prevalence of circumcision

Rates vary widely, from 99.9% in Morocco,{{cite journal|title=Table 1 Percentage of circumcised males in each of the 237 countries and territories in the world|journal= Population Health Metrics|date=2016 |doi=10.1186/s12963-016-0073-5 |doi-access=free |pmid=26933388 |pmc=4772313 |volume=14 |page=4 | vauthors = Morris BJ, Wamai RG, Henebeng EB, Tobian AA, Klausner JD, Banerjee J, Hankins CA }} and similarly high rates in many Muslim-majority countries, to 91.7% in Israel, 80% in the United States, to 75% in South Korea, to 45% in South Africa, to 20.7% in the United Kingdom, 14% in China, 13.5% in India,{{cite journal | doi=10.1186/s12963-016-0073-5 | doi-access=free | title=Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision | date=2016 | journal=Population Health Metrics | volume=14 | page=4 | pmid=26933388 | pmc=4772313 | vauthors = Morris BJ, Wamai RG, Henebeng EB, Tobian AA, Klausner JD, Banerjee J, Hankins CA }} 9% in Japan, and 1% in Honduras.{{cite journal | vauthors = Pang MG, Kim DS | title = Extraordinarily high rates of male circumcision in South Korea: history and underlying causes | journal = BJU International | volume = 89 | issue = 1 | pages = 48–54 | date = January 2002 | pmid = 11849160 | doi = 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2002.02545.x | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Introcaso CE, Xu F, Kilmarx PH, Zaidi A, Markowitz LE | title = Prevalence of circumcision among men and boys aged 14 to 59 years in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2005-2010 | journal = Sexually Transmitted Diseases | volume = 40 | issue = 7 | pages = 521–525 | date = July 2013 | pmid = 23965763 | doi = 10.1097/01.OLQ.0000430797.56499.0d | s2cid = 31883301 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Homfray V, Tanton C, Mitchell KR, Miller RF, Field N, Macdowall W, Wellings K, Sonnenberg P, Johnson AM, Mercer CH | title = Examining the association between male circumcision and sexual function: evidence from a British probability survey | journal = AIDS | volume = 29 | issue = 11 | pages = 1411–1416 | date = July 2015 | pmid = 26091302 | pmc = 4502984 | doi = 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000745 | quote = The prevalence of male circumcision in Britain was 20.7% [95% confidence interval (CI): 19.3–21.8]. }}{{cite book |vauthors=Weiss H, Polonsky J, Bailey R, Hankins C, Halperin D, Schmid G |title=Male circumcision: global trends and determinants of prevalence, safety, and acceptability. |publisher=World Health Organization |publication-place=Geneva |date=2007 |isbn=978-92-4-159616-9 |oclc=425961131 |page=8 |url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241596169_eng.pdf |access-date=15 January 2023 |archive-date=15 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715135808/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241596169_eng.pdf |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=https://www.who.int/hiv/pub/malecircumcision/neonatal_child_MC_UNAIDS.pdf |title=Neonatal and child male circumcision: a global review |year=2010 |publisher=World Health Organization |page=8 |access-date=12 April 2015 |archive-date=20 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920102447/http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/malecircumcision/neonatal_child_MC_UNAIDS.pdf |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Morris BJ, Wamai RG, Henebeng EB, Tobian AA, Klausner JD, Banerjee J, Hankins CA | title = Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision | language = En | journal = Population Health Metrics | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 4 | date = 1 March 2016 | pmid = 26933388 | pmc = 4772313 | doi = 10.1186/s12963-016-0073-5 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Morris BJ, Bailis SA, Wiswell TE | title = Circumcision rates in the United States: rising or falling? What effect might the new affirmative pediatric policy statement have? | journal = Mayo Clinic Proceedings | volume = 89 | issue = 5 | pages = 677–686 | date = May 2014 | pmid = 24702735 | doi = 10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.01.001 | doi-access = free }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Hart-Cooper GD, Tao G, Stock JA, Hoover KW | title = Circumcision of privately insured males aged 0 to 18 years in the United States | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 134 | issue = 5 | pages = 950–956 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 25332502 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2014-1007 | s2cid = 14839564 }} In Europe, most men are not circumcised, but circumcision is prevalent among Muslims who live in Europe, which includes both indigenous Muslims (in Turkey, Azerbaijan, and regions with significant Muslim population in the Balkans) as well as Muslims in immigrant communities in Western Europe.{{cite journal | doi=10.1186/s12963-016-0073-5 | doi-access=free | title=Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision | date=2016 | journal=Population Health Metrics | volume=14 | page=4 | pmid=26933388 | pmc=4772313 | vauthors = Morris BJ, Wamai RG, Henebeng EB, Tobian AA, Klausner JD, Banerjee J, Hankins CA }} Circumcision is rare in South America.{{cite journal | doi=10.1186/s12963-016-0073-5 | doi-access=free | title=Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision | date=2016 | journal=Population Health Metrics | volume=14 | page=4 | pmid=26933388 | pmc=4772313 | vauthors = Morris BJ, Wamai RG, Henebeng EB, Tobian AA, Klausner JD, Banerjee J, Hankins CA }} Philippines has a 91.7% circumcision prevalence, with such a high prevalence outside the Muslim world and Israel being found only among some countries in Africa and some island countries in Oceania.{{cite journal | doi=10.1186/s12963-016-0073-5 | doi-access=free | title=Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision | date=2016 | journal=Population Health Metrics | volume=14 | page=4 | pmid=26933388 | pmc=4772313 | vauthors = Morris BJ, Wamai RG, Henebeng EB, Tobian AA, Klausner JD, Banerjee J, Hankins CA }}

It is estimated that a prevalence of circumcision of 90% or more is found in men in Afghanistan, Algeria, American Samoa, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Benin, Cameroon, Comoros, Democratic Republic of Congo, Cook Islands, Cote d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Gaza Strip, Ghana, Guam, Guinea-Bissau, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Kosovo, Kyrgyzstan, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Maldives, Mauritania, Morocco, Nauru, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Pakistan, Palau, Philippines, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Syria, Tajikistan, Togo, Tokelau, Tonga, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, West Bank, Western Sahara, Yemen.{{cite journal | doi=10.1186/s12963-016-0073-5 | doi-access=free | title=Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision | date=2016 | journal=Population Health Metrics | volume=14 | page=4 | pmid=26933388 | pmc=4772313 | vauthors = Morris BJ, Wamai RG, Henebeng EB, Tobian AA, Klausner JD, Banerjee J, Hankins CA }}

In 2016, the global prevalence of circumcision was estimated to be around 39%, with notable increases of circumcision prevalence seen in the United States, the Middle East, and Africa; major medical organizations have promoted a higher rate of circumcision in Africa as a preventive against the spread of HIV/AIDS.{{cite journal | vauthors = Morris BJ, Wamai RG, Henebeng EB, Tobian AA, Klausner JD, Banerjee J, Hankins CA | title = Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision | journal = Population Health Metrics | volume = 14 | pages = 4 | date = 1 March 2016 | pmid = 26933388 | pmc = 4772313 | doi = 10.1186/s12963-016-0073-5 | doi-access = free }} In 2020, the World Health Organization reiterated that it is an efficacious prophylactic intervention if carried out by medical professionals under safe conditions in areas of high HIV/AIDS prevalence.{{Cite web|title=Preventing HIV through safe voluntary medical male circumcision for adolescent boys and men in generalized HIV epidemics: recommendations and key considerations|url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/978-92-4-000854-0|access-date=3 October 2021|website=www.who.int|language=en|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003024321/https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/978-92-4-000854-0|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|title=Circumcision Rates in Sub-Saharan Africa Spike After Partnership with Local Religious Leaders|url=https://news.weill.cornell.edu/news/2017/04/circumcision-rates-in-sub-saharan-africa-spike-after-partnership-with-local-religious|access-date=3 October 2021|publisher=WCM Newsroom|language=en|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003024329/https://news.weill.cornell.edu/news/2017/04/circumcision-rates-in-sub-saharan-africa-spike-after-partnership-with-local-religious|url-status=live}}

Between 2008 and 2010, the prevalence of circumcision in the United States was estimated to be around 80%. Similarly, Wolters Kluwer estimated that close to 80% of United States males in 2021 were circumcised.{{Cite web | vauthors = Baskin L |date=April 29, 2021 | veditors = Lockwood C, Wilcox D, Eckler K |title=Patient education: Circumcision in baby boys (Beyond the Basics) |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/circumcision-in-baby-boys-beyond-the-basics/print |access-date=November 22, 2022 |website=UpToDate |quote=...this is probably an underestimate of the true incidence of circumcised males, which is likely closer to 80 percent... |archive-date=22 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122110734/https://www.uptodate.com/contents/circumcision-in-baby-boys-beyond-the-basics/print |url-status=live }} Large portions of Africa have adopted the practice as a preventive measure against the spread of HIV. It has overwhelming prevalence in the Muslim world and in Israel due to the religious beliefs of most Muslims and Jews; however, some non-Muslim groups living within Muslim-majority countries, such as Armenians and Assyrians, do not practice it.{{Cite book |title=Genital Cutting: Protecting Children from Medical, Cultural, and Religious Infringements | vauthors = Vardanyan AN |year=2013 |isbn=978-94-007-6406-4 |pages=307–315 |chapter=Reclaiming Circumcision: Armenian Stories |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-6407-1_20}} It is prevalent in some Muslim-majority countries in southeast Asia such as Indonesia and Malaysia; however, the WHO states that there is "little non-religious circumcision in Asia, with the exceptions of the Republic of Korea and the Philippines". In parts of Africa it is often practiced as part of tribal customs from Christians, Muslims and Animists. In contrast, rates are much lower in most of Europe, parts of southern Africa, most of Asia, Oceania and Latin America, constituting South America, Central America, the Caribbean and Mexico.{{cite journal | vauthors = Drain PK, Halperin DT, Hughes JP, Klausner JD, Bailey RC | title = Male circumcision, religion, and infectious diseases: an ecologic analysis of 118 developing countries | journal = BMC Infectious Diseases | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 172 | date = November 2006 | pmid = 17137513 | pmc = 1764746 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2334-6-172 | doi-access = free }} Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand and the United Kingdom are examples of countries that have seen a decline in male circumcision in recent decades, while there have been indications of increasing demand in southern Africa, partly for preventive reasons due to the HIV epidemic there.{{cite journal | vauthors = Wise J | title = Demand for male circumcision rises in a bid to prevent HIV | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 84 | issue = 7 | pages = 509–511 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16878217 | pmc = 2627386 | quote = As a result, there are already indications of increasing demand for male circumcision in traditionally non-circumcising societies in Southern Africa. }}

Studies suggest that about 62% of African males are circumcised.{{cite journal | vauthors = Lawal TA, Olapade-Olaopa EO | title = Circumcision and its effects in Africa | journal = Translational Andrology and Urology | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 149–157 | date = April 2017 | pmid = 28540221 | pmc = 5422680 | doi = 10.21037/tau.2016.12.02 | doi-access = free }} However, the rate varies widely between different regions, and among ethnic and religious groups, with Muslim North Africans practising it for religious reasons, central Africans as part of ethnic rituals or local custom, and some traditionally non-circumcising populations in the South recently adopting the practice due to measures by the World Health Organization to prevent AIDS.{{Cite web |url=http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/news/QA/AMC12_QA.htm |title=Questions and answers: NIAID-sponsored adult male circumcision trials in Kenya and Uganda |date=December 2006 |publisher=National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309060025/https://www3.niaid.nih.gov/news/QA/AMC12_QA.htm |archive-date=9 March 2010 }} Williams, B.G. et al. commented that: "Most of the currently available data on the prevalence of [male circumcision] are several decades old, while several of the recent studies were carried out as adjuncts to demographic and health surveys and were not designed to determine the prevalence of male circumcision."{{cite journal | vauthors = Williams BG, Lloyd-Smith JO, Gouws E, Hankins C, Getz WM, Hargrove J, de Zoysa I, Dye C, Auvert B | title = The potential impact of male circumcision on HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa | journal = PLOS Medicine | volume = 3 | issue = 7 | pages = e262 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16822094 | pmc = 1489185 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030262 | doi-access = free }}

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Botswana, Rwanda, Eswatini, Zimbabwe.

Angola, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Rep), Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia.

In Sotho and Xhosa culture, circumcision is a traditional initiation rite. It is known as lebollo la banna in Sotho and ulwaluko in Xhosa.

Zulu King Shaka abolished the practise among the Zulu, though in 2010 Goodwill Zwelithini controversially proposed to revive it as a way of preventing HIV/AIDS.{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/17/circumcision-zulu-south-africa-hiv | title=Thousands face agony or death after Zulu king's circumcision decree | work=The Guardian | date=17 January 2010 | vauthors = Smith AD }}

It is estimated that 48.7% of males are circumcised in South Africa. One national study reported that 54.2% of Black South Africans were circumcised, with 32.1% of those traditionally circumcised and 13.4% circumcised for medical reasons.{{cite journal | vauthors = Peltzer K, Onoya D, Makonko E, Simbayi L | title = Prevalence and acceptability of male circumcision in South Africa | journal = African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines | volume = 11 | issue = 4 | pages = 126–130 | year = 2014 | pmid = 25392591 | pmc = 4202407 | doi = 10.4314/ajtcam.v11i4.19 }}

Circumcision is now uncommon in South Africa except for cultural or religious reasons, and it is not performed in most public or children's hospitals for non-medical reasons. Less than 25% of non-Black South Africans are circumcised.{{cite web | url=https://www.huggies.co.za/parenting/infant/baby-health-care/circumcision | title=Circumcision }}

Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Congo (Dem Rep), Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Togo.

Less than 20% of the population are circumcised in Argentina, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Saint Lucia, The Bahamas, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela.

The reported circumcision rate for younger individuals (age 15–18) is 16.7% (2019).{{cite journal | vauthors = George C, Roberts R, Deveaux L, Brennen DF, Read SE | title = "Getting to Zero New HIV Infections in the Caribbean": Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Male Circumcision Among Adolescent Males in The Bahamas | journal = American Journal of Men's Health | volume = 13 | issue = 4 | pages = 1557988319872074 | date = 2019-08-20 | pmid = 31431104 | pmc = 6704421 | doi = 10.1177/1557988319872074 }}

The circumcision rate among homosexual men in Buenos Aires is reported to be 13% (2013).{{cite journal | vauthors = Pando MA, Balan IC, Dolezal C, Marone R, Barreda V, Carballo-Dieguez A, Avila MM | title = Low frequency of male circumcision and unwillingness to be circumcised among MSM in Buenos Aires, Argentina: association with sexually transmitted infections | journal = Journal of the International AIDS Society | volume = 16 | issue = 1 | pages = 18500 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23746302 | pmc = 3676535 | doi = 10.7448/IAS.16.1.18500 }}

The overall prevalence of circumcision is reported to be 6.9%.{{cite journal | vauthors = Castellsagué X, Peeling RW, Franceschi S, de Sanjosé S, Smith JS, Albero G, Díaz M, Herrero R, Muñoz N, Bosch FX | title = Chlamydia trachomatis infection in female partners of circumcised and uncircumcised adult men | journal = American Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 162 | issue = 9 | pages = 907–916 | date = November 2005 | pmid = 16177149 | doi = 10.1093/aje/kwi284 | doi-access = free }} The reported rate is 13% in Rio de Janeiro, indicating possible differences between urban and rural rates.{{cite journal | vauthors = Périssé AR, Schechter M, Blattner W | title = Association between male circumcision and prevalent HIV infections in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | journal = Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes | volume = 50 | issue = 4 | pages = 435–437 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19322041 | pmc = 2864635 | doi = 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181958591 }}

The overall prevalence of circumcision is reported to be 6.9%.

In 2006 the prevalence of circumcision in Mexico was estimated to be 10% to 31%.{{cite journal | vauthors = Van Howe RS, Cold CJ, Lajous M, Lazcano-Ponce E, Mueller N | title = Human papillomavirus link to circumcision is misleading | journal = Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 405; author reply 405-405; author reply 406 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16492939 | doi = 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0818 | quote = Circumcision is not usually performed by public sector health care providers in Mexico and we estimate the prevalence to be 10% to 31%, depending on the population. | doi-access = free }} A recent (2020) HIV study conducted in Mexico City found a participant circumcision rate of 23% (255/1118).{{cite journal | vauthors = Dávila-Conn V, García-Morales C, Matías-Florentino M, López-Ortiz E, Paz-Juárez HE, Beristain-Barreda Á, Cárdenas-Sandoval M, Tapia-Trejo D, López-Sánchez DM, Becerril-Rodríguez M, García-Esparza P, Macías-González I, Iracheta-Hernández P, Weaver S, Wertheim JO, Reyes-Terán G, González-Rodríguez A, Ávila-Ríos S | title = Characteristics and growth of the genetic HIV transmission network of Mexico City during 2020 | journal = Journal of the International AIDS Society | volume = 24 | issue = 11 | pages = e25836 | date = November 2021 | pmid = 34762774 | pmc = 8583431 | doi = 10.1002/jia2.25836 }}

In 2012 a random sample of male visitors to a STI center in San Juan were surveyed on various topics, the reported circumcision rate was 32.4%.{{cite journal | vauthors = Rodriguez-Diaz CE, Clatts MC, Jovet-Toledo GG, Vargas-Molina RL, Goldsamt LA, García H | title = More than foreskin: circumcision status, history of HIV/STI, and sexual risk in a clinic-based sample of men in Puerto Rico | journal = The Journal of Sexual Medicine | volume = 9 | issue = 11 | pages = 2933–2937 | date = November 2012 | pmid = 22897699 | doi = 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02871.x | url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1743609515338091 | access-date = 15 March 2023 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231026222626/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1743609515338091 | archive-date = 26 October 2023 | url-access = subscription }}

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Circumcision in Canada followed the pattern of other English speaking countries, with the practice being adopted during the 1900s on hygienic grounds, but with the rate of circumcision declining in the latter part of the 20th century, particularly after a new policy position was released in 1975.{{cite web | url=https://cps.ca/en/documents/position/circumcision | title=Newborn male circumcision | Canadian Paediatric Society | access-date=9 September 2023 | archive-date=11 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411220045/https://cps.ca/en/documents/position/circumcision | url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.cirp.org/library/statements/ |title=Circumcision Policy Statements |website=www.cirp.org |access-date=28 July 2016 |archive-date=9 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209145826/http://www.cirp.org/library/statements/ |url-status=live }} The Canadian Paediatric Society estimated that, in 1970, 48 percent of males were circumcised.{{cite journal | vauthors = | title = Neonatal circumcision revisited. Fetus and Newborn Committee, Canadian Paediatric Society | journal = CMAJ | volume = 154 | issue = 6 | pages = 769–780 | date = March 1996 | pmid = 8634956 | pmc = 1487803 | url = http://www.cps.ca/english/statements/FN/fn96-01.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071023064930/http://www.cps.ca/english/statements/FN/fn96-01.htm | archive-date = 23 October 2007 }} However, studies conducted in 1977–1978 revealed a wide variation in the incidence of circumcision between different provinces and territories. For example, Yukon reported a rate of 74.8 percent, while Newfoundland reported an incidence of 1.9 to 2.4 percent.{{cite journal | vauthors = Wirth JL | title = Current circumcision practices: Canada | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 66 | issue = 5 | pages = 705–708 | date = November 1980 | pmid = 7432876 | doi = 10.1542/peds.66.5.705 | url = http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/66/5/705.abstract | access-date = 24 April 2012 | url-status = live | s2cid = 35235748 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160106092447/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/66/5/705.abstract | archive-date = 6 January 2016 | url-access = subscription }} The rate continued to drop, with the newborn circumcision rate in Ontario in 1994–95 dropping to 29.9%.{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/icespracticeatla0000unse/page/295 |title=Patterns of Health Care in Ontario, 2nd edition |date=May 1996 |publisher=Canadian Medical Association |isbn=978-0-920169-79-7 | veditors = Goel V |pages=[https://archive.org/details/icespracticeatla0000unse/page/295 295] |format=PDF |url-access=registration }}

A survey of Canadian maternity practices conducted in 2006/2007, and published in 2009 by the national public health agency, found a newborn circumcision rate of 31.9%. Rates varied markedly across the country, from close to zero in Newfoundland and Labrador to 44.3% in Alberta and 43.7% in Ontario. In 2015, the Canadian Paediatric Society used those statistics in determining the national circumcision rate it currently quotes.{{cite journal | vauthors = Sorokan ST, Finlay JC, Jefferies AL | title = Newborn male circumcision | journal = Paediatrics & Child Health | volume = 20 | issue = 6 | pages = 311–320 | date = 2015 | pmid = 26435672 | pmc = 4578472 | doi = 10.1093/pch/20.6.311 | url = http://www.cps.ca/en/documents/position/circumcision | access-date = 12 February 2016 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191030233347/https://www.cps.ca/en/documents/position/circumcision | archive-date = 30 October 2019 }}

A more recent survey conducted in 2011 on expecting couples in Saskatchewan (average age 30.3) found the prevalence of circumcision among expecting dads to be 61% and that 56.4% of parents would consider elective circumcision for their son. {{cite journal | vauthors = Rediger C, Muller AJ | title = Parents' rationale for male circumcision | journal = Canadian Family Physician | volume = 59 | issue = 2 | pages = e110–e115 | date = February 2013 | pmid = 23418252 | pmc = 3576965 | url = https://www.cfp.ca/content/59/2/e110 | access-date = 14 March 2023 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231026222557/https://www.cfp.ca/content/59/2/e110 | archive-date = 26 October 2023 }}

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As of 2014, an estimated 80.5% of American men aged 14-59 are circumcised.{{cite journal | vauthors = Introcaso CE, Xu F, Kilmarx PH, Zaidi A, Markowitz LE | title = Prevalence of circumcision among men and boys aged 14 to 59 years in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2005-2010 | journal = Sexually Transmitted Diseases | volume = 40 | issue = 7 | pages = 521–525 | date = July 2013 | pmid = 23965763 | doi = 10.1097/01.OLQ.0000430797.56499.0d | publisher = American Sexually Transmitted Diseases Association | s2cid = 31883301 | doi-access = free }} Morris et al. found a present rate of 77% in 2010, when accounting for underreporting. During the 2000s, the prevalence of circumcision in men aged 14–59 differed by race: 91 percent of non-Hispanic white men, 76 percent of black men, and 44 percent of Hispanic men (of any race) were circumcised, according to Mayo Clinic Proceedings. Wolters Kluwer estimated that closer to 80% of males as of April 2023 were circumcised.{{Cite web | vauthors = Baskin L, Lockwood C, Wilcox D, Eckler K |date=April 2023 |title=Patient education: Circumcision in baby boys (Beyond the Basics) |url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/circumcision-in-baby-boys-beyond-the-basics/print |access-date=June 22, 2024 |quote="...this is probably an underestimate of the true incidence of circumcised males, which is likely closer to 80 percent..."}}

Medicaid funding for infant circumcision used to be available in every state, but starting with California in 1982, 13 states (Arizona, California, Idaho, Louisiana, Maine, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon, Utah, and Washington) had eliminated Medicaid coverage of routine circumcision by 2024, with several states reversing their decisions and reinstating coverage for the procedure.{{cite journal | vauthors = Adler PW | title = Is it lawful to use Medicaid to pay for circumcision? | journal = Journal of Law and Medicine | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | pages = 335–353 | date = December 2011 | pmid = 22320007 }}{{cite web |url=http://www.medicaid.gov/Medicaid-CHIP-Program-Information/By-Topics/Waivers/1115/downloads/fl/Managed-Medical-Assistance-MMA/fl-medicaid-reform-annl-rpt-2014.pdf |title=Florida Managed Medical Assistance Program |date=2015 |publisher=Agency for Health Care Administration State of Florida |access-date=October 21, 2024}}{{cite web |url=http://dss.mo.gov/mhd/providers/pdf/bulletin36-31_2014june12.pdf |title=Provider Bulletin |date=June 12, 2014 |publisher=Missouri Department of Social Services |access-date=October 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905131127/http://dss.mo.gov/mhd/providers/pdf/bulletin36-31_2014june12.pdf |archive-date=September 5, 2015}}{{Cite web |date=2020-12-29 |title=Clinical Policy 1A-22, Medically Necessary Circumcision Revised {{!}} NC Medicaid |url=https://medicaid.ncdhhs.gov/blog/2020/12/29/clinical-policy-1a-22-medically-necessary-circumcision-revised |access-date=2024-04-28 |website=medicaid.ncdhhs.gov |language=en}}{{cite web |url=https://www.scdhhs.gov/sites/default/files/%282021-6-3%29%20Medicaid%20Bulletin%20-%20July%201%20SCDHHS%20Policy%20Updates.pdf |title=Medicaid Bulletin: SCDHHS policy updates for July 1, 2021 |date=June 3, 2021 |publisher=Healthy Connections Medicaid |access-date=October 21, 2024}}{{cite web |url=http://www.colorado.gov/pacific/sites/default/files/Bulletin_0917_B1700403.pdf |title=Provider Bulletin |date=September 2017 |publisher=Department of Health Care Policy and Financing Colorado |access-date=October 21, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117140913/http://www.colorado.gov/pacific/sites/default/files/Bulletin_0917_B1700403.pdf |archive-date=January 17, 2021}} One study in the Midwest of the U.S. found that this had no effect on the newborn circumcision rate but it did affect the demand for circumcision at a later time.{{cite journal | vauthors = Quayle SS, Coplen DE, Austin PF | title = The effect of health care coverage on circumcision rates among newborns | journal = The Journal of Urology | volume = 170 | issue = 4 Pt 2 | pages = 1533–6; discussion 1536 | date = October 2003 | pmid = 14501653 | doi = 10.1097/01.ju.0000091215.99513.0f }} Another study, published in early 2009, found a difference in the neonatal male circumcision rate of 24% between states with and without Medicaid coverage. The study was controlled for other factors such as the percentage of Hispanic patients.{{cite journal | vauthors = Leibowitz AA, Desmond K, Belin T | title = Determinants and policy implications of male circumcision in the United States | journal = American Journal of Public Health | volume = 99 | issue = 1 | pages = 138–145 | date = January 2009 | pmid = 19008503 | pmc = 2636604 | doi = 10.2105/AJPH.2008.134403 | quote = The mean mewborn male circumcision rate was 55.9%. When we controlled for other factors, hospitals in states in which Medicaid covers routine male circumcision had circumcision rates that were 24 percentage points higher than did hospitals in states without such coverage (P < .001). }}

The CDC uses two data sources to track circumcision rates. The first is the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), which records circumcisions performed at any time at any location. The second is the National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS), which does not record circumcisions performed outside the hospital setting or those performed at any age following discharge from the birth hospitalization. Methodologically flawed calculations throughout the 2000s and 2010s showed the rate decreasing off of these statistics, but this data is believed to be misleading due to an increasing trend of performing neonatal circumcisions outside of hospitals, a trend not reflected in hospital discharge data.{{Cite journal | vauthors = Waskett JH |date=August 2007 |title=Hospital Discharge Data Underestimate Circumcision Rates |url=https://journals.lww.com/stdjournal/fulltext/2007/08000/hospital_discharge_data_underestimate_circumcision.19.aspx |journal=Sexually Transmitted Diseases |volume=34 |issue=8 |pages=624 |doi=10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3180de2120 |pmid=17667534 |quote="Researchers should be aware that infant circumcision rates [in the United States] are likely to be significantly higher than hospital discharge data might suggest." |via=doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3180de2120 PMID 17667534}}{{Cite web | vauthors = Fairbanks-Rossi L |date=July 1, 2011 |title=Fretting over Foreskin |url=https://www.inlander.com/health-and-home/fretting-over-foreskin-2186200|access-date=June 22, 2024 |website=Inlander |quote="The reason the stats are bogus," Dr. Seppa explains, "is that the numbers are based on what happens in hospitals … it's underestimated because people no longer circumcise at the hospital." Seppa estimates it would take "months of tallying" procedures at every private office and clinic in the community to get an accurate number.}}

Circumcision was the second-most common procedure performed on patients under one year of age, after routine inoculations and prophylactic vaccinations.{{cite report | vauthors = Pfuntner A, Wier LM, Stocks C | title = Most Frequent Procedures Performed in U.S. Hospitals, 2011. | work = HCUP Statistical Brief No. 165. | date = October 2013 | publisher = Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality | location = Rockville, MD | url = http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb165.jsp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131024180807/http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb165.jsp| archive-date=24 October 2013}} There are various explanations for why the infant circumcision rate in the United States is different from comparable countries. Many parents' decisions about circumcision are preconceived, which may contribute to the high rate of elective circumcision.{{cite conference|date=December 1999 |url=http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/13585.html |title=Report 10 of the Council on Scientific Affairs (I-99): Neonatal Circumcision |conference=1999 AMA Interim Meeting: Summaries and Recommendations of Council on Scientific Affairs Reports |page=17 |publisher=American Medical Association |access-date=13 June 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705182814/http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/13585.html |archive-date=5 July 2007 }} Brown & Brown (1987) reported the most correlated factor is whether the father is circumcised.{{cite journal | vauthors = Brown MS, Brown CA | title = Circumcision decision: prominence of social concerns | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 80 | issue = 2 | pages = 215–219 | date = August 1987 | pmid = 3615091 | doi = 10.1542/peds.80.2.215 | url = http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/80/2/215.abstract | access-date = 19 July 2012 | url-status = live | s2cid = 245205819 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120818202900/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/80/2/215.abstract | archive-date = 18 August 2012 | url-access = subscription }}

Bhutan, Burma, China, Cambodia, Hong Kong,{{cite journal |url=http://smj.sma.org.sg/2302/2302smj6.pdf |title=An Outpatient Observation of the Foreskin Among Chinese Children in Hong Kong |journal=Singapore Medical Journal |volume=24 |issue=2 |date=April 1982 |access-date=12 March 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624175917/http://smj.sma.org.sg/2302/2302smj6.pdf |url-status=live }} India, Japan, Laos, Mongolia, Nepal, North Korea, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.

According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) the overall circumcision rate in India is 16%.{{Cite web |title=National Family Health Survey |url=http://rchiips.org/nfhs/NFHS-4Report.shtml |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=rchiips.org |archive-date=3 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003131317/http://rchiips.org/NFHS/NFHS-4Report.shtml |url-status=live }}

The overall prevalence of circumcision in China is reported to be 14%.

A sample of children aged <12 found a circumcision rate of 3.4% (1982). A survey on men who regularly visit female sex workers from 2012 found a circumcision rate of 28%.{{cite journal | vauthors = Wang Z, Lau JT, Gu J | title = Acceptability of circumcision among clients of female sex worker in Hong Kong | journal = AIDS and Behavior | volume = 16 | issue = 7 | pages = 1836–1845 | date = October 2012 | pmid = 22080385 | doi = 10.1007/s10461-011-0088-7 | s2cid = 23556728 }}

The prevalence of circumcision in Singapore is estimated to be 14.9%.

It is estimated that the circumcision rate for men aged 20–40 is between 10 and 15%.{{cite journal | vauthors = Chen CH, Cheng WM, Fan YH, Chang TP | title = Factors influencing satisfaction with male circumcision in Taiwan | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 2313 | date = February 2023 | pmid = 36759665 | pmc = 9911792 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-022-20140-8 | s2cid = 256667132 | bibcode = 2023NatSR..13.2313C }}

The overall prevalence of circumcision in Cambodia is reported to be 3.5%.

Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Malaysia, and South Korea.{{cite journal | vauthors = Kim D, Koo SA, Pang MG | title = Decline in male circumcision in South Korea | journal = BMC Public Health | volume = 12 | pages = 1067 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23227923 | pmc = 3526493 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2458-12-1067 | doi-access = free }}

Lebanon is unique in that it has by far the lowest circumcision rate in the Arab world. As of 2025, only 59.7% of Lebanese men are circumcised,{{cite web | url=https://www.datapandas.org/ranking/circumcision-by-country | title=Circumcision by Country 2025 }} compared to over 85% in other Arab countries. Lebanon has a higher percentage of Christians than any other Arab country, most of whom are Maronite Catholics, and while some practise circumcision, many do not. In contrast, Muslims in Lebanon usually do practise circumcision.

Circumcision is largely a modern-day phenomenon in South Korea, though the rate has decreased in recent years.{{cite web | url=https://news.nate.com/view/20130107n00105 | title=포경수술 받는 男, 최근 급격히 줄어든 이유는 |lang=ko }} While during the twentieth century, the rate of circumcision increased to around 80%, virtually no circumcision was performed prior to 1945, as it was against Korea's long and strong tradition of preserving the body as a gift from parents.{{better source needed|date=February 2021}} A 2001 study of 20-year-old South Korean men found that 78% were circumcised.{{cite journal | vauthors = Ku JH, Kim ME, Lee NK, Park YH | title = Circumcision practice patterns in South Korea: community based survey | journal = Sexually Transmitted Infections | volume = 79 | issue = 1 | pages = 65–67 | date = February 2003 | pmid = 12576619 | pmc = 1744613 | doi = 10.1136/sti.79.1.65 }} At the time, the authors commented that "South Korea has possibly the largest absolute number of teenage or adult circumcisions anywhere in the world. Because circumcision started through contact with the American military during the Korean War, South Korea has an unusual history of circumcision." According to a 2002 study, 86.3% of South Korean males aged 14–29 were circumcised. In 2012, it is the case of 75.8% of the same age group. Only after 1999 has some information against circumcision become available (at the time of the 2012 study, only 3% of Korean internet sites, using the most popular Korean search engine Naver, were against indiscriminate circumcision and 97% were for). The authors of the study speculate "that the very existence of information about the history of Korean circumcision, its contrary nature relative to a longstanding tradition, its introduction by the US military, etc., has been extremely influential on the decision-making process regarding circumcision.".

Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bahrain, Brunei, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel,{{Cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3333564,00.html |title=Israel teaches WHO about circumcision |newspaper=Ynetnews |date=November 2006 |publisher=ynet news | vauthors = Or MY |access-date=29 March 2007 |archive-date=9 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209121716/https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3333564,00.html |url-status=live }} Pakistan, Jordan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Oman, Palestine, the Philippines, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen.

The overall prevalence of circumcision (tuli) in the Philippines is reported to be 92.5%. Most circumcisions in the Philippines are performed between the ages of 11 and 13.{{cite journal | vauthors = Darby R | title = Routine peripubertal circumcision? | journal = CMAJ | volume = 183 | issue = 11 | pages = 1283–1284 | date = August 2011 | pmid = 21825054 | pmc = 3153524 | doi = 10.1503/cmaj.111-2060 }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/southeastasia/view/350729/1/.html |title=Philippine doctors question medical benefits of circumcision | vauthors = Ong C |date=29 May 2008 |website=Channel News Asia |publisher=MediaCorp |access-date=27 August 2012 |archive-date=4 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104042254/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/southeastasia/view/350729/1/.html }}

[[File:Male circumcision in Europe.svg|300px|thumb|Prevalence of circumcision in Europe (2025){{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

{{Legend|#aad4ff|<10%}}

{{Legend|#56aaff|10–20%}}

{{Legend|#007fff|20–30%}}

{{Legend|#005fbf|30–40%}}

{{Legend|#003f7f|40–50%}}

{{Legend|#000b16|>90%}}

{{Legend|#7f7f7f|No data}}]]

Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany,{{cite journal | vauthors = Kamtsiuris P, Bergmann E, Rattay P, Schlaud M | title = [Use of medical services. Results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS)] | language = de | journal = Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz | volume = 50 | issue = 5–6 | pages = 836–850 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17514470 | doi = 10.1007/s00103-007-0247-1 | trans-title = Use of medical services. Results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS) | s2cid = 29786579 }} Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Moldova, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Serbia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom.{{cite journal | vauthors = Dave SS, Fenton KA, Mercer CH, Erens B, Wellings K, Johnson AM | title = Male circumcision in Britain: findings from a national probability sample survey | journal = Sexually Transmitted Infections | volume = 79 | issue = 6 | pages = 499–500 | date = December 2003 | pmid = 14663134 | pmc = 1744763 | doi = 10.1136/sti.79.6.499 }}

An exact number for the circumcision rate in Germany is not available. A 2016 study in Population Health Metrics quotes a survey stating 6.7% for men aged 30 to 61.{{cite journal | vauthors = Morris BJ, Wamai RG, Henebeng EB, Tobian AA, Klausner JD, Banerjee J, Hankins CA | title = Erratum to: Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision | journal = Population Health Metrics | volume = 14 | issue = 1 | pages = 11 | date = 2016-04-04 | pmid = 27051352 | pmc = 4820865 | doi = 10.1186/s12963-016-0080-6 | doi-access = free }} Public health insurances in Germany paid for 32 thousand circumcisions on boys in 2020.{{Cite web | vauthors = Schäfer M |date=2022-05-02 |title=Betroffener zu Jungen-Beschneidungen: "Die Politik ist gescheitert" |url=https://www.noz.de/lebenswelten/gesundheit-fitness/artikel/beschneidung-bei-jungen-protest-gegen-aktuelle-regelungen-40020026 |website=Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung (NOZ)}}

In this context, a peer-reviewed study found that circumcisions of minors increased slightly throughout the study period between 2013 and 2018. The corresponding population-related number rose from 7.5 circumcisions per 1,000 minors in 2013 to 8 in 2018.{{Cite web |title=Entwicklung der Zirkumzisionszahlen in Deutschland seit Billigung der rituellen Beschneidung |url=https://www.springermedizin.de/zirkumzision/zirkumzision/entwicklung-der-zirkumzisionszahlen-in-deutschland-seit-billigun/25428576 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=springermedizin.de |language=de}} A peer-reviewed study in 2021 found that circumcisions were more frequent in the first 5 years of life and above 15 years of age, whereas preputium-preserving procedures were preferred in the age groups between 5 and 14 years of age.{{Cite journal | vauthors = Oetzmann von Sochaczewski C, Gödeke J, Muensterer OJ |date=2021-03-07 |title=Circumcision and its alternatives in Germany: an analysis of nationwide hospital routine data |journal=BMC Urology |language=en |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=34 |doi=10.1186/s12894-021-00804-9 |doi-access=free |pmid=33678182 |pmc=7938535 |issn=1471-2490}} Its also claims a decrease in the number of circumcisions in recent years, stating that "[t]he hnumber of circumcisions and preputium-preserving operations decreased in absolute and relative numbers" and that "[t]he increasing trend towards neonatal circumcision observed in the United States is absent in Germany". Neonatal in this context refers to circumcisions shortly after birth.

Another peer-reviewed study in 2023 also reports that among than 38,000 German homosexual men without migration background 19.7% were circumcised.{{cite journal | vauthors = Schmidt AJ, Ross MW, Berg RC, Altan P | title = Impact of Migration and Acculturation on Turkish Men Who Have Sex with Men in Germany: Results from the 2010 European MSM Internet Survey | journal = Archives of Sexual Behavior | volume = 52 | issue = 1 | pages = 283–290 | date = January 2023 | pmid = 36396921 | doi = 10.1007/s10508-022-02468-4 | hdl-access = free | hdl = 10037/28769 }}

A national survey on sexual attitudes in 2000 found that 15.8% of men or boys in the United Kingdom (ages 16–44) were circumcised by their parents' choosing, while 11.7% of 16- to 19-year-olds, and 19.6% of 40- to 44-year-olds said they had been circumcised. Apart from black Caribbeans, men born overseas were more likely to be circumcised. Rickwood et al. reported that the proportion of English boys circumcised for medical reasons had fallen from 35% in the early 1930s to 6.5% by the mid-1980s. {{as of|2000}} an estimated 3.8% of male children in the UK were being circumcised for medical reasons by the age of 15.{{cite journal | vauthors = Rickwood AM, Kenny SE, Donnell SC | title = Towards evidence based circumcision of English boys: survey of trends in practice | journal = BMJ | volume = 321 | issue = 7264 | pages = 792–793 | date = September 2000 | pmid = 11009516 | pmc = 27490 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.321.7264.792 }} The researchers stated that too many boys, especially under the age of 5, were still being circumcised because of a misdiagnosis of phimosis. They called for a target to reduce the percentage to 2%.

Among participants of the HELIUS study, recruited between 2011 and 2015 (age 18–70), the circumcision rate for Dutch men without a migration background was 9%. The rate was > 95% for men of Moroccan, Turkish or Ghanaian background.{{cite journal | vauthors = Alberts CJ, Michel A, Bruisten S, Snijder MB, Prins M, Waterboer T, Schim van der Loeff MF | title = High-risk human papillomavirus seroprevalence in men and women of six different ethnicities in Amsterdam, the Netherlands: The HELIUS study | journal = Papillomavirus Research | volume = 3 | pages = 57–65 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 28720457 | pmc = 5883189 | doi = 10.1016/j.pvr.2017.01.003 }} A small study from 2019 that recruited homosexual men suffering from various STDs found that 16% of the participants were circumcised.{{cite journal | vauthors = Van Bilsen WP, Kovaleva A, Bleeker MC, King AJ, Bruisten SM, Brokking W, De Vries HJ, Meijer CJ, Schim Van Der Loeff MF | title = HPV infections and flat penile lesions of the penis in men who have sex with men | journal = Papillomavirus Research | volume = 8 | pages = 100173 | date = December 2019 | pmid = 31226447 | pmc = 6595232 | doi = 10.1016/j.pvr.2019.100173 }}

In France, according to a telephone survey (TNS Sofres Institute, 2008), 14% of men are circumcised.{{cite web | url = http://www.manix.net/enjoy/sex-news/sex-stat-1/index.cfm?i=1132 | title = Telephone survey of the TNS Sofres Institute (commissioned by Manix) | date = 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110808004024/http://www.manix.net/enjoy/sex-news/sex-stat-1/index.cfm?i=1132| archive-date=8 August 2011}}.

The circumcision rate in Bulgaria is estimated to be 13.4%.

The circumcision rate in Russia is estimated to be 11.8%.

A study on hypospadias in 2016 recruited a control group (i.e. men without hypospadias) via the Swedish Population Registry; the reported circumcision rate of the controls was 11.8% with a mean age of 33.{{cite journal | vauthors = Örtqvist L, Fossum M, Andersson M, Nordenström A, Frisén L, Holmdahl G, Nordenskjöld A | title = Sexuality and fertility in men with hypospadias; improved outcome | journal = Andrology | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 286–293 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 27992969 | doi = 10.1111/andr.12309 | s2cid = 207012229 | doi-access = free }}

In 1986, 511 out of approximately 478,000 Danish boys aged 0–14 years were circumcised. This corresponds to a cumulative national circumcision rate of around 1.6% by the age of 15 years.{{cite journal | vauthors = Frisch M, Friis S, Kjaer SK, Melbye M | title = Falling incidence of penis cancer in an uncircumcised population (Denmark 1943-90) | journal = BMJ | volume = 311 | issue = 7018 | pages = 1471 | date = December 1995 | pmid = 8520335 | pmc = 2543732 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.311.7018.1471 }}

A recent survey (2017–2018) called Project SEXUS surveyed 62,675 Danes aged 15–89 years on sexual topics. The survey found the male circumcision rate to be 7%. Of the respondents 5% were circumcised for medical or other reasons, while 2% were circumcised for religious or traditional reasons.{{Cite web |title=Projekt SEXUS |url=https://www.projektsexus.dk/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=www.projektsexus.dk |language=da |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313185757/https://www.projektsexus.dk/ |url-status=live }}

The overall prevalence of circumcision in Spain is reported to be 6.6%.

A 2017 survey of Polish university students (average age - 25) found a circumcision rate of 5%.{{Cite journal | vauthors = Ganczak M |date=20 October 2017 |title=Polish medical students' attitudes regarding male circumcision as a strategy to HIV prevention |journal=European Journal of Public Health |volume=27 |issue=3|doi=10.1093/eurpub/ckx189.036 |doi-access=free }} This figure is an estimate and fully representative only for students of the university where the survey took place. A 2016 study estimated a prevalence rate of 0.11% in total population.

In Slovenia, a 1999–2001 national probability sample of the general population aged 18–49 years found that overall, 4.5% of Slovenian male citizens reported being circumcised. Prevalence strongly varied across religious groups, with 92.4% of Muslims being circumcised, 1.7% of Roman Catholics, 0% of other religious affiliations (Evangelic, Serbian Orthodox, other), and 7.1% of those with no religious affiliation.{{cite journal | vauthors = Klavs I, Hamers FF | title = Male circumcision in Slovenia: results from a national probability sample survey | journal = Sexually Transmitted Infections | volume = 84 | issue = 1 | pages = 49–50 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 17881413 | doi = 10.1136/sti.2007.027524 | s2cid = 24535897 }}

The circumcision rate was reported to be 8.5% in 2016.

In Finland, the overall prevalence of circumcision is 2–4%, according to a recent publication by the Finnish Health Ministry.{{Cite web | vauthors = Maija K, Taskinen S |title=Esinahan kirurgia |url=http://www.terveyskirjasto.fi/xmedia/duo/duo98530.pdf |access-date=20 October 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031717/http://www.terveyskirjasto.fi/xmedia/duo/duo98530.pdf |url-status=live }}

A 2016 report found that the circumcision rate in Croatia was 1.34%.

File:EQC8HhbW4AAZmAP (3).jpg

Belgium,{{cite journal | vauthors = Bronselaer GA, Schober JM, Meyer-Bahlburg HF, T'Sjoen G, Vlietinck R, Hoebeke PB | title = Male circumcision decreases penile sensitivity as measured in a large cohort | journal = BJU International | volume = 111 | issue = 5 | pages = 820–827 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23374102 | doi = 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11761.x | url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11761.x | access-date = 13 March 2023 | url-status = live | s2cid = 25379775 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200224131843/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11761.x | archive-date = 24 February 2020 | url-access = subscription }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Claeys W, Bronselaer G, Lumen N, Hoebeke P, Spinoit AF | title = The self-assessment of genital anatomy, sexual function, and genital sensation (SAGASF-M) questionnaire in a Belgian Dutch-speaking male population: A validating study | journal = Andrology | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | pages = 489–500 | date = March 2023 | pmid = 36426587 | doi = 10.1111/andr.13348 | url = https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/andr.13348 | access-date = 13 March 2023 | url-status = live | hdl-access = free | hdl = 1854/LU-01GK3RWXT98FGJFERRT7WF2NRF | s2cid = 253880096 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230313185755/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/andr.13348 | archive-date = 13 March 2023 }} Albania, North Macedonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina.

In Bosnia and Herzegovina the circumcision rate was 58.7% in 2018.{{Cite book |title=Albania Demographic and Health Survey 2017–18 |publisher=Institute of Statistics (Albania) |page=247 |chapter=13 HIV/AIDS-Related Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior |chapter-url=http://www.instat.gov.al/media/5050/adhs-2017-2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110014350/http://www.instat.gov.al/media/5050/adhs-2017-2018.pdf |archive-date=10 January 2019}} Another study shows a circumcision rate of 41.6% in Bosnia and Herzegovina.{{cite journal | vauthors = Morris BJ, Wamai RG, Henebeng EB, Tobian AA, Klausner JD, Banerjee J, Hankins CA | title = Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision | journal = Population Health Metrics | volume = 14 | pages = 4 | year = 2016 | pmid = 26933388 | pmc = 4772313 | doi = 10.1186/s12963-016-0073-5 | doi-access = free }}

In Albania during the years 2008–09 the percentage of men age 15–49 who reported having been circumcised was 47.7%. In the years 2017–18 the circumcision rate in Albania had declined to 36.8%. The percentage of circumcised men aged 15-49 across various prefectures ranges from 82.2% in Kukës, 66.7% in Dibër, 53.7% in Durrës, 52.8% in Tirana, and 50.4% in Shkodër, to 26.3% in Elbasan, 21.4% in Korçë, 18.7% in Berat, 18.1% in Vlorë, 12.6% in Fier, 4.5% in Gjirokastër, and 4.0% in Lezhë. Albania is unique regarding the lower than expected practice of circumcision as even among Muslims, the rate is 46.5%, while among Bektashis it is lower at 21%. This contrasts with the near-universal practice of circumcision as Islamic custom among Muslims worldwide.[https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR230/FR230.pdf] WHO page 236{{cite journal| pmc=4772313 | pmid=26933388 | doi=10.1186/s12963-016-0073-5 | volume=14 | title=Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision | year=2016 | journal=Popul Health Metr | page=4 | last1 = Morris | first1 = BJ | last2 = Wamai | first2 = RG | last3 = Henebeng | first3 = EB | last4 = Tobian | first4 = AA | last5 = Klausner | first5 = JD | last6 = Banerjee | first6 = J | last7 = Hankins | first7 = CA | doi-access=free }}https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR230/FR230.pdf WHO page 236{{Cite web|url=http://www.instat.gov.al/media/5050/adhs-2017-2018.pdf|title=Albania Demographic and Health Survey (2017-18 ADHS)|website=instat.gov.al|page=279|access-date=9 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110014350/http://www.instat.gov.al/media/5050/adhs-2017-2018.pdf|archive-date=10 January 2019|url-status=dead}}

A study on genital sensitivity from 2013 recruited ~1400 adult men through leaflets randomly distributed at railway stations in Belgium. In this study 22.6% of the participants reported being circumcised. The majority identified as being Caucasian with only a very small minority reporting being Asian, Arabic or African. In another more recent (2023) and similarly designed study on genital sensitivity 21.7% (152 out of 702) of participants reported being circumcised.

According to data from the National Institute for Health and Disability Insurance (NIHDI or RIZIV), the number of circumcisions performed in Belgium amounted to 25,286 in the year of 2011. The vast majority of the procedures were performed on individuals aged < 16 years old. If this rate remains stable it is estimated that over time the circumcision rate for boys aged 16 will reach 31.71%.{{Cite web |title=Trends in pediatric circumcision in Belgium and the Brussels University Hospital from 1994 to 2012 {{!}} Scriptieprijs |url=https://scriptiebank.be/scriptie/2013/trends-pediatric-circumcision-belgium-and-brussels-university-hospital-1994-2012 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=scriptiebank.be |language=en |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313185756/https://scriptiebank.be/scriptie/2013/trends-pediatric-circumcision-belgium-and-brussels-university-hospital-1994-2012 |url-status=live }}

Kosovo (91.7%), Azerbaijan (98.5%) and Turkey (98.6%).

In Australia and New Zealand, circumcision was once common but is now rare except among Muslims and Jews. Historically it was practiced by some Aboriginal Australians in parts of Australia as an initiation ritual.

In Papua New Guinea, circumcision is rare, but a significant minority of men undergo some form of penile cutting.

In many Pacific Island countries, including Fiji, Niue, Samoa, Tonga and parts of the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, circumcision is a traditional rite of passage and is common.{{cite web | url=https://www.samoaobserver.ws/category/editorial/19638 | title=Unnecessary surgical procedures or traditional practices? }} In Fiji, circumcision is only common among Indigenous and Muslim Fijians.

As of 2016, an estimated 26.6% of Australian men were circumcised.{{cite journal | doi=10.1186/s12963-016-0073-5 | doi-access=free | title=Estimation of country-specific and global prevalence of male circumcision | date=2016 | journal=Population Health Metrics | volume=14 | page=4 | pmid=26933388 | pmc=4772313 | vauthors = Morris BJ, Wamai RG, Henebeng EB, Tobian AA, Klausner JD, Banerjee J, Hankins CA }} Circumcision is especially rare in Tasmania.{{Cite web | title=Circumcision ban closer in Tasmania {{!}} news.com.au — Australia’s leading news site for latest headlines | url=https://www.news.com.au/national/tasmania-a-step-closer-to-banning-circumcision-of-boys/news-story/f911c4213660ff0b3f4feb4c1078a100 | access-date=2025-05-30 | website=www.news.com.au}}

Circumcision reached its peak in Australia in the 1950s with a rate of more than 80%, but steadily fell to an estimated 15% in 2012.{{Cite web |url=https://www.circinfo.org/statistics.html |title=Incidence and prevalence of circumcision in Australia |date=January 2013 |website=Circumcision Information Australia |access-date=26 June 2018 |archive-date=6 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006142455/http://www.circinfo.org/statistics.html |url-status=live }}

The Australian Longitudinal Study of Health and Relationships is a computer assisted telephone interview of males aged 16–64 that uses a nationally representative population sample.{{cite journal | vauthors = Smith AM, Pitts MK, Shelley JM, Richters J, Ferris J | title = The Australian longitudinal study of health and relationships | journal = BMC Public Health | volume = 7 | pages = 139 | date = July 2007 | pmid = 17608953 | pmc = 1931435 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2458-7-139 | doi-access = free }} In 2005 the interview found that the prevalence of circumcision in Australia was roughly 58%. Circumcision status was more common with males over 30 than males under 30, and more common with males who were born in Australia. 66% of males born in Australia were circumcised and less than 1/3 of males under 30 were circumcised.{{cite journal | vauthors = Ferris JA, Richters J, Pitts MK, Shelley JM, Simpson JM, Ryall R, Smith AM | title = Circumcision in Australia: further evidence on its effects on sexual health and wellbeing | journal = Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health | volume = 34 | issue = 2 | pages = 160–164 | date = April 2010 | pmid = 23331360 | doi = 10.1111/j.1753-6405.2010.00501.x | doi-access = free }} There has been a decline in the rate of infant circumcision in Australia.{{cite journal | vauthors = Richters J, Smith AM, de Visser RO, Grulich AE, Rissel CE | title = Circumcision in Australia: prevalence and effects on sexual health | journal = International Journal of STD & AIDS | volume = 17 | issue = 8 | pages = 547–554 | date = August 2006 | pmid = 16925903 | doi = 10.1258/095646206778145730 | s2cid = 24396989 }} The Royal Australasian College of Physicians (RACP) estimated in 2010 that 10 to 20 percent of newborn boys were being circumcised,{{Cite web |url=http://www.racp.edu.au//index.cfm?objectid=65118B16-F145-8B74-236C86100E4E3E8E |title=Circumcision of Male Infants |date= September 2010 |publisher=Royal Australasian College of Physicians |access-date=24 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210054246/http://www.racp.edu.au/download.cfm?downloadfile=65118B16-F145-8B74-236C86100E4E3E8E&typename=dmFile&fieldname=filename |archive-date=10 February 2013}} but the prevalence of male circumcision is much higher due to the presence of older circumcised males remaining in the population.The incidence of circumcision in Australia was very high until 1971 when it started a steep decline. Consequently, circumcised males tend to be older. Medicare Australia records show the number of males younger than six months that underwent circumcision dropped from 19,663 in 2007/08 to 6,309 (4%) in 2016/17{{Cite news |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/why-is-the-number-of-male-circumcisions-declining-in-australia |title=Why is the number of male circumcisions declining in Australia? | vauthors = Yosufzai R |date=19 February 2018 |work=SBS News |access-date=26 June 2018 |archive-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430073034/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/why-is-the-number-of-male-circumcisions-declining-in-australia |url-status=live }} and further to 3,992 (2.48%) in 2023.{{Cite web |date=January 2024 |title=Medicare Australia - Statistics - MBS Item Statistics |url=http://medicarestatistics.humanservices.gov.au/statistics/do.jsp?_PROGRAM=%2Fstatistics%2Fmbs_item_age_gender_report&group=30654&VAR=services&STAT=count&RPT_FMT=by+state&PTYPE=calyear&START_DT=202301&END_DT=202312 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240903060058/http://medicarestatistics.humanservices.gov.au/statistics/do.jsp?_PROGRAM=/statistics/mbs_item_age_gender_report&group=30654&VAR=services&STAT=count&RPT_FMT=by+state&PTYPE=calyear&START_DT=202301&END_DT=202312 |archive-date=September 3, 2024 |access-date=September 3, 2024 |website=Medicare Australia - MBS Item Statistics}}

In 2016, the circumcision rate in Fiji was 55%. While circumcision is common among iTaukei (Indigenous Fijians) and among Muslims, it is not common among European or Hindu Indo-Fijians.

Circumcision is an ancient rite in Fiji that predates colonialism.{{cite web | url=https://laveti.co.nz/blogs/blog/circumcision-rites-in-fiji?srsltid=AfmBOoptb_VvCfFjpbzMN4IlQ1_8uAUXkco2YBG2VXcQn9hINMIvb0qO | title=Circumcision Rites in Fiji }} In precolonial Fiji, boys were circumcised around age 12. The practice of circumcision remains today, though now it is performed by a doctor.{{cite web | url=https://www.fijitimes.com.fj/male-circumcision-and-female-tattooing-in-old-fiji/ | title=Discovering Fiji: Male circumcision and female tattooing in old Fiji | date=29 August 2021 }}

According to the World Health Organization, fewer than 20% of males are circumcised in New Zealand in 2007. In New Zealand routine circumcision for which there is no medical indication is uncommon and no longer publicly funded within the public hospital system.{{cite journal | vauthors = Afsari M, Beasley SW, Maoate K, Heckert K | title = Attitudes of Pacific parents to circumcision of boys | journal = Pacific Health Dialog | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 29–33 | date = March 2002 | pmid = 12737414 | quote = Circumcision for cultural reasons is routine in Pacific Island countries. }} In a study of men born in 1972–1973 in Dunedin, 40.2% were circumcised.{{cite journal | vauthors = Dickson N, van Roode T, Paul C | title = Herpes simplex virus type 2 status at age 26 is not related to early circumcision in a birth cohort | journal = Sexually Transmitted Diseases | volume = 32 | issue = 8 | pages = 517–519 | date = August 2005 | pmid = 16041257 | doi = 10.1097/01.olq.0000161296.58095.ab | s2cid = 34088021 | doi-access = free }} In a study of men born in 1977 in Christchurch, 26.1% were circumcised.{{cite journal | vauthors = Fergusson DM, Boden JM, Horwood LJ | title = Circumcision status and risk of sexually transmitted infection in young adult males: an analysis of a longitudinal birth cohort | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 118 | issue = 5 | pages = 1971–1977 | date = November 2006 | pmid = 17079568 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2006-1175 | s2cid = 72751030 }} A 1991 survey conducted in Waikato found that 7% of male infants were circumcised.{{cite journal | vauthors = Lawrenson RA | title = Current practice of neonatal circumcision in the Waikato | journal = The New Zealand Medical Journal | volume = 104 | issue = 911 | pages = 184–185 | date = May 1991 | pmid = 1898442 }}

While 47% of men in Papua New Guinea have undergone some form of penile circumcision, only about 10% are actually circumcised.{{cite journal | pmc=4395044 | date=2015 | title=Men in Papua New Guinea Accurately Report Their Circumcision Status | journal=PLOS ONE | volume=10 | issue=4 | pages=e0123429 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0123429 | doi-access=free | pmid=25866957 | vauthors = Jayathunge PH, McBride WJ, MacLaren D, Browne K | bibcode=2015PLoSO..1023429J }}{{cite web | url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/51ee734d4.html | title=UNHCR Web Archive }} Many women in Papua New Guinea express concerns about male circumcision.{{cite journal | doi=10.1186/s12905-017-0406-y | doi-access=free | title=Implications of male circumcision for women in Papua New Guinea: A transformational grounded theory study | date=2017 | journal=BMC Women's Health | volume=17 | issue=1 | page=53 | pmid=28750615 | pmc=5530961 | vauthors = Redman-Maclaren M, Mills J, Tommbe R, MacLaren D, Speare R, McBride WJ }}

An estimated 95% of Solomon Islanders are circumcised as of 2016.

Circumcision is well-documented on the island of Tikopia in the Solomon Islands, where it is a shame to not be circumcised.{{cite web | url=https://www.circumstitions.com/Pacific.html | title=Circumcision in the Pacific }}

An estimated 95% of Vanuatuans are circumcised as of 2016.

On the island of Tanna, circumcisions are traditionally performed in September.{{cite web | url=https://jordillorens.com/en/ceremony-of-circumcision-on-the-island-of-tanna/ | title=Ceremony of circumcision on the island of Tanna | date=5 February 2020 }}

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