orellani

Spore color: Rusty brown to orange

Cap: 3–7 cm rusty brown to orange. Often has a steeper and darker colored elevation at the top of the cap, but this varies greatly from specimen to specimen

Gills: Wide gaps between the gills which can be, but are not necessarily, connected to the stem

Location: Rare, but common in temperate parts of northern Europe. Has been encountered as far north as Finnish Lapland.

Habitat: pine woods with acidic soil

Other details: Young specimens contain a pale web between the cap and the stem. Sometimes parts of this web can be seen as a yellow ring on the stem or at the edge of the cap. The fruiting body of the mushroom blossoms from mid-summer to late autumn.

Cortinarius rainierensis, described in 1950 by Alex H. Smith and Daniel Elliot Stuntz from material collected Mount Rainier National Park,{{cite journal |author=Smith AH, Stuntz DE |year= 1950 |title= New or noteworthy Fungi from Mt. Rainier National Park | journal= Mycologia |volume= 42|issue= 1 | pages= 80–134 |doi=10.2307/3755245|jstor= 3755245 }} is a synonym.{{cite journal|journal=Pacific Northwest Fungi|volume=1|issue=6|pages=1–7|date=May 1, 2006 |title=Cortinarius rubellus Cooke from British Columbia, Canada and Western Washington, USA|author=Christie P. Robertson|author2=Leesa Wright|author3=Sharmin Gamiet|author4=Noelle Machnicki|author5=Joe Ammirati |author6=Joshua Birkebak|author7=Colin Meyer|author8=Alissa Allen|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 July 2020 |url=http://www.pnwfungi.org/index.php/pnwfungi/article/viewFile/1021/662 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720144513/https://www.pnwfungi.org/index.php/pnwfungi/article/viewFile/1021/662}}

Spore color: Rusty brown to orange

Cap: {{cvt|3–8.5|cm}}, concave

Gills: Similar to those of the deadly webcap

Location: Common throughout Europe, rare in the northern parts of Europe. Has been observed as far north as southern Norway

Habitat: In forests, around trees where the soil is alkaline or acidic

Other details: Young specimens of the fool's webcap also contain a web between the cap and the stem that partially or completely disappears as the specimen ages.

{{Main|Orellanine}}

The deadly webcap and the fool's webcap both contain the toxin orellanine and orellin, orellininKeeler 1991, p. 501 and cortinarin A, B, and C.Keeler 1991, p. 507 A characteristic of orellanine poisoning is the long latency; the first symptoms usually don't appear until 2–3 days after ingestion and can in some cases take as long as 3 weeks. The first symptoms of orellanine poisoning are similar to the common flu (nausea, vomiting, stomach pains, headaches, etc.). These symptoms are followed by early stages of kidney failure (immense thirst, frequent urination, pain on and around the kidneys), and eventually decreased or nonexistent urine output and other symptoms of kidney failure occur. If left untreated, death will follow. There is no known antidote against orellanine poisoning, but early hospitalization and treatment can sometimes prevent serious injuries and usually prevent death. If orellanine poisoning is suspected, emergency medical attention is advised.

Both of these mushrooms can be confused with each other and many incidents of mushroom poisoning have occurred where inexperienced mushroom hunters have confused these mushrooms with edible mushrooms, such as the chanterelle, or hallucinogenic mushrooms.{{cite journal |vauthors=Franz M, Regele H, Kirchmair M, etal |title=Magic mushrooms: hope for a 'cheap high' resulting in end-stage renal failure|journal=Nephrol. Dial. Transplant.|volume=11|issue=11|pages=2324–27|date=November 1996|pmid=8941602|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.ndt.a027160}} Extreme care should be taken when picking mushrooms like the cleaned funnel chanterelles as these mushrooms share the same habitat as the deadly webcap and the fool's webcap.

In Poland during the 1950s there was a small epidemic where over 100 people became ill. What caused the illness remained a mystery until 1952 when Polish physician Stanisław Grzymala discovered that everyone suffering from the illness, which by then had claimed several lives, had eaten the mushroom Cortinarius orellanus.See:

• Alina Skirgiełło and Andrzej Nespiak (1957) "Erfahrungen mit Dermocybe orellana (Fr.) in Polen: A. Cortinarius (Dermocybe) orellanus Fr. non Quél. — cause d'intoxications fongiques en Pologne en 1952-55" (Experiences with Dermocybe orellana (Fr.) in Poland: A. Cortinarius (Dermocybe) orellanus Fr. non Quél. — cause of mushroom poisoning in Poland in 1952-55) Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde (Journal for Mycology), vol. 23, pages 138-139.
• Stanisław Grzymala (1957) "Erfahrungen mit Dermocybe orellana (Fr.) in Polen: B. Massenvergiftung durch den Orangefuchsigen Hautkopf. (Experiences with Dermocybe orellana (Fr.) in Poland: B. Mass poisoning by the orange-red web-cap), Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde, vol. 23, pages 139-142.{{cite book|last=Spoerke|first= David G.|author2=Barry H. Rumack |title=Handbook of Mushroom Poisoning: Diagnosis and Treatment|publisher=CRC Press|year=1994|page= [https://books.google.com/books?id=WPWsZNvOqVAC&pg=PA250 250]|isbn=0-8493-0194-7|title-link= Handbook of Mushroom Poisoning: Diagnosis and Treatment}}

The {{LD50}} of orellanine in mice is {{convert|12–20|mg/kg}} body weight. From cases of orellanine-related mushroom poisoning in humans it seems that the lethal dose for humans is considerably lower.

Several more mushrooms in the genus Cortinarius are suspected to contain orellanine or other deadly toxins. Among them are C. callisteus and C. limonius.

British author Nicholas Evans, his wife Charlotte Gordon Cumming, and two other relatives were accidentally poisoned in September 2008 after consuming C. rubellus and/or C. speciosissimus that they gathered on holiday.{{cite news|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/8675690/Nicholas-Evans-I-wanted-to-die.-It-was-so-grim.html|place=London|work=The Daily Telegraph|first=Elizabeth|last=Grice|title=Nicholas Evans: 'I wanted to die. It was so grim'|date=August 2, 2011}} Although the poisoning was non-lethal, Evans and the others suffered severe renal damage and had to undergo kidney dialysis.{{Cite journal | last1 = Evans | first1 = N. | last2 = Hamilton | first2 = A. | last3 = Bello-Villalba | first3 = M. J. | last4 = Bingham | first4 = C. | title = Irreversible renal damage from accidental mushroom poisoning | doi = 10.1136/bmj.e5262 | journal = BMJ | volume = 345 | pages = e5262 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22885396| doi-access = free }}{{Cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/09/02/horse-whisperer-author-po_n_123268.html |title="Horse Whisperer" Author Poisoned By Mushrooms |agency=Associated Press |work=The Huffington Post |date=September 2, 2008}} All four victims were informed that they would require kidney transplants in the future. Several years later, Evans received a kidney donated by his daughter, Lauren.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/sep/16/wild-mushroom-picking|title=How to pick wild mushrooms|first=Phil |last=Daoust|work=The Guardian|date=September 16, 2010|location=London}}

{{Portal|Fungi}}

• List of deadly fungi
• Mushroom hunting
• Mushroom poisoning

{{Reflist}}

{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaZzj4Rn0QYC&q=orellanin+orellin+orellanine+orellinine+cortinarin&pg=PA501 | title=Handbook of Natural Toxins: Toxicology of Plant and Fungal Compounds| isbn=9780824783754| last1=Keeler| first1=R. F.| date=1991-03-01| publisher=CRC Press}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q21091705}}

• [http://www.mycologia.org/cgi/content/full/94/5/752 The presence of orellanine in spores and basidiocarp from Cortinarius orellanus and Cortinarius rubellus]
• [https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Cortinarius+rubellus&oq=Cortinarius+rubellus&gs_l=youtube.3...4732.4732.0.5886.1.1.0.0.0.0.148.148.0j1.1.0...0.0...1ac.1.C6DctQoP3V8 Videos of Cortinarius orellanus on YouTube]

{{Commons|Cortinarius orellanus}}

Category:Poisonous fungi

Category:Deadly fungi

Category:Cortinarius