o'nyong'nyong virus

Common symptoms of infection with the virus are polyarthritis, rash and fever. Other symptoms include eye pain, chest pain, lymphadenitis and lethargy. The disease is self-limiting.{{cite journal|last1=Haddow|first1=A.J.|last2=Davies|first2=C.W.|last3=Walker|first3=A.J.|date=November 1960|title=O'nyong-nyong fever: An epidemic virus disease in East Africa 1. Introduction|journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|volume=54|issue=6|pages=517–522|doi=10.1016/0035-9203(60)90025-0}} No fatalities due to infection are known.

{{virusbox

| name = O'nyong'nyong virus

| parent = Alphavirus

| species = Alphavirus onyong

}}

ONNV has at least three major subtypes, or strains, the genomic sequences of which are currently available on genome databases.

ONNV is transmitted by bites from an infected mosquito. It is the only virus whose primary vectors are anopheline mosquitoes (Anopheles funestus and Anopheles gambiae){{Citation needed|date=July 2017}}.

There have been two epidemics of o'nyong'nyong fever. The first occurred from 1959 to 1962, spreading from Uganda to Kenya, Tanzania, Zaire (Democratic Republic of the Congo), Malawi and Mozambique, and affecting over two million people, one of the largest arbovirus epidemics ever recorded.{{cite journal|last1=Lutwama|first1=JJ|last2=Kayondo|first2=J|last3=Savage|first3=HM|last4=Burkot|first4=TR|last5=Miller|first5=BR|title=Epidemic O'Nyong-Nyong fever in southcentral Uganda, 1996-1997: entomologic studies in Bbaale village, Rakai District.|journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|date=July 1999|volume=61|issue=1|pages=158–62|pmid=10432073|doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1999.61.158|citeseerx=10.1.1.500.9179}}{{cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=M.C.|last2=Woodall|first2=J.P.|title=O'nyong-nyong fever: An epidemic virus disease in East Africa|journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|date=March 1961|volume=55|issue=2|pages=135–141|doi=10.1016/0035-9203(61)90017-7|pmid=13785469|bibcode=1961Natur.192R..30.}} The first virus isolates were obtained during this outbreak from mosquitoes and human blood samples collected from Gulu in northern Uganda in 1959.{{cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=M.C.|last2=Woodall|first2=J.P.|title=O'nyong-nyong fever: An epidemic virus disease in East Africa|journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|date=March 1961|volume=55|issue=2|pages=135–141|doi=10.1016/0035-9203(61)90017-7|pmid=13785469|bibcode=1961Natur.192R..30.}}

The second epidemic in 1996–1997 was confined to Uganda.{{cite journal|last1=Sanders|first1=Eduard J.|last2=Rwaguma|first2=Elly B.|last3=Kawamata|first3=Jun|last4=Kiwanuka|first4=Noah|last5=Lutwama|first5=J. Julius|last6=Ssengooba|first6=Freddie P.|last7=Lamunu|first7=Margaret|last8=Najjemba|first8=Robinah|last9=Were|first9=Willy A.|last10=Bagambisa|first10=George|last11=Campbell|first11=Grant L.|title=O'nyong-nyong Fever in South-Central Uganda, 1996–1997: Description of the Epidemic and Results of a Household-Based Seroprevalence Survey|journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases|date=November 1999|volume=180|issue=5|pages=1436–1443|doi=10.1086/315073|pmid=10515801|doi-access=free}} The 35-year hiatus between the two outbreaks and evidence of an outbreak in 1904–1906 in Uganda indicate a 30–50 year cycle for epidemics.{{cite journal|last1=Rwaguma|first1=E.B.|title=Emergence of Epidemic O'nyong-nyong Fever in Southwestern Uganda, After an Absence of 35 Years|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|date=March 1997|volume=3|issue=1|pages=77|doi=10.3201/eid0301.970112|pmid=9126450|pmc=2627590}}

In 2013, ONNV was confirmed as the cause of disease in a 60-year-old German woman who became infected while traveling in East Africa.{{cite journal|last1=Tappe|first1=Dennis|last2=Kapaun|first2=Annette|last3=Emmerich|first3=Petra|last4=Campos|first4=Renata de Mendonca|last5=Cadar|first5=Daniel|last6=Günther|first6=Stephan|last7=Schmidt-Chanasit|first7=Jonas|title=O'nyong-nyong Virus Infection Imported to Europe from Kenya by a Traveler|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=20|issue=10|pages=1766–1767|doi=10.3201/eid2010.140823|pmid=25271361|pmc=4193281|year=2014}} In 2015–2016 there was a minor outbreak in Uganda with 51 suspected cases.{{Citation needed|date=December 2016}}

There has been a minor outbreak in Mombasa (Kenya) and the County Government of Mombasa issued a warning.

{{Cite web | url=http://www.nation.co.ke/video/news/4146788-4252150-ggmfk2z/index.html | title=Panic in Mombasa over mysterious O'nyong' Nyong disease| date=5 July 2020}}

A 2015 study indicated that ONNV is endemic in coastal East Africa, along with chikungunya virus.{{cite journal|last1=LaBeaud|first1=A. Desiree|last2=Banda|first2=Tamara|last3=Brichard|first3=Julie|last4=Muchiri|first4=Eric M.|last5=Mungai|first5=Peter L.|last6=Mutuku|first6=Francis M.|last7=Borland|first7=Erin|last8=Gildengorin|first8=Ginny|last9=Pfeil|first9=Sarah|last10=Teng|first10=Crystal Y.|last11=Long|first11=Kristin|last12=Heise|first12=Mark|last13=Powers|first13=Ann M.|last14=Kitron|first14=Uriel|last15=King|first15=Charles H.|last16=Kasper|first16=Matthew|title=High Rates of O'Nyong Nyong and Chikungunya Virus Transmission in Coastal Kenya|journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases|date=6 February 2015|volume=9|issue=2|pages=e0003436|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003436|pmid=25658762|pmc=4319898 |doi-access=free }}

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{{Medical resources

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| ICD10 = {{ICD10|A92.1}}

| ICD9 = {{ICD9|066.3}}

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{{Zoonotic viral diseases}}

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Category:Alphaviruses

Category:Arthropod-borne viral fevers and viral haemorrhagic fevers