nymphaeales

Nymphaeales are rhizomatousManaaki Whenua – Landcare Research. (n.d.-b). Nymphaeales Salisb. ex Bercht. & J.Presl. Flora of New Zealand. Retrieved February 25, 2025, from https://www.nzflora.info/factsheet/taxon/Nymphaeales.html or tuberous, aquaticBerry, P. E. (n.d.). Nymphaeales. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved February 25, 2025, from https://www.britannica.com/plant/Nymphaeales or sub-aquatic, annual or perennialJohansson, J. T. (n.d.). Nymphaeales Salisb. ex Bercht. et J. Presl. The Phylogeny of Angiosperms. Retrieved February 25, 2025, from http://angio.bergianska.se/Nymphaeales/Nymphaeales.html herbs. The leaves are submerged, floating, or emerged. The floating leaves are 1 mmØrgaard, M. (1991). [https://nsojournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1991.tb01819.x The genus Cabomba (Cabombaceae)–a taxonomic study.] Nordic Journal of Botany, 11(2), 179-203. to 3.2 m wide.Smith, L. T., Magdalena, C., Przelomska, N. A., Pérez-Escobar, O. A., Melgar-Gómez, D. G., Beck, S., ... & Monro, A. K. (2022). [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2022.883151/full Revised species delimitation in the giant water lily genus Victoria (Nymphaeaceae) confirms a new species and has implications for its conservation.] Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 883151.

The plants are bisexual, monoecious or dioecious.

The fossil record consists especially of seeds, but also pollen, stems, leaves, and flowers. It extends back to the Cretaceous.{{cite web | url = http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/anthophyta/paleoherbs/nymphfr.html | title = Nymphaeales: Fossil Record | publisher = University of California Museum of Paleontology}}{{cite journal | journal = Nature | volume = 410 | pages = 357–360 | date = 15 March 2001 | title = Fossil evidence of water lilies (Nymphaeales) in the Early Cretaceous | author = Else Marie Friis, Kaj Raunsgaard Pedersen and Peter R. Crane | doi = 10.1038/35066557 | pmid = 11268209 | issue = 6826 | bibcode = 2001Natur.410..357F | s2cid = 205014988 }} The crown group of the Nymphaeales has been estimated to be about 112 million years old.{{cite journal | last1 = Magallón | first1 = Susana | last2 = Castillo | first2 = Amanda | year = 2009 | title = Angiosperm diversification through time | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 96 | issue = 1| pages = 349–365 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.0800060 | pmid=21628193}} Some have suggested that this age might be too old.{{cite journal | last1 = Bell | first1 = Charles D. | last2 = Soltis | first2 = Douglas E. |author-link2=Douglas E. Soltis | last3 = Soltis | first3 = Pamela S. | author-link3 = Pamela S. Soltis| year = 2010 | title = The age and diversification of the angiosperms re-revisited | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 97 | issue = 8| pages = 1296–1303 | doi = 10.3732/ajb.0900346 | pmid=21616882| s2cid = 207613985 }}

A basal member of Nymphaeales, Monetianthus, is known from Early Cretaceous Portugal.{{Cite journal |last1=Friis |first1=Else Marie|last2=Pedersen|first2=Kaj Raunsgaard|last3=von Balthazar|first3=Maria |last4=Grimm|first4=Guido W.|last5=Crane |first5=Peter R.|date=May 2009 |title=Monetianthus mirus gen. et sp. nov., a Nymphaealean Flower from the Early Cretaceous of Portugal |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/605120 |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |language=en |volume=170 |issue=8 |pages=1086–1101 |doi=10.1086/605120 |s2cid=84760466 |issn=1058-5893}} A fossil member of the Nympheaceae is Jaguariba from the Early Cretaceous of Brazil. Several Cretaceous-age Cabombaceae genera are also known, including Scutifolium from Jordan, Pluricarpellatia from Brazil, and Brasenites from Kansas.{{Cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=David Winship |last2=Gee |first2=Carole T. |date=1 October 2014 |title=Phylogenetic Analysis of Fossil Water Lilies Based on Leaf Architecture and Vegetative Characters: Testing Phylogenetic Hypotheses from Molecular Studies |url=https://bioone.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-peabody-museum-of-natural-history/volume-55/issue-2/014.055.0208/Phylogenetic-Analysis-of-Fossil-Water-Lilies-Based-on-Leaf-Architecture/10.3374/014.055.0208.full |journal=Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=89–110 |doi=10.3374/014.055.0208 |s2cid=84253809 |issn=0079-032X}} The fossil genus Notonuphar, thought to be a close relative of the modern Nuphar, is known from Eocene-aged sediments from Seymour Island, Antarctica.{{Cite journal |last1=Friis |first1=Else M. |last2=Iglesias |first2=Ari |last3=Reguero |first3=Marcelo A. |last4=Mörs |first4=Thomas |date=2017-08-01 |title=Notonuphar antarctica, an extinct water lily (Nymphaeales) from the Eocene of Antarctica |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |language=en |volume=303 |issue=7 |pages=969–980 |doi=10.1007/s00606-017-1422-y |s2cid=23846066 |issn=2199-6881|doi-access=free }} The genus Brasipelta Krassilov has been described from the late Cretaceous of Israel.Brasipelta gregaria Krassilov. (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved November 14, 2024, from https://ifpni.org/species.htm?id=3CD513C8-3746-4D2C-08A8-D0153805A9ECBrasipelta Krassilov. (n.d.). The International Fossil Plant Names Index (IFPNI). Retrieved November 14, 2024, from https://ifpni.org/genus.htm?id=4530BA8A-59B8-BEF9-F963-99080BD0449AKrassilov V. A., Lewy Z., Nevo E., & Silantieva N. (2005) Late Cretaceous (Turonian) flora of southern Negev, Israel. The aquatic plant fossil Archaefructus from the Early Cretaceous of Liaoning, China possibly also belongs to this group.{{cite journal | url = http://www.annalsnyas.org/cgi/content/abstract/1133/1/3 | title = The Year in Evolutionary Biology 2008 | date = June 2008 | journal = Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences | volume = 1133 | pages = 3–25 | doi = 10.1196/annals.1438.005 | pmid = 18559813 | last1 = Soltis | first1 = D. E. | author-link1 = Douglas E. Soltis | last2 = Bell | first2 = CD | last3 = Kim | first3 = S | last4 = Soltis | first4 = PS | author-link4 = Pamela S. Soltis | issue = 1 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090108184520/http://www.annalsnyas.org/cgi/content/abstract/1133/1/3 | archive-date = 2009-01-08 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.463.7533 | s2cid = 17688086 }}

The Nymphaeales currently include three families and about 70 to 90 species.

This order was not part of the APG II system's 2003 plant classification (unchanged from the APG system of 1998), which instead had a broadly circumscribed family Nymphaeaceae (including Cabombaceae) unplaced in any order. The APG III system did separate the Cabombaceae from the Nymphaeaceae and placed them in the order Nymphaeales together with the Hydatellaceae. The family Hydatellaceae was placed among the monocots in previous systems, but a 2007 study found that the family belongs to the Nymphaeales.{{cite journal |title=Hydatellaceae identified as a new branch near the base of the angiosperm phylogenetic tree |journal=Nature |volume=446 |issue=7133 |pages=312–5 |year=2007 |pmid=17361182 |doi=10.1038/nature05612 |last1=Saarela |first1=J. M. |last2=Rai |first2=H. S. |last3=Doyle |first3=J. A. |last4=Endress |first4=P. K. |last5=Mathews |first5=S. |last6=Marchant |first6=A. D. |last7=Briggs |first7=B. G. |last8=Graham |first8=S. W. |bibcode=2007Natur.446..312S |s2cid=4415881 |url=https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3652&context=biosci_pubs |display-authors=1}} In the APG IV system, Hydatellaceae, Cabombaceae and Nymphaeaceae are the three families included in the Nymphaeales.{{Cite journal|author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2016|title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV|journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=181|issue=1|pages=1–20|issn=0024-4074|doi=10.1111/boj.12385|doi-access=free}}

Some earlier systems, such as Cronquist's system of 1981, often included the Ceratophyllaceae and Nelumbonaceae in the Nymphaeales. Although, the Takhtajan system of 1980 separated the Nelumbonales, the new order was retained alongside the Nymphaeales in the superorder Nymphaeanae.

The Cronquist system placed the Nymphaeales in subclass Magnoliidae, in class Magnoliopsida [=dicotyledons]. In addition, Cronquist included the Ceratophyllaceae and split the family Barclayaceae from the Nymphaeaceae. Under the APG II system, the family Cabombaceae was included within the Nymphaeaceae, but could optionally be recognized separately. As of APG III, the two families are recognized separately.

The Dahlgren system placed the Nymphaeales with the Piperales in superorder Nymphaeanae, within subclass Magnoliideae (dicotyledons). Thorne's 1992 system (and 2000 revision) placed the Nymphaeales as the sole order in the superorder Nymphaeanae within subclass Magnoliideae (=dicotyledons).

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{{Reflist}}

• Michael G. Simpson. Plant Systematics. Elsevier Academic Press. 2006.
• Thomas N. Taylor, Edith L. Taylor, and Michael Krings. 2008. Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants, Second Edition. Academic Press (an imprint of Elsevier): Burlington MA, USA. {{ISBN|978-0-12-373972-8}}

• [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/nymphaealesweb.htm#Nymphaeales Nymphaeales] At: [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html Angiosperm Phylogeny Website] At: [http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/alldb.shtml botanical databases] At: [http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/plant-science/plant-science/about-science-conservation.aspx Plant Science] At: [http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/ Missouri Botanical Garden]
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Category:Angiosperm orders

Category:Early Cretaceous plants

Category:Extant Early Cretaceous first appearances