dengue fever

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Typically, people infected with dengue virus are asymptomatic or have only mild symptoms such as an uncomplicated fever (80%).{{cite journal | vauthors = Whitehorn J, Farrar J | title = Dengue | journal = British Medical Bulletin | volume = 95 | pages = 161–173 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20616106 | doi = 10.1093/bmb/ldq019 | s2cid = 215154729 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Reiter P | title = Yellow fever and dengue: a threat to Europe? | journal = Euro Surveillance | volume = 15 | issue = 10 | pages = 19509 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 20403310 | doi = 10.2807/ese.15.10.19509-en | url = http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19509 | url-status = live | doi-access = free | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110707070425/http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19509 | archive-date = 7 July 2011 }} Others have more severe illness (5%), and in a small proportion it is life-threatening. The incubation period (time between exposure and onset of symptoms) ranges from 3 to 14 days, but most often it is 4 to 7 days.{{cite book| vauthors = Gubler DJ | veditors = Mahy BW, Van Regenmortel MH |title=Desk Encyclopedia of Human and Medical Virology|chapter=Dengue viruses|publisher=Academic Press|location=Boston|year=2010|isbn=978-0-12-375147-8|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nsh48WKIbhQC&pg=PA372|pages=372–82|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609195355/https://books.google.com/books?id=nsh48WKIbhQC&pg=PA372|archive-date=9 June 2016}}

The characteristic symptoms of mild dengue are sudden-onset fever, headache (typically located behind the eyes), muscle and joint pains, nausea, vomiting, swollen glands and a rash. If this progresses to severe dengue the symptoms are severe abdominal pain, persistent vomiting, rapid breathing, bleeding gums or nose, fatigue, restlessness, blood in vomit or stool, extreme thirst, pale and cold skin, and feelings of weakness.

The course of infection is divided into three phases: febrile, critical, and recovery.{{cite journal | vauthors = Simmons CP, Farrar JJ, Nguyen V, Wills B | title = Dengue | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 366 | issue = 15 | pages = 1423–1432 | date = April 2012 | pmid = 22494122 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMra1110265 | url = http://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/bitstream/11343/191104/1/Current%20Concepts%20-%20Dengue.pdf | access-date = 24 September 2019 | url-status = live | hdl-access = free | archive-date = 28 August 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210828054832/http://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/bitstream/handle/11343/191104/Current | hdl = 11343/191104 }}

The febrile phase involves high fever (40 °C/104 °F), and is associated with generalized pain and a headache; this usually lasts two to seven days.{{cite journal | vauthors = Chen LH, Wilson ME | title = Dengue and chikungunya infections in travelers | journal = Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases | volume = 23 | issue = 5 | pages = 438–444 | date = October 2010 | pmid = 20581669 | doi = 10.1097/QCO.0b013e32833c1d16 | s2cid = 2452280 }} There may also be nausea, vomiting, a rash, and pains in the muscle and joints.

Most people recover within a week or so. In about 5% of cases, symptoms worsen and can become life-threatening. This is called severe dengue (formerly called dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome).{{cite journal | vauthors = Ranjit S, Kissoon N | title = Dengue hemorrhagic fever and shock syndromes | journal = Pediatric Critical Care Medicine | volume = 12 | issue = 1 | pages = 90–100 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 20639791 | doi = 10.1097/PCC.0b013e3181e911a7 | s2cid = 10135251 }} Severe dengue can lead to shock, internal bleeding, organ failure and even death.{{Cite web |title=Dengue fever - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dengue-fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20353078 |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en |archive-date=26 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226011216/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dengue-fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20353078 |url-status=live }} Warning signs include severe stomach pain, vomiting, difficulty breathing, and blood in the nose, gums, vomit or stools.

During this period, there is leakage of plasma from the blood vessels, together with a reduction in platelets. This may result in fluid accumulation in the chest and abdominal cavity as well as depletion of fluid from the circulation and decreased blood supply to vital organs.

The recovery phase usually lasts two to three days. The improvement is often striking, and can be accompanied with severe itching and a slow heart rate.

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| caption1 = The rash of dengue fever in the acute stage of the infection blanches when pressed.

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| caption2 = The rash that commonly forms during the recovery from dengue fever with its classic islands of white in a sea of red

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Complications following severe dengue include fatigue, somnolence, headache, concentration impairment and memory impairment.{{cite journal | vauthors = Kalimuddin S, Teh YE, Wee LE, Paintal S, Sasisekharan R, Low JG, Sheth SK, Ooi EE | title = Chronic sequelae complicate convalescence from both dengue and acute viral respiratory illness | journal = PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases | volume = 16 | issue = 8 | pages = e0010724 | date = August 2022 | pmid = 35981059 | pmc = 9426910 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010724 | doi-access = free }} A pregnant woman who develops dengue is at higher risk of miscarriage, low birth weight, and premature birth.{{cite journal | vauthors = Paixão ES, Teixeira MG, Costa MD, Rodrigues LC | title = Dengue during pregnancy and adverse fetal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = The Lancet. Infectious Diseases | volume = 16 | issue = 7 | pages = 857–865 | date = July 2016 | pmid = 26949028 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(16)00088-8 | url = https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/2537331/1/Systematic%20Literature%20Review%2020.11.docx | access-date = 5 December 2019 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210828054827/https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/2537331/1/Systematic | archive-date = 28 August 2021 }}

Children and older individuals are at a risk of developing complications from dengue fever compared to other age groups; young children typically suffer from more intense symptoms. Concurrent infections with tropical diseases{{cite journal | vauthors = Rothman AL | title = Immunity to dengue virus: a tale of original antigenic sin and tropical cytokine storms | journal = Nature Reviews. Immunology | volume = 11 | issue = 8 | pages = 532–543 | date = July 2011 | pmid = 21760609 | doi = 10.1038/nri3014 }} like the Zika virus can worsen symptoms and make recovery more challenging.Zanluca, C., & Duarte dos Santos, C. N. (2016). Zika virus – an overview. Microbes and Infection, 18(5), 295-301. Retrieved 27 September 2024

{{Main|Dengue virus}}

File:Dengue.jpg micrograph showing dengue virus virions (the cluster of dark dots near the center)]]

Dengue virus (DENV) is an RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae; genus Flavivirus. Other members of the same genus include yellow fever virus, West Nile virus, and Zika virus.

Dengue virus genome (genetic material) contains about 11,000 nucleotide bases, which code for the three structural protein molecules (C, prM and E) that form the virus particle and seven other protein molecules that are required for replication of the virus.{{cite journal | vauthors = Rodenhuis-Zybert IA, Wilschut J, Smit JM | title = Dengue virus life cycle: viral and host factors modulating infectivity | journal = Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences | volume = 67 | issue = 16 | pages = 2773–2786 | date = August 2010 | pmid = 20372965 | pmc = 11115823 | doi = 10.1007/s00018-010-0357-z | url = https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00018-010-0357-z.pdf | url-status = live | s2cid = 4232236 | archive-url = https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00018-010-0357-z.pdf | archive-date = 2022-10-09 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Guzman MG, Halstead SB, Artsob H, Buchy P, Farrar J, Gubler DJ, Hunsperger E, Kroeger A, Margolis HS, Martínez E, Nathan MB, Pelegrino JL, Simmons C, Yoksan S, Peeling RW | title = Dengue: a continuing global threat | journal = Nature Reviews. Microbiology | volume = 8 | issue = 12 Suppl | pages = S7-16 | date = December 2010 | pmid = 21079655 | pmc = 4333201 | doi = 10.1038/nrmicro2460 }} There are four confirmed strains of the virus, called serotypes, referred to as DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4. The distinctions between the serotypes are based on their antigenicity.{{cite book| vauthors = Solomonides T|title=Healthgrid applications and core technologies : proceedings of HealthGrid 2010|year=2010|publisher=IOS Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-1-60750-582-2|page=235|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nf-Q0TYTS-0C&pg=PA235|edition=[Online-Ausg.]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501063614/https://books.google.com/books?id=nf-Q0TYTS-0C&pg=PA235|archive-date=1 May 2016}}

File:Aedes aegypti feeding.jpg

Dengue virus is most frequently transmitted by the bite of mosquitos in the Aedes genus, particularly A. aegypti.{{Cite web |date=2017-06-09 |title=Aedes aegypti – Factsheet for experts |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/disease-vectors/facts/mosquito-factsheets/aedes-aegypti |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=www.ecdc.europa.eu |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710145706/https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/vectors/mosquitoes/Pages/aedes-aegypti.aspx |url-status=live }} They prefer to feed at dusk and dawn,{{cite book |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/75303/1/9789241504034_eng.pdf |title=Global Strategy For Dengue Prevention And Control |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2012 |isbn=978-92-4-150403-4 |pages=16–17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030141619/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/75303/1/9789241504034_eng.pdf |archive-date=30 October 2012 |url-status=live}} but they may bite and thus spread infection at any time of day.{{cite web |url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/content/outbreak-notice/dengue-tropical-sub-tropical.aspx |title=Travelers' Health Outbreak Notice |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |date=2 June 2010 |access-date=27 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826005756/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/content/outbreak-notice/dengue-tropical-sub-tropical.aspx |archive-date=26 August 2010 |url-status=dead }} Other Aedes species that may transmit the disease include A. albopictus, A. polynesiensis and A. scutellaris. Humans are the primary host of the virus,{{cite journal | vauthors = Gould EA, Solomon T | title = Pathogenic flaviviruses | journal = Lancet | volume = 371 | issue = 9611 | pages = 500–509 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 18262042 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60238-X | url = https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2808%2960238-X | access-date = 6 June 2020 | url-status = live | s2cid = 205949828 | doi-access = free | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210828054828/https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2808%2960238-X | archive-date = 28 August 2021 }} but it also circulates in nonhuman primates, and can infect other mammals.{{cite journal | vauthors = Gwee SX, St John AL, Gray GC, Pang J | title = Animals as potential reservoirs for dengue transmission: A systematic review | journal = One Health | volume = 12 | pages = 100216 | date = June 2021 | pmid = 33598525 | pmc = 7868715 | doi = 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100216 }}{{cite web|title=Vector-borne viral infections|url=https://www.who.int/vaccine_research/diseases/vector/en/index1.html|publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=17 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203162048/http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/diseases/vector/en/index1.html|archive-date=3 February 2011}} An infection can be acquired via a single bite.{{cite web|url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2010/chapter-5/dengue-fever-dengue-hemorrhagic-fever.aspx|title=Chapter 5 – dengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF)|work=2010 Yellow Book|author=Center for Disease Control and Prevention|access-date=23 December 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229212025/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2010/chapter-5/dengue-fever-dengue-hemorrhagic-fever.aspx|archive-date=29 December 2010}}

For 2 to 10 days after becoming newly infected, a person's bloodstream will contain a high level of virus particles (the viremic period). A female mosquito that takes a blood meal from the infected host then propagates the virus in the cells lining its gut.{{cite book| vauthors = St Georgiev V |title=National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH.|year=2009|publisher=Humana|location=Totowa, N.J.|isbn=978-1-60327-297-1|page=268|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pymSBkVU-FsC&pg=PA268|edition=1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501133441/https://books.google.com/books?id=pymSBkVU-FsC&pg=PA268|archive-date=1 May 2016}} Over the next few days, the virus spreads to other tissues including the mosquito's salivary glands and is released into its saliva. Next time the mosquito feeds, the infectious saliva will be injected into the bloodstream of its victim, thus spreading the disease.{{Cite web |title=Dengue Transmission {{!}} Learn Science at Scitable |url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/dengue-transmission-22399758/ |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=© 2014 Nature Education |language=en |archive-date=28 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228211633/https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/dengue-transmission-22399758/ |url-status=live }} The virus seems to have no detrimental effect on the mosquito, which remains infected for life.

Dengue can also be transmitted via infected blood products and through organ donation. Vertical transmission (from mother to child) during pregnancy or at birth has been reported.{{cite journal | vauthors = Wiwanitkit V | title = Unusual mode of transmission of dengue | journal = Journal of Infection in Developing Countries | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 51–54 | date = November 2009 | pmid = 20130380 | doi = 10.3855/jidc.145 | doi-access = free }}

The principal risk for infection with dengue is the bite of an infected mosquito.{{Cite book | vauthors = Bisen PS, Raghuvanshi R |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118393277 |title=Emerging Epidemics: Management and Control |date=2013-07-22 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-39323-9 |edition=1 |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781118393277.ch8 |access-date=23 February 2024 |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223222706/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118393277 |url-status=live }} This is more probable in areas where the disease is endemic, especially where there is high population density, poor sanitation, and standing water where mosquitoes can breed. It can be mitigated by taking steps to avoid bites such as by wearing clothing that fully covers the skin, using mosquito netting while resting, and/or the application of insect repellent (DEET being the most effective).

Chronic diseases – such as asthma, sickle cell anemia, and diabetes mellitus – increase the risk of developing a severe form of the disease.{{Cite web |title=Host Response to the Dengue Virus {{!}} Learn Science at Scitable |url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/host-response-to-the-dengue-virus-22402106/ |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=www.nature.com |language=en |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223222706/https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/host-response-to-the-dengue-virus-22402106/ |url-status=live }} Other risk factors for severe disease include female sex and high body mass index. Infection with one serotype is thought to produce lifelong immunity to that type, but only short-term protection against the other three. Subsequent re-infection with a different serotype increases the risk of severe complications due to a phenomenon known as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE).{{cite journal | vauthors = Teo A, Tan HD, Loy T, Chia PY, Chua CL | title = Understanding antibody-dependent enhancement in dengue: Are afucosylated IgG1s a concern? | journal = PLOS Pathogens | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = e1011223 | date = March 2023 | pmid = 36996026 | pmc = 10062565 | doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011223 | doi-access = free }}File:antibody dependent enhancement.svgThe exact mechanism of ADE is not fully understood.{{cite journal | vauthors = Teo A, Tan HD, Loy T, Chia PY, Chua CL | title = Understanding antibody-dependent enhancement in dengue: Are afucosylated IgG1s a concern? | journal = PLOS Pathogens | volume = 19 | issue = 3 | pages = e1011223 | date = March 2023 | pmid = 36996026 | pmc = 10062565 | doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011223 | doi-access = free }} It appears that ADE occurs when the antibodies generated during an immune response recognize and bind to a pathogen, but they fail to neutralize it. Instead, the antibody-virus complex has an enhanced ability to bind to the Fcγ receptors of the target immune cells, enabling the virus to infect the cell and reproduce itself.{{Cite web |date=2020-12-07 |title=Antibody-dependent Enhancement (ADE) and Vaccines |url=https://www.chop.edu/centers-programs/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-safety/antibody-dependent-enhancement-and-vaccines |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229214549/https://www.chop.edu/centers-programs/vaccine-education-center/vaccine-safety/antibody-dependent-enhancement-and-vaccines |url-status=live }}

When a dengue virus carrying mosquito bites a person, the virus enters the skin together with the mosquito's saliva. The virus infects nearby skin cells called keratinocytes, as well as specialized immune cells located in the skin, called Langerhans cells.{{Cite web |title=Host Response to the Dengue Virus {{!}} Learn Science at Scitable |url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/host-response-to-the-dengue-virus-22402106/ |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=© 2014 Nature Education |language=en |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223222706/https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/host-response-to-the-dengue-virus-22402106/ |url-status=live }} The Langerhans cells migrate to the lymph nodes, where the infection spreads to white blood cells, and reproduces inside the cells while they move throughout the body.

The white blood cells respond by producing several signaling proteins, such as cytokines and interferons, which are responsible for many of the symptoms, such as the fever, the flu-like symptoms, and the severe pains. In severe infection, the virus production inside the body is greatly increased, and many more organs (such as the liver and the bone marrow) can be affected. Fluid from the bloodstream leaks through the wall of small blood vessels into body cavities due to increased capillary permeability. As a result, blood volume decreases, and the blood pressure becomes so low that it cannot supply sufficient blood to vital organs. The spread of the virus to the bone marrow leads to reduced numbers of platelets, which are necessary for effective blood clotting; this increases the risk of bleeding, the other major complication of dengue fever.{{cite journal | vauthors = Martina BE, Koraka P, Osterhaus AD | title = Dengue virus pathogenesis: an integrated view | journal = Clinical Microbiology Reviews | volume = 22 | issue = 4 | pages = 564–581 | date = October 2009 | pmid = 19822889 | pmc = 2772360 | doi = 10.1128/CMR.00035-09 }}

File:Vector Control.jpg{{Main|Mosquito control}}

The principal risk for infection with dengue is the bite of an infected mosquito. This is more probable in areas where the disease is endemic, especially where there is high population density, poor sanitation, and standing water where mosquitoes can breed. It can be mitigated by taking steps to avoid bites such as by wearing clothing that fully covers the skin, using mosquito netting while resting, and/or the application of insect repellent (DEET being the most effective);{{cite web |author=Center for Disease Control and Prevention |title=Chapter 5 – dengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) |url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2010/chapter-5/dengue-fever-dengue-hemorrhagic-fever.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229212025/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2010/chapter-5/dengue-fever-dengue-hemorrhagic-fever.aspx |archive-date=29 December 2010 |access-date=23 December 2010 |work=2010 Yellow Book}} it is also advisable to treat clothing, nets and tents with 0.5% permethrin.{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2023-10-20 |title=Traveling? Avoid Dengue |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/dvbd/media/avoid-dengue.html |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us |archive-date=8 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308160645/https://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/dvbd/media/avoid-dengue.html |url-status=live }}

Protection of the home can be achieved with door and window screens, by using air conditioning, and by regularly emptying and cleaning all receptacles both indoors and outdoors which may accumulate water (such as buckets, planters, pools or trashcans).

File:Church of the Immaculate Conception, JB (2025) - img 10.jpg at the Church of the Immaculate Conception in Johor Bahru, Malaysia was closed as a part of open water sources elimination in retaliation to the dengue outbreak in the area.]]

The primary method of controlling A. aegypti is by eliminating its habitats. This is done by eliminating open sources of water, or if this is not possible, by adding insecticides or biological control agents to these areas. Generalized spraying with organophosphate or pyrethroid insecticides, while sometimes done, is not thought to be effective.{{cite journal | vauthors = Reiter P | title = Yellow fever and dengue: a threat to Europe? | journal = Euro Surveillance | volume = 15 | issue = 10 | pages = 19509 | date = March 2010 | pmid = 20403310 | doi = 10.2807/ese.15.10.19509-en | url = http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19509 | url-status = live | doi-access = free | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110707070425/http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=19509 | archive-date = 7 July 2011 }} Reducing open collections of water through environmental modification is the preferred method of control, given the concerns of negative health effects from insecticides and greater logistical difficulties with control agents. Ideally, mosquito control would be a community activity, e.g. when all members of a community clear blocked gutters and street drains and keep their yards free of containers with standing water.{{Cite web |title=Controlling Dengue Outbreaks {{!}} Learn Science at Scitable |url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/controlling-dengue-outbreaks-22403714/ |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=www.nature.com |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308160444/https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/controlling-dengue-outbreaks-22403714/ |url-status=live }} If residences have direct water connections this eliminates the need for wells or street pumps and water-carrying containers.

{{main|Dengue vaccine}}As of March 2024, there are two vaccines to protect against dengue infection; Dengvaxia and Qdenga.{{Cite web |date=2023-08-07 |title=Factsheet about dengue |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/dengue-fever/facts |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=www.ecdc.europa.eu |language=en |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225174109/https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/dengue-fever/facts |url-status=live }}

File:Intradermal injection.jpg

Dengvaxia (formerly CYD-TDV) became available in 2015, and is approved for use in the US, EU and in some Asian and Latin American countries.{{Cite web |title=Information on Dengvaxia® |url=https://www.sanofi.com/en/our-company/social-impact/responsible-business-values/information-on-dengvaxia |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=www.sanofi.com |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308212800/https://www.sanofi.com/en/our-company/social-impact/responsible-business-values/information-on-dengvaxia |url-status=live }} It is an attenuated virus, is suitable for individuals aged 6–45 years and protects against all four serotypes of dengue.{{Cite web |title=Dengvaxia : EPAR - Medicine overview |url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/product-information/dengvaxia-epar-product-information_en.pdf |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=European Medicines Agency |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309191332/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/product-information/dengvaxia-epar-product-information_en.pdf |url-status=live }} Due to safety concerns about antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), it should only be given to individuals who have previously been infected with dengue, in order to protect them from reinfection.{{Cite web |date=2017-12-01 |title=Sanofi restricts dengue vaccine but downplays antibody enhancement {{!}} CIDRAP |url=https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/dengue/sanofi-restricts-dengue-vaccine-downplays-antibody-enhancement |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=Center for Infectious Disease Research & Policy |language=en |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309191331/https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/dengue/sanofi-restricts-dengue-vaccine-downplays-antibody-enhancement |url-status=live }} It is given subcutaneously as three doses at six month intervals.{{Cite web |date=2023-04-26 |title=Administering the Dengue Vaccine |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/dengue/hcp/administration.html |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us |archive-date=8 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308212735/https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/dengue/hcp/administration.html |url-status=live }}

Qdenga (formerly TAK-003) completed clinical trials in 2022 and was approved for use in the European Union in December 2022; it has been approved by a number of other countries including Indonesia and Brazil, and has been recommended by the SAGE committee of the World Health Organization.{{Cite web |title=Message by the Director of the Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals at WHO - September 2023 |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/05-10-2023-message-by-the-director-of-the-department-of-immunization--vaccines-and-biologicals-at-who---september-2023 |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=World Health Organization |language=en |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316010658/https://www.who.int/news/item/05-10-2023-message-by-the-director-of-the-department-of-immunization--vaccines-and-biologicals-at-who---september-2023 |url-status=live }} It is indicated for the prevention of dengue disease in individuals four years of age and older, and can be administered to people who have not been previously infected with dengue. It is a live attenuated vaccine containing the four serotypes of dengue virus, administered subcutaneously as two doses three months apart.

The World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases divides dengue fever into two classes: uncomplicated and severe. Severe dengue is defined as that associated with severe bleeding, severe organ dysfunction, or severe plasma leakage.{{Cite web |date=1 January 2022 |title=International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) |url=https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/classification-of-diseases |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=World Health Organization |language=en |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920045132/https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/classification-of-diseases |url-status=live }}

Severe dengue can develop suddenly, sometimes after a few days as the fever subsides. Leakage of plasma from the capillaries results in extreme low blood pressure and hypovolemic shock; Patients with severe plasma leakage may have fluid accumulation in the lungs or abdomen, insufficient protein in the blood, or thickening of the blood. Severe dengue is a medical emergency which can cause damage to organs, leading to multiple organ failure and death.{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2023-04-13 |title=Dengue Clinical Presentation {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/healthcare-providers/clinical-presentation.html |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229211732/https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/healthcare-providers/clinical-presentation.html |url-status=live }}

Mild cases of dengue fever can easily be confused with several common diseases including Influenza, measles, chikungunya, and zika.{{Cite book |date=21 April 2009 |title=Dengue guidelines, for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control |url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789241547871 |access-date=2024-03-07 |page=46 |language=en |isbn=978-92-4-154787-1 |quote=Textbox B and Textbox C. |publisher=World Health Organization |vauthors=Organization WH |archive-date=16 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316010639/https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241547871 |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=Dengue - Infectious Diseases |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/infectious-diseases/arboviruses,-arenaviridae,-and-filoviridae/dengue |access-date=2024-03-04 |website=MSD Manual Professional Edition |language=en-GB |archive-date=4 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304203003/https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/infectious-diseases/arboviruses,-arenaviridae,-and-filoviridae/dengue |url-status=live }} Dengue, chikungunya and zika share the same mode of transmission (Aedes mosquitoes) and are often endemic in the same regions, so that it is possible to be infected simultaneously by more than one disease. For travellers, dengue fever diagnosis should be considered in anyone who develops a fever within two weeks of being in the tropics or subtropics.

File:Dengue testing.png

Warning symptoms of severe dengue include abdominal pain, persistent vomiting, odema, bleeding, lethargy, and liver enlargement. Once again, these symptoms can be confused with other diseases such as malaria, gastroenteritis, leptospirosis, and typhus.

Blood tests can be used to confirm a diagnosis of dengue. During the first few days of infection, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) can be used to detect the NS1 antigen; however this antigen is produced by all flaviviruses.{{Cite journal | vauthors = Beltrán-Silva SL, Chacón-Hernández SS, Moreno-Palacios E, Pereyra-Molina JÁ |date=2018-07-01 |title=Clinical and differential diagnosis: Dengue, chikungunya and Zika |url=https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-revista-medica-del-hospital-general-325-articulo-clinical-differential-diagnosis-dengue-chikungunya-S0185106316301135 |journal=Revista Médica del Hospital General de México |language=en |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=146–153 |doi=10.1016/j.hgmx.2016.09.011 |issn=0185-1063 |access-date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=4 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304213207/https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-revista-medica-del-hospital-general-325-articulo-clinical-differential-diagnosis-dengue-chikungunya-S0185106316301135 |url-status=live |doi-access=free }} Four or five days into the infection, it is possible to reliably detect anti-dengue IgM antibodies, but this does not determine the serotype. Nucleic acid amplification tests provide the most reliable method of diagnosis.

As of July 2024, there is no specific antiviral treatment available for dengue fever.{{Cite web |date=5 October 2022 |title=Dengue fever - Diagnosis and treatment |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dengue-fever/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353084 |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=Mayo Clinic |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310191537/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dengue-fever/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353084 |url-status=live }}

Most cases of dengue fever have mild symptoms, and recovery takes place in a few days. No treatment is required for these cases. Acetaminophen (Paracetamol, Tylenol) may be used to relieve mild fever or pain. Other common pain relievers, including aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve) should be avoided as they can increase the risk of bleeding complications.

For moderate illness, those who can drink, are passing urine, have no warning signs and are otherwise reasonably healthy can be monitored carefully at home. Supportive care with analgesics, fluid replacement, and bed rest are recommended.{{Cite journal | vauthors = Smith DS, Mariano DJ, Trautwein ML | veditors = Bronze MS |date=16 November 2022 |title=Dengue Treatment & Management |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215840-treatment |access-date=10 March 2024 |website=Medscape |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310191537/https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215840-treatment |url-status=live }}

Severe dengue is a life-threatening emergency, requiring hospitalization and potentially intensive care. Warning signs include dehydration, decreasing platelets and increasing hematocrit.{{Cite web |title=Dengue Case Management |url=https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/resources/dengue-clinician-guide_508.pdf |access-date=10 March 2024 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310191537/https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/resources/dengue-clinician-guide_508.pdf |url-status=live }} Treatment modes include intravenous fluids, and transfusion with platelets or plasma.

Most people with dengue recover without any ongoing problems. The risk of death among those with severe dengue is 0.8–2.5%,{{cite journal | vauthors = Kularatne SA | title = Dengue fever | journal = BMJ | volume = 351 | pages = h4661 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 26374064 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.h4661 | s2cid = 1680504 }} and with adequate treatment this is less than 1%. However, those who develop significantly low blood pressure may have a fatality rate of up to 26%. The risk of death among children less than five years old is four times greater than among those over the age of 10. Elderly people are also at higher risk of a poor outcome.

{{See also|Dengue fever outbreaks}}

File:Dengue world map-Deaths per million persons-WHO2012.svgAs of March 2023, dengue is endemic in more than 100 countries with cases reported in every continent with the exception of Antarctica.{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2023-09-21 |title=Dengue Areas of Risk Around the World {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/areaswithrisk/around-the-world.html |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}} The Americas, Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific regions are the most seriously affected.{{Cite web | vauthors = Tidy C | veditors = Vakharia K |date=2022-06-22 |title=Dengue (Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment) |url=https://patient.info/doctor/dengue-2 |access-date=2024-03-14 |website=patient.info |language=en}} It is difficult to estimate the full extent of the disease, as many cases are mild and not correctly diagnosed. WHO currently estimates that 3.9 billion people are at risk of dengue infection. In 2013, it was estimated that 390 million dengue infections occur every year, with 500,000 of these developing severe symptoms and 25,000 deaths.{{cite journal | vauthors = Bhatt S, Gething PW, Brady OJ, Messina JP, Farlow AW, Moyes CL, Drake JM, Brownstein JS, Hoen AG, Sankoh O, Myers MF, George DB, Jaenisch T, Wint GR, Simmons CP, Scott TW, Farrar JJ, Hay SI | title = The global distribution and burden of dengue | journal = Nature | volume = 496 | issue = 7446 | pages = 504–507 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 23563266 | pmc = 3651993 | doi = 10.1038/nature12060 | bibcode = 2013Natur.496..504B }}{{Cite journal | vauthors = Jing Q, Wang M |date=June 2019 |title=Dengue epidemiology |journal=Global Health Journal |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=37–45 |doi=10.1016/j.glohj.2019.06.002 |issn=2414-6447|doi-access=free }}

{{External media|topic=An online map showing reports of dengue fever|image1=https://www.healthmap.org/dengue/en/|width=200px}}Generally, areas where dengue is endemic have only one serotype of the virus in circulation. The disease is said to be hyperendemic in areas where more than one serotype is circulating; this increases the risk of severe disease on a second or subsequent infection.{{Cite web | vauthors = Smith DS |title=What is characteristic of hyperendemic dengue? |url=https://www.medscape.com/answers/215840-43445/what-is-characteristic-of-hyperendemic-dengue |access-date=23 June 2021 |publisher=Medscape}}

Infections are most commonly acquired in urban environments where the virus is primarily transmitted by the mosquito species Aedes aegypti.{{cite book |title=Desk Encyclopedia of Human and Medical Virology |vauthors=Gubler DJ |publisher=Academic Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-12-375147-8 |veditors=Mahy BW, Van Regenmortel MH |location=Boston |pages=372–82 |chapter=Dengue viruses |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nsh48WKIbhQC&pg=PA372 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609195355/https://books.google.com/books?id=nsh48WKIbhQC&pg=PA372 |archive-date=9 June 2016 |url-status=live}} This species has adapted to the urban environment, is generally found close to human habitation, prefers humans as its host, and takes advantage of small bodies of standing water (such as tanks and buckets) in which to breed. In rural settings the virus is transmitted to humans by A. aegypti and other related mosquitoes such as Aedes albopictus. Both these species have expanding ranges. There are two subspecies of Aedes aegypti, where Aedes aegypti formosus can be found in natural habitats such as forests and Aedes aegypti aegypti has adapted to urban domestic habitats.{{Cite web |date=2017-06-09 |title=Aedes aegypti - Factsheet for experts |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/disease-vectors/facts/mosquito-factsheets/aedes-aegypti |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=www.ecdc.europa.eu |language=en}}

Dengue has increased in incidence in recent decades, with WHO recording a ten fold increase between 2010 and 2019 (from 500,000 to 5 million recorded cases). This increase is tied closely to the increasing range of Aedes mosquitoes, which is attributed to a combination of urbanization, population growth, and an increasingly warm climate.{{cite journal | vauthors = Whitehorn J, Farrar J | title = Dengue | journal = British Medical Bulletin | volume = 95 | pages = 161–173 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20616106 | doi = 10.1093/bmb/ldq019 | s2cid = 215154729 | doi-access = free }}{{Cite web |date=5 March 2019 |title=Climate Change Will Expose Half of World's Population to Disease-Spreading Mosquitoes By 2050 |url=https://e360.yale.edu/digest/climate-change-will-expose-half-of-worlds-population-to-disease-spreading-mosquitoes-by-2050 |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Yale Environment 360 |language=en-US}} In endemic areas, dengue infections peak when rainfall is optimal for mosquito breeding.{{Cite web |title=Dengue increase likely during rainy season: WHO warns |url=https://www.who.int/westernpacific/news/item/11-06-2019-dengue-increase-likely-during-rainy-season-who-warns |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=World Health Organization |language=en}} In October 2023, the first confirmed symptomatic case of locally acquired dengue (i.e. not while travelling) in the US was identified in California.{{cite journal | vauthors = Feaster M, Patrick R, Oshiro M, Kuan M, Goh YY, Carmona M, Tartof SY, Farned J, Hallum T, Lund AJ, Preas C, Messenger S, Kramer V, Danforth M, Sheridan C | title = Notes from the Field: First Locally Acquired Dengue Virus Infections - Pasadena, California, October-December 2023 | language = en-us | journal = MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report | volume = 73 | issue = 42 | pages = 955–956 | date = October 2024 | pmid = 39446691 | pmc = 11500840 | doi = 10.15585/mmw.mm7342a4 }}

The disease infects all races, sexes, and ages equally. In endemic areas, the infection is most commonly seen in children who then acquire a lifelong partial immunity.

The first historical record of a case of probable dengue fever is in a Chinese medical encyclopedia from the Jin dynasty (266–420) which referred to a "water poison" associated with flying insects.{{cite journal | vauthors = Gubler DJ | title = Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever | journal = Clinical Microbiology Reviews | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | pages = 480–496 | date = July 1998 | pmid = 9665979 | pmc = 88892 | doi = 10.1128/cmr.11.3.480 }}{{cite journal |author=Anonymous |year=2006 |title=Etymologia: dengue |url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/6/pdfs/et-1206.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Emerg. Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=6 |page=893 |doi=10.3201/eid1206.ET1206 |pmc=3373045 |s2cid=29398958 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203085913/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/6/pdfs/et-1206.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013 |doi-access=free}}

The principal mosquito vector of dengue, Aedes aegypti, spread out of Africa in the 15th to 19th centuries due to the slave trade and consequent expansion of international trading. There have been descriptions of epidemics of dengue-like illness in the 17th century, and it is likely that epidemics in Jakarta, Cairo, and Philadelphia during the 18th century were caused by dengue.{{cite journal | vauthors = Kuno G | title = A Re-Examination of the History of Etiologic Confusion between Dengue and Chikungunya | journal = PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases | volume = 9 | issue = 11 | pages = e0004101 | date = November 2015 | pmid = 26562299 | pmc = 4643049 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004101 | quote = 1779–1780: 'Knokkel-koorts' in Batavia (now Jakarta, Indonesia) and 'break bone fever' in Philadelphia | doi-access = free }}

It is assumed that dengue was constantly present in many tropical urban centres throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, even though significant outbreaks were infrequent. The marked spread of dengue during and after the Second World War has been attributed partly to disruption caused by the war, and partly to subsequent urbanisation in south-east Asia. As novel serotypes were introduced to regions already endemic with dengue, outbreaks of severe disease followed. The severe hemorrhagic form of the disease was first reported in the Philippines in 1953; by the 1970s, it had become recognised as a major cause of child mortality in Southeast Asia.

In Central and South America, the Aedes mosquito had been eradicated in the 1950s; however the eradication program was discontinued in the 1970s and the disease re-established itself in the region during the 1980s, becoming hyperendemic and causing significant epidemics.

Dengue has continued to increase in prevalence during the 21st century, as the mosquito vector continues to expand its range. This is attributed partly to continuing urbanisation, and partly to the impact of a warmer climate.{{Cite web |title=As Temperatures Rise, Dengue Fever Spreads and Cases Rise |url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/dengue-fever-climate-change |access-date=2024-03-20 |website=Yale E360 |language=en-US}}

The name came into English in the early 19th century from West Indian Spanish, which borrowed it from the Kiswahili term dinga / denga, meaning "cramp-like seizure" – the full term of the condition being ki-dinga pepo: "a sort of cramp-like seizure (caused by) an evil spirit".Christie J. On Epidemics of Dengue Fever: Their Diffusion and Etiology. Glasgow Med J. 1881;16(3):161-176. The borrowed term changed to dengue in Spanish due to this word existing in Spanish with the meaning "fastidiousness" and this folk etymology referring to the dislike of movement by affected patients.{{cite journal|author=Anonymous|title=Etymologia: dengue|journal=Emerg. Infect. Dis.|year=2006|volume=12|page=893|url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/6/pdfs/et-1206.pdf|issue=6|pmc=3373045| doi=10.3201/eid1206.ET1206|s2cid=29398958|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203085913/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/12/6/pdfs/et-1206.pdf|archive-date=3 December 2013|doi-access=free}} Slaves in the West Indies having contracted dengue were said to have the posture and gait of a dandy, and the disease was known as "dandy fever".{{cite web|author=Anonymous|url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=6620|title=Definition of Dandy fever|work=MedicineNet.com|date=15 June 1998|access-date=25 December 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605231418/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=6620|archive-date=5 June 2011}}{{cite book| vauthors = Halstead SB |title=Dengue (Tropical Medicine: Science and Practice)|publisher=Imperial College Press|location=River Edge, N.J|year=2008|pages=1–10|isbn=978-1-84816-228-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6zLd9mFwxwsC&pg=PA1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521221422/https://books.google.com/books?id=6zLd9mFwxwsC&pg=PA1|archive-date=21 May 2016}}

The term break-bone fever was applied by physician and United States Founding Father Benjamin Rush, in a 1789 report of the 1780 epidemic in Philadelphia, due to the associated muscle and joint pains. In the report title he uses the more formal term "bilious remitting fever".{{cite book|vauthors=Barrett AD, Stanberry LR|title=Vaccines for biodefense and emerging and neglected diseases|publisher=Academic|location=San Diego|year=2009|pages=287–323|isbn=978-0-12-369408-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Nu058ZNa1MC&pg=PA289|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512080958/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Nu058ZNa1MC&pg=PA289|archive-date=12 May 2016}} The term dengue fever came into general use only after 1828. Other historical terms include "breakheart fever" and "la dengue". Terms for severe disease include "infectious thrombocytopenic purpura" and "Philippine", "Thai", or "Singapore hemorrhagic fever".

Research directions include dengue pathogenesis (the process by which the disease develops in humans), as well as the biology, ecology and behaviour of the mosquito vector. Improved diagnostics would enable faster and more appropriate treatment.{{cite journal | vauthors = Laughlin CA, Morens DM, Cassetti MC, Costero-Saint Denis A, San Martin JL, Whitehead SS, Fauci AS | title = Dengue research opportunities in the Americas | journal = The Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 206 | issue = 7 | pages = 1121–1127 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 22782946 | pmc = 3499110 | doi = 10.1093/infdis/jis351 }} Attempts are ongoing to develop an antiviral medicine targeting the NS3 or NS5 proteins.{{cite journal | vauthors = Obi JO, Gutiérrez-Barbosa H, Chua JV, Deredge DJ | title = Current Trends and Limitations in Dengue Antiviral Research | journal = Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease | volume = 6 | issue = 4 | pages = 180 | date = September 2021 | pmid = 34698303 | pmc = 8544673 | doi = 10.3390/tropicalmed6040180 | doi-access = free }}

In addition to the two vaccines which are already available, several vaccine candidates are in development.{{cite journal | vauthors = Kariyawasam R, Lachman M, Mansuri S, Chakrabarti S, Boggild AK | title = A dengue vaccine whirlwind update | journal = Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease | volume = 10 | pages = 20499361231167274 | date = 2023-04-20 | pmid = 37114191 | pmc = 10126642 | doi = 10.1177/20499361231167274 }}

Rising temperatures and altered rainfall patterns are expanding the season and habitats of Aedes mosquitoes, the primary vectors of the disease.{{Cite web |last=Nature |first=Research Communities by Springer |date=2025-01-06 |title=Rising Temperatures, Rising Dengue |url=https://communities.springernature.com/posts/rising-temperatures-rising-dengue |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=Research Communities by Springer Nature |language=en}} In India, a study has developed an early warning system that analyzes regional climate factors—such as temperature, rainfall, and humidity—to predict potential dengue outbreaks two months in advance, enhancing preparedness and response strategies.{{Cite journal |last1=Sophia |first1=Yacob |last2=Roxy |first2=Mathew Koll |last3=Murtugudde |first3=Raghu |last4=Karipot |first4=Anand |last5=Sapkota |first5=Amir |last6=Dasgupta |first6=Panini |last7=Baliwant |first7=Kalpana |last8=Saunik |first8=Sujata |last9=Tiwari |first9=Abhiyant |last10=Chattopadhyay |first10=Rajib |last11=Phalkey |first11=Revati K. |date=2025-01-21 |title=Dengue dynamics, predictions, and future increase under changing monsoon climate in India |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=1637 |doi=10.1038/s41598-025-85437-w |pmid=39837878 |pmc=11750985 |bibcode=2025NatSR..15.1637S |issn=2045-2322}}{{Cite web |date=2025-01-21 |title=Scientists create early warning system to curb dengue outbreaks |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/climate-change-fuels-dengue-surge-new-system-predicts-outbreaks-23469177 |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=Mid-day |language=en}} Future projections indicate that dengue transmission risk will continue to rise with the rise in temperatures.

Outbreaks of dengue fever increase the need for blood products while decreasing the number of potential blood donors due to potential infection with the virus.{{cite journal | vauthors = Teo D, Ng LC, Lam S | title = Is dengue a threat to the blood supply? | journal = Transfusion Medicine | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | pages = 66–77 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19392949 | pmc = 2713854 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-3148.2009.00916.x }} Someone who has a dengue infection is typically not allowed to donate blood for at least the next six months.

File:Dengue alert post in Tampines, Singapore.jpg, Singapore, notifying people that there are ten or more cases of dengue in the neighbourhood (November 2015)]]

International Anti-Dengue Day is observed every year on 15 June in a number of countries.{{cite web|title=Marking ASEAN Dengue Day|url=http://www.wpro.who.int/emerging_diseases/meetings/ASEAN.dengue.day.2013/en/|access-date=16 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617222405/http://www.wpro.who.int/emerging_diseases/meetings/ASEAN.dengue.day.2013/en/|archive-date=17 June 2015}} The idea was first agreed upon in 2010 with the first event held in Jakarta, Indonesia, in 2011. Further events were held in 2012 in Yangon, Myanmar, and in 2013 in Vietnam. Goals are to increase public awareness about dengue, mobilize resources for its prevention and control and, to demonstrate the Southeast Asian region's commitment in tackling the disease.{{cite book|title=ACTION AGAINST DENGUE Dengue Day Campaigns Across Asia|date=2011|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-9061-539-2}} Efforts are ongoing as of 2019 to make it a global event.{{cite web |title=Calling for a World Dengue Day |url=https://www.isntd.org/world-dengue-day-open-letter |website=The International Society for Neglected Tropical Diseases |access-date=7 January 2019 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107233032/https://www.isntd.org/world-dengue-day-open-letter |url-status=live }}

The Philippines has an awareness month in June since 1998.{{cite news |title=Dengue Awareness Month {{!}} GOVPH |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2011/06/02/dengue-awareness-month/ |access-date=7 January 2019 |work=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |publisher=Official Gazette |date=2 June 2011 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107181057/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2011/06/02/dengue-awareness-month/ |url-status=dead }}{{cite news |title=Did you know: Dengue Awareness Month {{!}} Inquirer News |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/696969/did-you-know-dengue-awareness-month-2 |access-date=7 January 2019 |work=newsinfo.inquirer.net |date=9 June 2015 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107181201/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/696969/did-you-know-dengue-awareness-month-2 |url-status=live }}

A National Dengue Day is held in India annually on 16 May.{{cite web |date=6 June 2018 |title=National Dengue Day |url=https://www.nhp.gov.in/national-dengue-day_pg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107232919/https://www.nhp.gov.in/national-dengue-day_pg |archive-date=7 January 2019 |access-date=7 January 2019}}

A study estimated that the global burden of dengue in 2013 amounted to US$8.9 billion.{{cite journal | vauthors = Shepard DS, Undurraga EA, Halasa YA, Stanaway JD | title = The global economic burden of dengue: a systematic analysis | journal = The Lancet. Infectious Diseases | volume = 16 | issue = 8 | pages = 935–941 | date = August 2016 | pmid = 27091092 | doi = 10.1016/s1473-3099(16)00146-8 }}

• Climate change and infectious diseases#Dengue fever
• Dengue fever outbreaks

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{{Reflist}}

{{Sister project links |wikt=no|commons=Category:Dengue |b=no |n= no|q=no |s=no |v=no |voy=Dengue|species=no |d=no |display=Dengue fever }}

{{Medical condition classification and resources

| ICD11 = {{ICD11|1D20}}, {{ICD11|1D21}}, {{ICD11|1D22}}

| ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|97||a|00}}

| ICD9 = {{ICD9|061}}

|OMIM=614371

| DiseasesDB = 3564

| MedlinePlus = 001374

| eMedicineSubj = med

| eMedicineTopic = 528

| MeshName = Dengue

| MeshNumber = C02.782.417.214

}}

{{Portalbar|Medicine|Viruses}}

{{Zoonotic viral diseases}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Insect-borne diseases

Category:Tropical diseases

Category:Vaccine-preventable diseases

Category:Zoonoses