pdf 1552-1556.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203165221/http://www.stanford.edu/~rehall/Monetary%20Trends%20JEL%201982.pdf |date=2010-12-03 }}
   • Robert C. Merton, 1995. "Financial Innovation and the Management and Regulation of Financial Institutions," Journal of Banking & Finance, 19(3-4), pp. [http://www.people.hbs.edu/rmerton/financial%20innovation%20management%20and%20regulation.pdf 461-481.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611063232/http://www.people.hbs.edu/rmerton/financial%20innovation%20management%20and%20regulation.pdf |date=2010-06-11 }}
   • Lawrence J. White, 1991 The S&L Debacle: Public Policy Lessons for Bank and Thrift Regulation, Oxford. Chapter-preview [https://www.questia.com/library/book/the-sandl-debacle-public-policy-lessons-for-bank-and-thrift-regulation-by-lawrence-j-white.jsp links.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116151225/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia |date=2023-01-16 }} [https://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications_papers/pub_display.cfm?id=3768 Review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902032516/https://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications_papers/pub_display.cfm?id=3768 |date=2014-09-02 }} by J.H. Boyd.
   • Randall S. Kroszner and Philip E. Strahan, 1999. "What Drives Deregulation? Economics and Politics of the Relaxation of Bank Branching Restrictions," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114(4), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2586968 1437]-1467.fragility of financial markets,
   • Ben Bernanke and Mark Gertler, 1990. "Financial Fragility and Economic Performance," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 105(1), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2937820 87]-114.
   • Thomas F. Hellmann, Kevin C. Murdock and Joseph E. Stiglitz, 2000. "Liberalization, Moral Hazard in Banking, and Prudential Regulation: Are Capital Requirements Enough?" American Economic Review, 90(1), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/117285 147]-165.
   • Ross Levine, Norman Loayza, and Thorsten Beck, 2000. "Financial Intermediation and Growth: Causality and Causes," Journal of Monetary Economics, 46, pp. [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DEC/Resources/FinancialDevelopmentandGrowth.pdf 31-77] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020143404/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DEC/Resources/FinancialDevelopmentandGrowth.pdf |date=2012-10-20 }} (close Pages tab at left).
   • Asli Demirgüç-Kunt and Enrica Detragiache, 2002. "Does Deposit Insurance Increase Banking System Stability? An Empirical Investigation," Journal of Monetary Economics, 49(7), pp. 1373-1406. [https://archive.today/20130201213408/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VBW-46YGNWB-3&_user=10&_coverDate=10/31/2002&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1229510575&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=4e943cd6c3a1cdf468152a5cec378968 Abstract & TOC.]
   • Donald P. Morgan, 2002. "Rating Banks: Risk and Uncertainty in an Opaque Industry," American Economic Review, 92(4), pp. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/3083285 874] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116151223/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3083285 |date=2023-01-16 }}-888.
   • Thorsten Beck, Aslı Demirgu¨ Kunt, and Ross Levine 2006. "Bank Supervision and Corruption in Lending," Journal of Monetary Economics, 53(8), pp. 2131–2163. [http://michau.nazwa.pl/aska/uploads/Studenci/EPF_10nov2.pdf Abstract.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821215709/http://michau.nazwa.pl/aska/uploads/Studenci/EPF_10nov2.pdf |date=2011-08-21 }}
   • Raghuram G. Rajan, 2005. "Has Financial Development Made the World Riskier?" in Economic Symposium Conference [http://www.kansascityfed.org/publications/research/escp/archive.cfm Proceedings] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929201047/http://kansascityfed.org/publications/research/escp/archive.cfm |date=2014-09-29 }}, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, Aug., pp. [http://www.kansascityfed.org/publicat/sympos/2005/pdf/rajan2005.pdf 313-369.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930215918/http://www.kansascityfed.org/publicat/sympos/2005/pdf/Rajan2005.pdf |date=2013-09-30 }} {{doi|10.3386/w11728}}
   • In Mark Carey & René M. Stulz, ed., 2007. [https://books.google.com/books?id=mTWtpwkGYGgC The Risks of Financial Institutions], Chicago:
         Thorsten Beck, Asli Demirguc-Kunt, and Ross Levine. "Bank Concentration and Fragility: Impact and Mechanics," ch. 5, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=mTWtpwkGYGgC&pg=PA193=GBS 193-] 231. [https://ssrn.com/abstract=775990 Abstract.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116151226/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=775990 |date=2023-01-16 }}
         Franklin Allen and Douglas Gale. "Systemic Risk and Regulation," ch. 7. pp. 341-368.
   • Carl E. Walsh, 2009. "Using Monetary Policy to Stabilize Economic Activity," in [https://web.archive.org/web/20100831111544/http://www.kansascityfed.org/publications/research/escp/escp-2009.cfm Financial Stability and Macroeconomic Policy], FRBKC, Aug., pp. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101125174924/http://kansascityfed.org/publicat/sympos/2009/papers/Walsh.09.11.09.pdf 245-96.]
   • Ben S. Bernanke, 2010. [http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/bernanke20100103a.htm "Monetary Policy and the Housing Bubble,"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831233513/http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/bernanke20100103a.htm |date=2022-08-31 }} American Economic Association meeting. Atlanta. January 3.
   • Frontline, 2009. "The Warning," PBS, October 20. Brooksley Born's efforts as CFTC chair (1996-1999) to regulate OTC derivatives. [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/warning/etc/script.html Transcript] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919061353/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/warning/etc/script.html |date=2017-09-19 }} and arrow-[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/warning/view/ link] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413000742/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/warning/view/ |date=2016-04-13 }} to broadcast.
   • Charlie Rose, 2011. Paul Volcker interview, Oct 24, PBS. On current financial regulatory reform in the U.S., Europe, and Japan. Click on picture to [http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/11964 play] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027125246/http://www.charlierose.com/view/interview/11964 |date=2011-10-27 }}.

• From The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2008. 2nd Edition:
         "monetary policy, history of" by Michael D. Bordo. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_H000180&q=monetary%20policy&topicid=&result_number=2 Abstract] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226063546/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_H000180&q=monetary%20policy&topicid=&result_number=2 |date=2012-02-26 }} and [http://michael.bordo.googlepages.com/TheHistoryofMonetaryPolicy.pdf pre-publication copy.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112700/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_H000180&edition=current&q=real%20%20nominal&topicid=&result_number=40 |date=2016-03-04 }}
         "Taylor rules," v. 8, pp. 200-04, by Athanasios Orphanides. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_T000215&q=taylor%20rules&topicid=&result_number=1 Abstract.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310213810/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_T000215&q=taylor |date=2016-03-10 }}
         "time consistency of monetary and fiscal policy," by Paul Klein. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_T000219&q=Time%20inconsistency)&topicid=&result_number=1 Abstract.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328134802/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_T000219&q=Time%20inconsistency)&topicid=&result_number=1 |date=2016-03-28 }}
         "epistemic game theory: incomplete information" by Aviad Heifetz. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_G000191&q=information&topicid=&result_number=6 Abstract.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225452/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_G000191&q=information&topicid=&result_number=6 |date=2016-03-03 }}
   • Finn E. Kydland and Edward C. Prescott, 1977. "Rules Rather than Discretion: The Inconsistency of Optimal Plans," Journal of Political Economy, 85(3), pp. [https://www.sfu.ca/~kkasa/prescott_77.pdf 473–92.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923090929/http://www.sfu.ca/~kkasa/prescott_77.pdf |date=2017-09-23 }}
   • Robert J. Barro and David B. Gordon, 1983. "Rules, Discretion and Reputation in a Model of Monetary Policy," Journal of Monetary Economics, 12(1), pp. [http://dss.ucsd.edu/~jlbroz/Courses/POLI200C/syllabus/barro_gordon.pdf 101–21.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927004704/http://dss.ucsd.edu/~jlbroz/Courses/POLI200C/syllabus/barro_gordon.pdf |date=2011-09-27 }}
   • John B. Taylor, 1993. "Discretion versus Policy Rules in Practice," Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, 39, pp. [http://www.stanford.edu/~johntayl/Papers/Discretion.PDF 195-214.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116190729/http://www.stanford.edu/~johntayl/Papers/Discretion.PDF |date=2013-01-16 }}
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• Robert W. Dimand, 2008. "macroeconomics, origins and history of" [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000370&q=macroeconomics&topicid=&result_number=1 (abstract)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326015653/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000370&q=macroeconomics&topicid=&result_number=1 |date=2012-03-26 }} and "monetary economics, history of" [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000394&q=monetary%20economics%20&topicid=&result_number=1 (abstract)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215082808/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000394&q=monetary%20economics%20&topicid=&result_number=1 |date=2012-02-15 }}, The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. 2nd Edition.
  • Christina D. Romer and David H. Romer, 2007:2. "Monetary Economics," NBER Reporter, pp. [http://www.nber.org/reporter/2007number2/2007number2.pdf 1-6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611132607/http://www.nber.org/reporter/2007number2/2007number2.pdf |date=2011-06-11 }} Abstract-links [http://www.nber.org/reporter/2007number2/. version.]
  • JEL classification codes#Macroeconomics and monetary economics JEL: E Subcategories.
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   • Paul A. Samuelson, 1958. "An Exact Consumption-Loan Model of Interest with or without the Social Contrivance of Money," Journal of Political Economy, 66(6), pp. [http://www.econ.upenn.edu/~hfang/teaching/socialinsurance/readings/Samuelson58(6.3).pdf 467, 481-82] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720133014/http://www.econ.upenn.edu/~hfang/teaching/socialinsurance/readings/Samuelson58(6.3).pdf |date=2011-07-20 }}.
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• J.H. Boyd, 2008. "financial intermediation," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_F000320&q=financial%20institutions&topicid=&result_number=5 Abstract.]
  • Sudipto Bhattacharya, Anjan V. Thakor, and Arnoud W.A. Boot, 1998. "The Economics of Bank Regulation," Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, 30(4), pp. [https://apps.olin.wustl.edu/workingpapers/pdf/2006-06-038.pdf 745-770.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024716/https://apps.olin.wustl.edu/workingpapers/pdf/2006-06-038.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }}

• Stanley W. Black, 2008. "international monetary institutions," The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 2nd Edition. [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_I000184&q=monetary%20system&topicid=&result_number=3 Abstract.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326015754/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_I000184&q=monetary%20system&topicid=&result_number=3 |date=2012-03-26 }}
   • Robert A. Mundell, 1971. Monetary Theory: Interest, Inflation and Growth in the World Economy. Goodyear. [http://www.robertmundell.net/books/main.asp?Title=Monetary%20Theory:%20Interest,%20Inflation%20and%20Growth%20in%20the%20World%20Economy Description.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831172944/http://www.robertmundell.net/books/main.asp?Title=Monetary%20Theory:%20Interest,%20Inflation%20and%20Growth%20in%20the%20World%20Economy |date=2007-08-31 }}
   • Bennett T. McCallum, 1996. International Monetary Economics. Oxford. [http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/he/subject/Economics/Macroeconomics/InternationalEconomics/?view=usa&ci=9780195094947 Description] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629034300/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/he/subject/Economics/Macroeconomics/InternationalEconomics/?view=usa&ci=9780195094947 |date=2011-06-29 }} & chapter-preview [https://www.questia.com/library/book/international-monetary-economics-by-bennett-t-mccallum.jsp links.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116151058/https://www.gale.com/databases/questia |date=2023-01-16 }}
   • Maurice Obstfeld and Kenneth S. Rogoff, 1996. Foundations of International Macroeconomics. MIT Press, [http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=3275&mode=toc Ch. 8-10.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321060218/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=3275&mode=toc |date=2007-03-21 }} [http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=3275 Description.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809075637/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=3275 |date=2010-08-09 }}

• William J. Baumol 1952. "The Transaction Demand for Cash: An Inventory Theoretic Approach," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 66(4), pp. [http://www.cbe.csuhayward.edu/~alima/COURSES/6315/Week02/BaumolMoneyDemand.pdf 545–556.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319235046/http://www.cbe.csuhayward.edu/~alima/COURSES/6315/Week02/BaumolMoneyDemand.pdf |date=2009-03-19 }}

   • James Tobin, 1956. "The Interest-Elasticity of Transactions Demand for Cash," Review of Economics and Statistics, 38(3), pp. [http://www.sbeusers.csuhayward.edu/~alima/COURSES/4315/..%5C6315/Week02/TobinTransactionsCash.pdf 241-247.]{{dead link|date=September 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} Reprinted in Tobin, Essays in Economics, v. 1, Macroeconomics, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ar4-mvqsDpgC&dq=bl&pg=PA229 229]- [https://books.google.com/books?id=ar4-mvqsDpgC&dq=bl&pg=PA229] 242.
   • _____, 1958. "Liquidity Preference as Behavior Towards Risk," Review of Economic Studies 25(1), pp. [http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/P/cm/m19/m19-01.pdf 65–86.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306092115/http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/P/cm/m19/m19-01.pdf |date=2012-03-06 }}
   • Milton Friedman, 1956. "The Quantity Theory of Money: A Restatement," in Studies in the Quantity Theory of Money, Chicago. Reprinted in The Optimum Quantity of Money, 2005), pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=XVCgcHQS_nQC&pg=PA51 51] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116151059/https://books.google.com/books?id=XVCgcHQS_nQC&pg=PA51&dq&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=0_0 |date=2023-01-16 }}-[https://books.google.com/books?id=XVCgcHQS_nQC&dq=%22Studies+in+the+Quantity+Theory+of+Money%22+restatement&pg=PA67 67.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116151100/https://books.google.com/books?id=XVCgcHQS_nQC&pg=PA67&lpg=PR5&dq=%22Studies+in+the+Quantity+Theory+of+Money%22+restatement |date=2023-01-16 }}

}}

• Handbook of Monetary Economics, Elsevier.

:Friedman, Benjamin M., and Frank H. Hahn, ed., 1990. v. 1 links for [https://web.archive.org/web/20080906163139/http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/601125/description#toc description & contents] and chapter-outline [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%2324616%231990%23999989999%23576735%23FLP%23&_cdi=24616&_pubType=HS&_auth=y&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=04a9605789155c7db422a5a238ac803c previews]

:_____, 1990. v. 2 links for [https://web.archive.org/web/20081013101843/http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/601126/description#description description & contents] and chapter-outline [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=PublicationURL&_tockey=%23TOC%2324616%231990%23999979999%23576734%23FLP%23&_cdi=24616&_pubType=HS&_auth=y&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3244c03bd292f1601fd73223253d70fb previews.]

:Friedman, Benjamin, and Michael Woodford, 2010. v. 3A & 3B links for [https://web.archive.org/web/20101225054545/http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/bookdescription.cws_home/724415/description#description description] & and chapter [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/handbooks/15734498 abstract & TOC.]

• Boughton, James R., and Elmus R. Wicker, 1975. The Principles of Monetary Economics.
• Brunner, Karl, and Allan H. Meltzer, 1993. Money and the Economy: Issues in Monetary Analysis, Cambridge. [https://books.google.com/books?id=eGjfH47Roj4C&q=source=gbs_summary_s Description] and chapter previews, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=eGjfH47Roj4C&pg=PR9 ix]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=eGjfH47Roj4C&pg=PR10 x.]
• Clower, Robert W., ed., 1969. Monetary Theory: Selected Readings, Harmondsworth, Penguin.
• Eden, Benjamin, 2005. A Course in Monetary Economics: Sequential Trade, Money, and Uncertainty. [https://web.archive.org/web/20050113085657/http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/book.asp?ref=0631215654 Description.]
• Gale, Douglas, 1982. Money: in Equilibrium, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Economic Handbooks, 349 pp. {{ISBN|978-0-521-28900-9}}. [https://ideas.repec.org/b/cup/cbooks/9780521289009.html Description] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=wQrCcUAqqx8C&dq=onepage&pg=PA1 preview].
• _____, 1983. Money: in Disequilibrium, Cambridge Economic Handbooks, 382 pp. {{ISBN|978-0-521-26917-9}}. [https://ideas.repec.org/b/cup/cbooks/9780521269179.html Description] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=wQrCcUAqqx8C&pg=PA1=FALSE preview].
• Goodhart, Charles, 1989. Money, Information and Uncertainty, 2nd Ed. MIT Press. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100719214622/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=4277 Description] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20090108034629/http://books.global-investor.com/books/12716/C.A.E.-Goodhart/Money%2C-Information-and-Uncertainty/ chapter titles.]
• Grandmont, Jean-Michel, 1985. Money and Value: A Reconsideration of Classical and Neoclassical Monetary Economics, Econometric Society Monographs, v. 5, Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-521-31364-3}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Uzx7x_BqwRYC&pg=PA202 Description] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=Uzx7x_BqwRYC preview] .
• Handa, Jagdish, 2007. Monetary Economics, 2nd ed. Routledge. [http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415772099/ Description] and [http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415772099/ preview].
• Harris, Laurence, 1981. Monetary Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Hicks, John R., 1967. Critical Essays in Monetary Theory, Chapter preview [https://books.google.com/books?id=qVqeJP9DhvYC&q=gbs_summary_s links.] Oxford.
• The New Palgrave Dictionary of Finance and Money, 1992. 3 v. [http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?is=0333527224 Description.]
• The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online, 2008. Abstract links for [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/resources/themes_monetary_economics "Monetary Economics"] (alphabetical) and [http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/search_results?q=monetary&button_search=GO "monetary".]
• Rabin, Alan A., 2004. Monetary Theory MPG Books: London. Arrow-page-searchable [https://books.google.com/books?id=d7DsAA0DpvEC&q=%22Rabin%22+%22Monetary+Theory%22 chapter] previews.
• {{cite book|title=General equilibrium models of monetary economies: Studies in the static foundations of monetary theory|series=Economic theory, econometrics, and mathematical economics|editor-first=Ross M.|editor-last=Starr|editor-link=Ross Starr|publisher=Academic Press|year=1989|isbn=978-0-12-663970-4|pages=351}}
• Walsh, Carl E., 2003. Monetary Theory and Policy, 2nd ed., MIT Press. {{ISBN|0-262-23231-6}}. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080504043501/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?tid=9578&ttype=2 Description] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=eX3n3LSZVrIC chapter-preview links.]
• {{cite book|last=Woodford|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Woodford (economist)|year=2003|title=Interest and prices: Foundations of a theory of monetary policy|location=Princeton, New Jersey

|publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0-691-01049-8|url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7603.html}}

{{Sister project links|d=y|c=Category:monetary economics|wikt=monetary economics|s=no|species=no|q=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|n=no|b=Monetary Economics|v=no}}

{{External links|date=October 2018}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20120929223626/http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0022-2879 Journal of Money, Credit and Banking]
• [https://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescription.cws_home/505566/description#description Journal of Monetary Economics]
• NBER Working Papers: Links to JEL classes of abstracts or downloads for [https://www.nber.org/jel/E_index.html Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics], including:

:[https://www.nber.org/jel/E4.html (JEL: E4) Money and Interest Rates]

:[https://www.nber.org/jel/E_index.html (JEL: E5) Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit]

:[https://www.slideshare.net/BabasabPatil/money-credit-and-finance#btnNext Presentation of Money, credit and finance an slideshow]

:What is money? A slideshow https://www.slideshare.net/MitchGreen/lesson-1-what-is-money#btnNext

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