polyvinylpyrrolidone

Image:Povidone-iodine.svg

There are high-purity injectable grades of PVP available on the market, for specific use in intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous applications.{{Cite web |title=Povidones, Copovidones, and Crospovidones for Pharmaceutical Products |url=https://pharma.basf.com/chemistry/povidones-copovidones-crospovidones |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=BASF Pharma |language=en-US}}

PVP is a frequently used binder in pharmaceutical tablet formulations.{{cite book |last=Bühler |first=Volker |year=2005 |title=Polyvinylpyrrolidone Excipients for Pharmaceuticals: Povidone, Crospovidone and Copovidone |url=https://archive.org/details/polyvinylpyrroli00buhl |url-access=limited |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin, Heidelberg, New York |isbn=978-3540234128| pages=[https://archive.org/details/polyvinylpyrroli00buhl/page/n12 1]–254|doi=10.1007/b138598}} Pharmacokinetic studies in humans and various laboratory animal models indicate no to very little systemic absorption of PVP following oral administration.{{cite journal |vauthors=Kurakula M, Rao GS |title=Pharmaceutical assessment of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP): As excipient from conventional to controlled delivery systems with a spotlight on COVID-19 inhibition |journal=Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology |volume=60 |issue= |pages=102046 |date=December 2020 |pmid=32905026 |pmc=7462970 |doi=10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102046}}

PVP added to iodine forms a complex called povidone-iodine that possesses disinfectant properties.[https://web.archive.org/web/20060313193322/http://www.ispcorp.com/products/pharma/content/brochure/pvpiodine/pvpiodine.pdf PVP-Iodine]. ispcorp.com. 2004. This complex is used in various products such as solutions, ointment, pessaries, liquid soaps, and surgical scrubs. It is sold under the trade names Pyodine and Betadine, among others.

It is used in pleurodesis (fusion of the pleura because of incessant pleural effusions). For this purpose, povidone-iodine is as effective and safe as talc, and may be preferred because of its easy availability and low cost.{{cite journal |vauthors=Das SK, Saha SK, Das A, Halder AK, Banerjee SN, Chakraborty M |title=A study of comparison of efficacy and safety of talc and povidone iodine for pleurodesis of malignant pleural effusions |journal=Journal of the Indian Medical Association |volume=106 |issue=9 |pages=589–90, 592 |date= 2008 |pmid=19552086}}

PVP is used in some contact lenses and their packaging solutions. It reduces friction, thus acting as a lubricant, or wetting agent, built into the lens. Examples of this use include Bausch & Lomb's Ultra contact lenses with MoistureSeal Technology,{{cite web |url=https://clspectrum.com/issues/2014/may/contact-lens-design-and-materials |title=Contact Lens Design & Materials: New Lens Technology Targets Improved Vision and Comfort |website=Contact Lens SPECTRUM |date=May 1, 2014 |access-date=Sep 27, 2017}} Air Optix contact lens packaging solution (as an ingredient called "copolymer 845"),{{cite web |url=https://www.clspectrum.com/issues/2009/october/contact-lens-materials |title=Contact Lens Materials: The Evolution of Contact Lens Wetting Agents |website=Contact Lens SPECTRUM|date=October 1, 2009 |access-date=Sep 27, 2017}} and Johnson & Johnson's Acuvue contact lenses.{{cite web |url=https://www.reviewofoptometry.com/article/deciphering-contact-lens-terminology |title=Deciphering Contact Lens Terminology |website=Review of Optometry |date=August 15, 2022 |access-date=Nov 7, 2024}}

PVP is used as a lubricant in some eye drops, e.g. Bausch & Lomb's Soothe.{{cite web |url=http://www.bausch.com/our-products/dry-eye-products/dry-eye-products/soothe-hydration-lubricant-eye-drops |title=Soothe Hydration Lubricant Eye Drops |publisher=Bausch & Lomb |access-date=Sep 27, 2017}}

PVP was used as a plasma volume expander for trauma victims after the 1950s. It is not preferred as a volume expander due to its ability to provoke histamine release and also interfere with blood grouping.

Autopsies have found that crospovidone (PVPP) contributes to pulmonary vascular injury in substance abusers who have injected pharmaceutical tablets intended for oral consumption.{{Cite journal| pmid = 12692192| year = 2003| last1 = Ganesan| first1 = S| title = Embolized crospovidone (polyN-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) in the lungs of intravenous drug users| journal = Modern Pathology| volume = 16| issue = 4| pages = 286–92| last2 = Felo| first2 = J| last3 = Saldana| first3 = M| last4 = Kalasinsky| first4 = V. F.| last5 = Lewin-Smith| first5 = M. R.| last6 = Tomashefski Jr| first6 = J. F.| doi = 10.1097/01.MP.0000062653.65441.DA| doi-access = free}} The long-term effects of crospovidone or povidone within the lung are unknown.

PVP is also used in many technical applications:

• as a special additive for batteries, ceramics, fiberglass, inks, and inkjet paper, and in the chemical-mechanical planarization process
• as an emulsifier and disintegrant for solution polymerization
• to increase resolution in photoresists for cathode-ray tubes (CRT){{Cite journal | doi = 10.1002/app.23950| title = Development of high-definition aqueous polyvinylpyrrolidone photoresists for cathode ray tubes| journal = Journal of Applied Polymer Science| volume = 102| issue = 2| pages = 1637–1644| year = 2006| last1 = Swei | first1 = J. | last2 = Talbot | first2 = J. B. }}
• in aqueous metal quenching
• for production of membranes, such as dialysis and water purification filters
• as a binder and complexation agent in agricultural applications such as crop protection, seed treatment and coating
• as a thickening agent in tooth whitening gelsChen, Tianming "Dental bleach", {{US Patent|6730316}}, Priority date January 27, 2001
• as an aid for increasing the solubility of drugs in liquid and semi-liquid dosage forms (syrups, soft gelatine capsules) and as an inhibitor of recrystallisation{{Cite web |title=Pharmaceutical Povidones, Copovidones, Crospovidones |url=https://pharma.basf.com/chemistry/povidones-copovidones-crospovidones |access-date=2021-04-27 |website=pharmaceutical.basf.com |language=en}}
• as an additive to Doro's RNA extraction buffer {{Citation needed|date=August 2015}}
• as a liquid-phase dispersion enhancing agent in DOSY NMR{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1021/ol9001398| pmid = 19231850| title = General Chromatographic NMR Method in Liquid State for Synthetic Chemistry: Polyvinylpyrrolidone Assisted DOSY Experiments| journal = Organic Letters| volume = 11| issue = 6| pages = 1349–52| year = 2009| last1 = Kavakka | first1 = J. S. | last2 = KilpeläInen | first2 = I. | last3 = Heikkinen | first3 = S. }}
• as a surfactant, reducing agent, shape controlling agent and dispersant in nanoparticle synthesis and their self-assembly{{Cite journal|title=Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in nanoparticle synthesis|last1=Koczkur|first1=Kallum M.|last2=Mourdikoudis|first2=Stefanos|journal=Dalton Transactions|volume=44|issue=41|pages=17883–17905|language=en|doi=10.1039/C5DT02964C|pmid=26434727|last3=Polavarapu|first3=Lakshminarayana|last4=Skrabalak|first4=Sara E.|year=2015|s2cid=9323765 |url=https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01217114/file/Koczkur_2015_Polyvinylpyrrolidone.pdf}}
• as a stabilizing agent in all inorganic solar cells{{Cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Bo|last2=Zhang|first2=Yanan|last3=Fu|first3=Lin|title=Surface passivation engineering strategy to fully-inorganic cubic CsPbI 3 perovskites for high-performance solar cells|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-03169-0.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030074118/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-03169-0.pdf |archive-date=2018-10-30 |url-status=live|journal=Nature|year=2018 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=8|doi=10.1038/s41467-018-03169-0 |pmid=29540764 |pmc=5852044 |bibcode=2018NatCo...9.1076L }}

PVP binds to polar molecules exceptionally well, owing to its polarity. This has led to its application in coatings for photo-quality ink-jet papers and transparencies, as well as in inks for inkjet printers.

PVP is also used in personal care products, such as shampoos and toothpastes, in paints, and adhesives that must be moistened, such as old-style postage stamps and envelopes. It has also been used in contact lens solutions and in steel-quenching solutions.{{cite journal |author1=Fischer, Frank |author2=Bauer, Stephan |name-list-style=amp |title=Ein Polyvinylpyrrolidon (PVP): ein vielseitiges Spezialpolymer – Verwendung in der Keramik und als Metallabschreckmedium |volume=61 |issue=6|pages=382–385 |year=2009 |journal=Keramische Zeitschrift }}{{cite journal |first1=Alexander |last1=Göthlich |first2=Sebastian |last2=Koltzenburg |first3=Gunnar |last3=Schornick |title=Funktionale Polymere im Alltag: Vielseitig |journal=Chemie in unserer Zeit |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=262–273 |year=2005 |doi=10.1002/ciuz.200400346}} PVP is the basis of the early formulas for hair sprays and hair gels, and still continues to be a component of some.

As a food additive, PVP is a stabilizer and has E number E1201. PVPP (crospovidone) is E1202. It is also used in the wine industry as a fining agent for white wine and some beers.

In in-vitro fertilisation laboratories, polyvinylpyrrolidone is used to slow down spermatozoa in order to capture them for e.g. ICSI.

In molecular biology, PVP can be used as a blocking agent during Southern blot analysis as a component of Denhardt's buffer. It is also exceptionally good at absorbing polyphenols during DNA purification. Polyphenols are common in many plant tissues and can deactivate proteins if not removed and therefore inhibit many downstream reactions like PCR.

In microscopy, PVP is useful for making an aqueous mounting medium.Lillie RD & Fullmer HM (1976) Histopathologic Technic and Practical Histochemistry, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, p. 411. {{ISBN|0-07-037862-2}}.

PVP can be used to screen for phenolic properties, as referenced in a 2000 study on the effect of plant extracts on insulin production.{{cite journal|doi=10.1021/jf9904517|pmid=10725162|title=Insulin-like Biological Activity of Culinary and Medicinal Plant Aqueous Extracts in Vitro|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|volume=48|issue=3|pages=849–52|date=March 2, 2000|last1=Broadhurst|first1=C. Leigh|last2=Polansky|first2=Marilyn M|last3=Anderson|first3=Richard A}}

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved this chemical for many uses,[https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/iig/index.cfm Inactive Ingredients in FDA Approved Drugs]. FDA/Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Office of Generic Drugs, Division of Labeling and Program Support. Database Update Frequency: Quarterly. Data Through: January 6, 2010. Database Last Updated: January 13, 2010 – search on povidone for list of approved items and it is generally recognized as safe (GRAS). PVP is included in the Inactive Ingredient Database for use in oral, topical, and injectable formulations.

However, there have been documented cases of allergic reactions to PVP/povidone, particularly regarding subcutaneous (applied under the skin) use and situations where the PVP has come in contact with autologous serum (internal blood fluids) and mucous membranes.

Examples of documented allergic reactions:

• A boy had an anaphylactic response after application of PVP-Iodine for treatment of impetigo. He was found to be allergic to the PVP component of the solution.{{cite journal |vauthors=Yoshida K, Sakurai Y, Kawahara S, etal |title=Anaphylaxis to polyvinylpyrrolidone in povidone-iodine for impetigo contagiosum in a boy with atopic dermatitis |journal=International Archives of Allergy and Immunology |volume=146 |issue=2 |pages=169–73 |year=2008 |pmid=18204285 |doi=10.1159/000113522|s2cid=25078233 }}
• A woman had experienced urticaria (hives) from various hair products, later found to contain PVP. The woman had an anaphylactic response after povidone-iodine solution was applied internally during a surgery. She was found to be allergic to PVP.{{cite journal |vauthors=Adachi A, Fukunaga A, Hayashi K, Kunisada M, Horikawa T |title=Anaphylaxis to polyvinylpyrrolidone after vaginal application of povidone-iodine |journal=Contact Dermatitis |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=133–6 |date=March 2003 |pmid=12755725 |doi=10.1034/j.1600-0536.2003.00050.x|s2cid=22975127 }}
• A man experiencing anaphylaxis after taking acetaminophen tablets orally was found to be allergic to PVP.{{cite journal |vauthors=Rönnau AC, Wulferink M, Gleichmann E, etal |title=Anaphylaxis to polyvinylpyrrolidone in an analgesic preparation |journal=The British Journal of Dermatology |volume=143 |issue=5 |pages=1055–8 |date=November 2000 |pmid=11069520 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03843.x|s2cid=10543466 }}

Additionally, Povidone is commonly used in conjunction with other chemicals. Some of these, such as iodine, are blamed for allergic responses. Yet subsequent testing results in some patients show no signs of allergy to the suspect chemical. Allergies attributed to these other chemicals may possibly be caused by the PVP instead.{{cite journal | last1 = Katelaris | first1 = Constance | year = 2009 | title = 'Iodine Allergy' label is misleading | journal = Australian Prescriber | volume = 32 | issue = 5| pages = 125–128 | doi = 10.18773/austprescr.2009.061 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal |vauthors=van Ketel WG, van den Berg WH |title=Sensitization to povidone-iodine |journal=Dermatologic Clinics |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=107–9 |date=January 1990 |pmid=2302848|doi=10.1016/S0733-8635(18)30531-X }}

PVP is soluble in water and other polar solvents. For example, it is soluble in various alcohols, such as methanol and ethanol,{{cite book|last=Wohlfarth|first=C|title=Landolt-Börnstein, New Series, Group VIII, Volume 6D|volume=6D2|pages=1266–1267|publisher=Springer Verlag|chapter=Thermodynamic Properties of Polymer Solutions.|year=2010|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-02890-8_752|bibcode=2010LanB..6D2.1266W|series=Landolt-Börnstein - Group VIII Advanced Materials and Technologies|isbn=978-3-642-02889-2}} as well as in more exotic solvents like the deep eutectic solvent formed by choline chloride and urea (Relin).{{cite journal|last=Sapir|first=L.|author2=Stanley, CB.|author3=Harries, D.|title=Properties of Polyvinylpyrrolidone in a Deep Eutectic Solvent|journal=J. Phys. Chem. A|year=2016|volume=120|issue=19|pages=3253–3259|doi=10.1021/acs.jpca.5b11927|pmid=26963367|bibcode=2016JPCA..120.3253S|osti=1424493}} When dry it is a light flaky hygroscopic powder, readily absorbing up to 40% of its weight in atmospheric water. In solution, it has excellent wetting properties and readily forms films. This makes it good as a coating or an additive to coatings.

A 2014 study found fluorescent properties of PVP and its oxidized hydrolyzate.{{cite journal |doi=10.1002/marc.201400516|pmid=25420749|title=Strong Fluorescence of Poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) and Its Oxidized Hydrolyzate|journal=Macromolecular Rapid Communications|volume=36|issue=3|pages=278–85|year=2015|last1=Song|first1=Guoshan|last2=Lin|first2=Yannan|last3=Zhu|first3=Zhongcheng|last4=Zheng|first4=Heying|last5=Qiao|first5=Jinping|last6=He|first6=Changcheng|last7=Wang|first7=Huiliang}}

Povidone was first synthesized by BASF chemist Walter Reppe, and a patent was filed in 1939 for one of the derivatives of acetylene chemistry. PVP was initially used as a blood plasma substitute and later in a wide variety of applications in medicine, pharmacy, cosmetics and industrial production.{{cite journal |first1=Frank |last1=Fischer |first2=Stephan |last2=Bauer |title=Polyvinylpyrrolidon. Ein Tausendsassa in der Chemie |journal=Chemie in unserer Zeit |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=376–383 |year=2009 |doi=10.1002/ciuz.200900492}}{{Cite journal|title = Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in nanoparticle synthesis|journal = Dalton Transactions|volume = 44|issue = 41|pages = 17883–17905|doi = 10.1039/C5DT02964C|pmid = 26434727|language = en|first1 = Kallum M.|last1 = Koczkur|first2 = Stefanos|last2 = Mourdikoudis|first3 = Lakshminarayana|last3 = Polavarapu|first4 = Sara E.|last4 = Skrabalak|year = 2015| s2cid=9323765 |url = https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-01217114/file/Koczkur_2015_Polyvinylpyrrolidone.pdf}} BASF continues to make PVP, including a pharmaceutical portfolio under the brand name of Kollidon.{{Cite web |title=Povidones, Copovidones, and Crospovidones for Pharmaceutical Products |url=https://pharma.basf.com/chemistry/povidones-copovidones-crospovidones |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=BASF Pharma |language=en-US}}

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