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rasm

{{Short description|Arabic writing script}}

{{distinguish|Rajm}}

{{For|the measure of airline performance by the same name|RASM}}

{{expert needed|date=October 2020|1=Islam|reason=alleged uncited uncontextual claims about Classical Arabic on ornamental diacritics and the forms of the letter yāʾ}}

File:Elements_of_Arabic_script_improved.png diacritics (examples in blue) which is used in the Qur'an but not in most written Arabic.]]

{{Quran}}

{{italic title}}

Rasm ({{langx|ar|رَسْم}} {{IPA|ar|ræsm|}}) is an Arabic writing script often used in the early centuries of Classical Arabic literature (7th century{{Snd}}early 11th century AD). It is the same as today's Arabic script except for the big difference that the Arabic diacritics are omitted. These diacritics include consonant pointing or {{Transl|ar|ʾiʿjām}} ({{Lang|ar|إِعْجَام}}), and supplementary diacritics or {{Transliteration|ar|taškīl}} ({{Lang|ar|تَشْكِيل}}). The latter include the {{Transl|ar|ḥarakāt}} ({{Lang|ar|حَرَكَات}}) short vowel marks—singular: {{Transl|ar|ḥarakah}} ({{Lang|ar|حَرَكَة}}). As an example, in rasm, the two distinct letters {{lang|ar|ص ض}} are indistinguishable because {{Transl|ar|ʾiʿjām}} is omitted, or letters similar in shape {{lang|ar|ک ك}} may also become indistinguishable if the diacritics are omitted. Rasm is also known as Arabic skeleton script. This concept is somewhat similar to scriptio continua in the Latin script, where all spaces and other punctuations is omitted. The rasm form was also common for writing Arabic until the early 2nd millennium.

History

File:Birmingham_mushaf_Bismillah.png, the oldest surviving copy of the Qur'an. Rasm: "{{lang|ar| ٮسم الـلـه الرحمں الرحىم}}".]]

In the early Arabic manuscripts that survive today (physical manuscripts dated 7th and 8th centuries AD), one finds dots but "putting dots was in no case compulsory".[https://www.academia.edu/10856768/What_Are_Those_Few_Dots_For_Thoughts_on_the_Orthography_of_the_Qurra_Papyri_709-710_the_Khurasan_Parchments_755-777_and_the_Inscription_of_the_Jerusalem_Dome_of_the_Rock_692_ "What Are Those Few Dots for? Thoughts on the Orthography of the Qurra Papyri (709–710), the Khurasan Parchments (755–777) and the Inscription of the Jerusalem Dome of the Rock (692)"], by Andreas Kaplony, year 2008 in journal Arabica volume 55 pages 91–101. The very earliest manuscripts have some consonantal diacritics, though use them only sparingly.{{cite journal |last1=Dutton |first1=Yasin |date=2000 |title=Red Dots, Green Dots, Yellow Dots and Blue: Some Reflections on the Vocalisation of Early Qur'anic Manuscripts (Part II) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25727969 |journal=Journal of Qur'anic Studies |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=1–24|doi=10.3366/jqs.2000.2.1.1 |jstor=25727969 }} Signs indicating short vowels and the hamza are largely absent from Arabic orthography until the 2nd to 8th century. One might assume that scribes would write these few diacritics in the most textually ambiguous places of the rasm, so as to make the Arabic text easier to read. However, many scholars have noticed that this is not the case. By focusing on the few diacritics that do appear in early manuscripts, Adam Bursi "situates early Qurʾān manuscripts within the context of other Arabic documents of the first/seventh century that exhibit similarly infrequent diacritics. Shared patterns in the usages of diacritics indicate that early Qurʾān manuscripts were produced by scribes relying upon very similar orthographic traditions to those that produced Arabic papyri and inscriptions of the first/seventh century." He concludes that Quranic scribes "neither

'left out' diacritics to leave the text open, nor 'added' more to clarify it, but in most cases simply wrote diacritics where they were accustomed to writing them by habit or convention."{{cite journal |last1=Bursi |first1=Adam |title=Connecting the Dots: Diacritics Scribal Culture, and the Quran |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |date=2018 |volume=3 |page=111 |doi=10.5913/jiqsa.3.2018.a005 |jstor=10.5913/jiqsa.3.2018.a005 |hdl=1874/389663 |s2cid=216776083 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5913/jiqsa.3.2018.a005|hdl-access=free }}

Rasm means 'drawing', 'outline', or 'pattern' in Arabic. When speaking of the Qur'an, it stands for the basic text made of the 18 letters without the Arabic diacritics which mark vowels ({{Transliteration|ar|taškīl}}) and disambiguate consonants ({{Transl|ar|ʾiʿjām}}).

Letters

The rasm is the oldest part of the Arabic script; it has 18 elements, excluding the ligature of lām and alif. When isolated and in the final position, the 18 letters are visually distinct. However, in the initial and medial positions, certain letters that are distinct otherwise are not differentiated visually. This results in only 15 visually distinct glyphs each in the initial and medial positions.

class="wikitable"

! rowspan="2" | Name

! rowspan="2" | Final

! rowspan="2" | Medial

! rowspan="2" | Initial

! rowspan="2" | Isolated

! colspan="5" | Rasm

Final

! Medial

! Initial

! Isolated

! Code point

ʾalif

| {{script/Arabic|ـا}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـا}}

| {{script/Arabic|ا}}

| {{script/Arabic|ا}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـا}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـا}}

| {{script/Arabic|ا}}

| {{script/Arabic|ا}}

| U+0627

Bāʾ

| {{script/Arabic|ـب}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـبـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|بـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|ب}}

| rowspan="3"|{{script/Arabic|ـٮ}}

| rowspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid transparent;"|{{script/Arabic|ـٮـ}}

| rowspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid transparent;"|{{script/Arabic|ٮـ}}

| rowspan="3" |{{script/Arabic|ٮ}}

| rowspan="3" |U+066E

Tāʾ

| {{script/Arabic|ـت}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـتـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|تـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|ت}}

Ṯāʾ

| {{script/Arabic|ـث}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـثـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|ثـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|ث}}

Nūn

| {{script/Arabic|ـن}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـنـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|نـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|ن}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـں}}

| style="border-bottom: solid transparent;" | {{script/Arabic|ـںـ}}

| style="border-bottom: solid transparent;" | {{script/Arabic|ںـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|ں}}

| U+06BA{{ref|a|[a]}}

Yāʾ

| {{script/Arabic|ـي}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـيـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|يـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|ي}}

| rowspan="2" |{{script/Arabic|ـى}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـىـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|ىـ}}

| rowspan="2" |{{script/Arabic|ى}}

| rowspan="2" |U+0649

Alif maqṣūrah

| {{script/Arabic|ـى}}

| colspan="2" style="background:gray"|

| {{script/Arabic|ى}}

| colspan="2" style="background:gray"|

Ǧīm

| {{script/Arabic|ـج}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـجـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|جـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|ج}}

| rowspan="3" |{{script/Arabic|ـح}}

| rowspan="3" |{{script/Arabic|ـحـ}}

| rowspan="3" |{{script/Arabic|حـ}}

| rowspan="3" |{{script/Arabic|ح}}

| rowspan="3" |U+062D

Ḥāʾ

| {{script/Arabic|ـح}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـحـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|حـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|ح}}

Ḫāʾ

| {{script/Arabic|ـخ}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـخـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|خـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|خ}}

Dāl

| {{script/Arabic|ـد}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـد}}

| {{script/Arabic|د}}

| {{script/Arabic|د}}

| rowspan="2" |{{script/Arabic|ـد}}

| rowspan="2" |{{script/Arabic|ـد}}

| rowspan="2" |{{script/Arabic|د}}

| rowspan="2" |{{script/Arabic|د}}

| rowspan="2" |U+062F

Ḏāl

| {{script/Arabic|ـذ}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـذ}}

| {{script/Arabic|ذ}}

| {{script/Arabic|ذ}}

Rāʾ

| {{script/Arabic|ـر}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـر}}

| {{script/Arabic|ر}}

| {{script/Arabic|ر}}

| rowspan="2" |{{script/Arabic|ـر}}

| rowspan="2" |{{script/Arabic|ـر}}

| rowspan="2" |{{script/Arabic|ر}}

| rowspan="2" |{{script/Arabic|ر}}

| rowspan="2" |U+0631

Zāy

| {{script/Arabic|ـز}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـز}}

| {{script/Arabic|ز}}

| {{script/Arabic|ز}}

Sīn

| {{script/Arabic|ـس}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـسـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|سـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|س}}

| rowspan="2" |{{script/Arabic|ـس}}

| rowspan="2" |{{script/Arabic|ـسـ}}

| rowspan="2" |{{script/Arabic|سـ}}

| rowspan="2" |{{script/Arabic|س}}

| rowspan="2" |U+0633

Šīn

| {{script/Arabic|ـش}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـشـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|شـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|ش}}

Ṣād

| {{script/Arabic|ـص}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـصـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|صـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|ص}}

| rowspan="2" |{{script/Arabic|ـص}}

| rowspan="2" |{{script/Arabic|ـصـ}}

| rowspan="2" |{{script/Arabic|صـ}}

| rowspan="2" |{{script/Arabic|ص}}

| rowspan="2" |U+0635

Ḍād

| {{script/Arabic|ـض}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـضـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|ضـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|ض}}

Ṭāʾ

| {{script/Arabic|ـط}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـطـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|طـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|ط}}

| rowspan="2" |{{script/Arabic|ـط}}

| rowspan="2" |{{script/Arabic|ـطـ}}

| rowspan="2" |{{script/Arabic|طـ}}

| rowspan="2" |{{script/Arabic|ط}}

| rowspan="2" |U+0637

Ẓāʾ

| {{script/Arabic|ـظ}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـظـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|ظـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|ظ}}

ʿayn

| {{script/Arabic|ـع}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـعـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|عـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|ع}}

| rowspan="2" |{{script/Arabic|ـع}}

| rowspan="2" |{{script/Arabic|ـعـ}}

| rowspan="2" |{{script/Arabic|عـ}}

| rowspan="2" |{{script/Arabic|ع}}

| rowspan="2" |U+0639

Ġayn

| {{script/Arabic|ـغ}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـغـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|غـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|غ}}

Fāʾ

| {{script/Arabic|ـف}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـفـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|فـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|ف}}

| rowspan="2" | {{script/Arabic|ـڡ}}

| rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid transparent;" | {{script/Arabic|ـڡـ}}

| rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid transparent;" | {{script/Arabic|ڡـ}}

| rowspan="2" | {{script/Arabic|ڡ}}

| rowspan="2" | U+06A1

Fāʾ (Maghrib)

|{{script/Arabic|ـڢ / ـڡ}}

|{{script/Arabic|ـڢـ}}

|{{script/Arabic|ڢـ}}

|{{script/Arabic|ڢ / ڡ}}

Qāf

| {{script/Arabic|ـق}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـقـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|قـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|ق}}

| rowspan="2" | {{script/Arabic|ـٯ}}

| rowspan="2" | {{script/Arabic|ـٯـ}}

| rowspan="2" | {{script/Arabic|ٯـ}}

| rowspan="2" | {{script/Arabic|ٯ}}

| rowspan="2" | U+066F

Qāf (Maghrib)

|{{script/Arabic|ـڧ / ـٯ}}

|{{script/Arabic|ـڧـ}}

|{{script/Arabic|ڧـ}}

|{{script/Arabic|ڧ / ٯ}}

Kāf

| {{script/Arabic|ـك}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـكـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|كـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|ك}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـک}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـکـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|کـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|ک}}

| U+06A9

Lām

| {{script/Arabic|ـل}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـلـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|لـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|ل}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـل}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـلـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|لـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|ل}}

| U+0644

Mīm

| {{script/Arabic|ـم}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـمـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|مـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|م}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـم}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـمـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|مـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|م}}

| U+0645

Hāʾ

| {{script/Arabic|ـه}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـهـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|هـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|ه}}

| rowspan="2" |{{script/Arabic|ـه}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـهـ}}

| {{script/Arabic|هـ}}

| rowspan="2" |{{script/Arabic|ه}}

| rowspan="2" |U+0647

Tāʾ marbūṭah

| {{script/Arabic|ـة}}

| colspan="2" style="background:gray"|

| {{script/Arabic|ة}}

| colspan="2" style="background:gray"|

Wāw

| {{script/Arabic|ـو}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـو}}

| {{script/Arabic|و}}

| {{script/Arabic|و}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـو}}

| {{script/Arabic|ـو}}

| {{script/Arabic|و}}

| {{script/Arabic|و}}

| U+0648

Hamzah

| {{script/Arabic|ء}}

| {{script/Arabic|ء}}

| {{script/Arabic|ء}}

| {{script/Arabic|ء}}

| colspan="5" style="text-align: center"| (None){{ref|b|[b]}}

{{refbegin}}

  • {{note|a|a}} This character may not display correctly in some fonts. The dot should not appear in all four positional forms and the initial and medial forms should join with following character. In other words the initial and medial forms should look exactly like those of a dotless bāʾ while the isolated and final forms should look like those of a dotless nūn.
  • {{note|b|b}} There is no hamzah in rasm writing, including hamzah-on-the-line (i.e., hamzah between letters).

{{refend}}

At the time when the {{Transl|ar|ʾiʿjām}} was optional, letters deliberately lacking the points of {{Transl|ar|ʾiʿjām}}: {{angle bracket|{{lang|ar|ح}}}} {{IPA|/ħ/}}, {{angle bracket|{{lang|ar|د}}}} {{IPA|/d/}}, {{angle bracket|{{lang|ar|ر}}}} {{IPA|/r/}}, {{angle bracket|{{lang|ar|س}}}} {{IPA|/s/}}, {{angle bracket|{{lang|ar|ص}}}} {{IPA|/sˤ/}}, {{angle bracket|{{lang|ar|ط}}}} {{IPA|/tˤ/}}, {{angle bracket|{{lang|ar|ع}}}} {{IPA|/ʕ/}}, {{angle bracket|{{lang|ar|ل}}}} {{IPA|/l/}}, {{angle bracket|{{lang|ar|ه}}}} {{IPA|/h/}} — could be marked with a small v-shaped sign above or below the letter, or a semicircle, or a miniature of the letter itself (e.g. a small {{Script/Arabic|س}} to indicate that the letter in question is {{Script/Arabic|س}} and not {{Script/Arabic|ش}}), or one or several subscript dots, or a superscript hamza, or a superscript stroke.{{cite book|last=Gacek|first=Adam|title=Arabic Manuscripts: A Vademecum for Readers|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NeaHnLb6RdUC&pg=PA286|year=2009|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-17036-0|page=286|chapter=Unpointed letters}} These signs, collectively known as {{Transl|ar|‘alāmātu-l-ihmāl}}, are still occasionally used in modern Arabic calligraphy, either for their original purpose (i.e. marking letters without {{Transl|ar|ʾiʿjām}}), or often as purely decorative space-fillers. The small {{Script/Arabic|ک}} above the kāf in its final and isolated forms {{angle bracket|{{lang|ar|ك  ـك}}}} was originally {{Transl|ar|‘alāmātu-l-ihmāl}}, but became a permanent part of the letter. Previously this sign could also appear above the medial form of kāf, instead of the stroke on its ascender.{{cite book|title=Les manuscrits du Moyen-Orient: essais de codicologie et de paléographie. Actes du colloque d'Istanbul (Istanbul 26–29 mai 1986)|last=Gacek|first=Adam|date=1989|editor=Déroche|editor-first=François|editor-link=François Déroche|page=57 (§8. Diacritical marks and vowelisation)|chapter=Technical Practices and Recommendations Recorded by Classical and Post-Classical Arabic Scholars Concerning the Copying and Correction of Manuscripts|chapter-url=http://www.islamicmanuscripts.info/reference/books/Deroche-1989-MMO/MMO-1989-051-060-Gacek.pdf}}

Examples

Among the historical examples of rasm script are the Kufic Blue Qur'an and the Samarkand Qurʾan. The latter is written almost entirely in Kufic rasm.

The following is an example of rasm from Surah Al-A'raf (7), āyah 86 and 87, in the Samarkand Qur'an, and its digital equivalent rasm, rasm with normal spacing, and then fully vocalized with all diacretics:

Image:Kufic Quran, sura 7, verses 86-87.jpg

cellspacing="0" border="0" cellpadding="0"
Digital rasm with spaces||Digital rasm||Fully vocalized
style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |ا لل‍ه مں ا مں ٮه و ٮٮعو

|style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |الل‍ه مں امں ٮه وٮٮعو

|style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |ٱللَّٰهِ مَنْ آمَنَ بِهِ وَتَبْغُو

style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |ٮها عو حا و ا د

|style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |ٮها عوحا واد

|style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |نَهَا عِوَجًا وَٱذْ

style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |کر و ا ا د کٮٮم

|style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |کروا اد کٮٮم

|style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |كُرُوا۟ إِذْ كُنْتُمْ

style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |ڡلٮلا ڡکٮر کم

|style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |ڡلٮلا ڡکٮرکم

|style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |قَلِيلًا فَكَثَّرَكُمْ

style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |و ا ٮطر وا کٮڡ

|style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |واٮطروا کٮڡ

|style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |وَٱنْظُرُوا۟ كَيْفَ

style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |کا ں عڡٮه ا لمڡسد

|style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |کاں عڡٮه المڡسد

|style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |كَانَ عَٰقِبَةُ الْمُفْسِدِ

style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |ٮں و ا ں کا ں طا

|style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |ٮں واں کاں طا

|style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |ينَ وَإِنْ كَانَ طَا

style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |ٮڡه مٮکم ا مٮو ا

|style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |ٮڡه مٮکم امٮوا

|style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |ئِفَةٌ مِنْكُمْ آمَنُوا۟

style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |ٮالد ى ا ر سلٮ

|style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |ٮالدى ارسلٮ

|style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |بِٱلَّذِي أُرْسِلْتُ

style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |ٮه و طا ٮڡه لم ٮو

|style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |ٮه وطاٮڡه لم ٮو

|style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |بِهِ وَطَائِفَةٌ لَمْ يُؤْ

style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |مٮو ا ڡا صٮر و ا

|style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |مٮوا ڡاصٮروا

|style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |مِنُوا۟ فَٱصْبِرُوا۟

style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |حٮى ٮحکم ا لل‍ه ٮٮٮٮا

|style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |حٮى ٮحکم الل‍ه ٮٮٮٮا

|style="text-align:right; font-size:1.5em;font-family:'Noto Naskh Arabic',mry_KacstQurn,KacstOne,'DejaVu Sans','DejaVu Sans Condensed',Harmattan,'Iranian Sans',Scheherazade,Lateef; white-space:nowrap; padding: 2px .5em;" |حَتَّىٰ يَحْكُمَ ٱللَّٰهُ بَيْنَنَا

Digital examples

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
style="width:50%;" | Description

! Example

style="font-size:100%;text-align:left;" | Rasm

| style="white-space: nowrap;font-size:300%;text-align: center;font-family: Scheherazade, Lateef, Arial, Katibeh, arial,'Reem Kufi';" | {{lang|ar| الاٮحدىه العرٮىه }}

style="font-size:100%;text-align:left;" | Short vowel diacritics omitted. This is the style used for most modern secular documents.

| style="white-space: nowrap;font-size:300%;text-align: center;font-family: Scheherazade, Lateef, Arial, Katibeh, arial,'Reem Kufi';" | {{lang|ar| الأبجدية العربية }}

style="font-size:100%;text-align:left;" | All diacritics. This style is used to show pronunciation unambiguously in dictionaries and modern Qurans. {{transl|ar|Alif waṣlah}} ({{Script/Arabic|ٱ}}) is only used in Classical Arabic.

| style="white-space: nowrap;font-size:300%;text-align: center;font-family: Scheherazade, Lateef, Arial, Katibeh, arial,'Reem Kufi';" | {{lang|ar| ٱلْأَبْجَدِيَّة ٱلْعَرَبِيَّة }}

style="font-size:100%;text-align:left;" | Transliteration and IPA

| style="font-size:100%;text-align: center;" | {{transl|ar|al-Abjadiyyah al-‘Arabiyyah}} {{IPAc-ar|//|a|l|.|2|a|b|.|j|a|.|d|i|y|.|y|a

a|l|.|ʕ|a|.|r|a|.|b|i|y|.|y|a}}

Compare the Basmala ({{langx|ar|بَسْمَلَة|link=no}}), the beginning verse of the {{transl|ar|DIN|Qurʾān}} with all diacritics and with the rasm only. Note that when rasm is written with spaces, spaces do not only occur between words. Within a word, spaces also appear between adjacent letters that are not connected, and this type of rasm is old and not used lately.

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
Rasm with
spaces {{ref|c|[c]}}

| style="font-size:180%;font-family: Scheherazade, Lateef, Arial, Katibeh, 'Reem Kufi','DejaVu Sans','Iranian Sans';" | {{lang|ar| ‍ ٮسم‌‌ ا ل‍ل‍ه ا لر حمں‌ ا لر حىم }}

| File:Text in spaced rasm in font Lateef.jpg

Rasm only {{ref|c|[c]}}

| style="font-size:200%;font-family: Scheherazade, Lateef, Arial, Katibeh, 'Reem Kufi','DejaVu Sans','Iranian Sans';" | {{lang|ar| ٮسم ال‍ل‍ه الرحمں الرحىم }}

| File:Text in rasm in font Lateef.jpg

Iʿjām and all
diacritics {{ref|c|[c]}}

| style="font-size:200%;line-height:150%;font-family: Scheherazade, Lateef, Arial, Katibeh, 'Reem Kufi','DejaVu Sans','Iranian Sans';" | {{lang|ar| بِسْمِ ٱللَّٰهِ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ }}

| File:Text with all diacritics in font Lateef.jpg

Iʿjām and
rasm {{ref|c|[c]}}

| style="font-size:200%;line-height:150%;font-family: Scheherazade, Lateef, Arial, Katibeh, 'Reem Kufi','DejaVu Sans','Iranian Sans';" | {{lang|ar| بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم}}

| File:Text with Iʿjām in font Lateef.jpg

Basmala Unicode
character U+FDFD

| style="font-size:200%;font-family: Scheherazade, Lateef, Arial, Katibeh, 'Reem Kufi','DejaVu Sans','Iranian Sans';" | {{lang|ar| ﷽ }}

| File:Lateef unicode U+FDFD.jpg

Transliteration

| colspan=2 | bi-smi llāhi r-raḥmāni r-raḥīmi

{{refbegin}}

{{note|c|c.}} The sentence may not display correctly in some fonts. It appears as it should if the full Arabic character set from the Arial font is installed; or one of the SIL International{{cite web |title=Arabic Fonts |url=https://software.sil.org/arabicfonts/ |website=software.sil.org |date=2 October 2014 |access-date=7 March 2020}} fonts Scheherazade{{cite web |title=Google Fonts: Scheherazade |url=https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Scheherazade |website=Google Fonts |access-date=2020-03-07 |archive-date=2020-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319114703/https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Scheherazade |url-status=dead }} or Lateef;{{cite web |title=Google Fonts: Lateef |url=https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Lateef |website=Google Fonts}} or Katibeh.{{cite web |title=Google Fonts: Katibeh |url=https://fonts.google.com/specimen/Katibeh |website=Google Fonts}}

{{refend}}

=Examples of Common Phrases=

class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
style="width:33.5%;"| Qurʾanic Arabic with Iʿjam || style="width:33.5%;"| Qurʾanic Arabic Rasm || style="width:33%;"| Phrase
بِسْمِ ٱل‍لَّٰهِ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِٮسم ال‍له الرحمں الرحىمIn the name of God, the All-Merciful, the Especially-Merciful.
أَعُوذُ بِٱل‍لَّٰهِ مِنَ ٱلشَّيْطَٰنِ ٱلرَّجِيمِاعود ٮال‍له مں السىطں الرحىمI seek refuge in God from the pelted Satan.
أَعُوذُ بِٱل‍لَّٰهِ ٱلسَّمِيعِ ٱلْعَلِيمِ مِنَ ٱلشَّيْطَٰنِ ٱلرَّجِيمِاعود ٮال‍له السمىع العلىم مں السىطں الرحىمI seek refuge in God, the All-Hearing, the All-Knowing, from the pelted Satan.
ٱلسَّلَٰمُ عَلَيْکُمْالسلم علىکمPeace be upon you.
ٱلسَّلَٰمُ عَلَيْکُمْ وَرَحْمَتُ ٱل‍لَّٰهِ وَبَرَکَٰتُهُالسلم علىکم ورحمٮ ال‍له وٮرکٮهPeace be upon you, as well as the mercy of God and His blessings.
سُبْحَٰنَ ٱل‍لَّٰهِسٮحں ال‍لهGlorified is God.
ٱلْحَمْدُ لِ‍لَّٰهِالحمد ل‍لهAll praise is due to God.
لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱل‍لَّٰهُلا اله الا ال‍لهThere is no deity but God.
ٱل‍لَّٰهُ أَکْبَرُال‍له اکٮرGod is greater [than everything].
أَسْتَغْفِرُ ٱل‍لَّٰهَاسٮعڡر ال‍لهI seek the forgiveness of God.
أَسْتَغْفِرُ ٱل‍لَّٰهَ رَبِّي وَأَتُوبُ إِلَيْهِاسٮعڡر ال‍له رٮى واٮوٮ الىهI seek the forgiveness of God and repent to Him.
سُبْحَٰنَکَ ٱل‍لَّٰهُمَّسٮحںک ال‍لهمGlorified are you, O God.
سُبْحَٰنَ ٱل‍لَّٰهِ وَبِحَمْدِهِسٮحں ال‍له وٮحمدهGlorified is God and by His praise.
سُبْحَٰنَ رَبِّيَ ٱلْعَظِيمِ وَبِحَمْدِهِسٮحں رٮى العطىم وٮحمدهGlorified is my God, the Great, and by His praise.
سُبْحَٰنَ رَبِّيَ ٱلْأَعْلَىٰ وَبِحَمْدِهِسٮحں رٮى الاعلى وٮحمدهGlorified is my God, the Most High, and by His praise.
لَا حَوْلَ وَلَا قُوَّةَ إِلَّا بِٱل‍لَّٰهِ ٱلْعَلِيِّ ٱلْعَظِيمِلا حول ولا ٯوه الا ٮال‍له العلى العطىمThere is no power no strength except from God, the Exalted, the Great.
لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا أَنْتَ سُبْحَٰنَکَ إِنِّي کُنْتُ مِنَ ٱلظَّٰلِمِينَلا اله الا اںٮ سٮحںک اںى کںٮ مں الطلمىںThere is no god except You, glorified are you! I have indeed been among the wrongdoers.
حَسْبُنَا ٱل‍لَّٰهُ وَنِعْمَ ٱلْوَکِيلُحسٮںا ال‍له وںعم الوکىلGod is sufficient for us, and He is an excellent Trustee.
إِنَّا لِ‍لَّٰهِ وَإِنَّا إِلَيْهِ رَٰجِعُونَاںا ل‍له واںا الىه رحعوںVerily we belong to God, and verily to Him do we return.
مَا شَاءَ ٱل‍لَّٰهُ کَانَ وَمَا لَمْ يَشَاءُ لَمْ يَکُنْما سا ال‍له کاں وما لم ىسا لم ىکںWhat God wills will be, and what God does not will, will not be.
إِنْ شَاءَ ٱل‍لَّٰهُاں سا ال‍لهIf God wills.
مَا شَاءَ ٱل‍لَّٰهُما سا ال‍لهWhat God wills.
بِإِذْنِ ٱل‍لَّٰهِٮادں ال‍لهBy the permission of God.
جَزَاکَ ٱل‍لَّٰهُ خَيْرًاحراک ال‍له حىراGod reward you [with] goodness.
بَٰرَکَ ٱل‍لَّٰهُ فِيکَٮرک ال‍له ڡىکGod bless you.
فِي سَبِيلِ ٱل‍لَّٰهِڡى سٮىل ال‍لهOn the path of God.
لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱل‍لَّٰهُ مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ ٱل‍لَّٰهِلا اله الا ال‍له محمد رسول ال‍لهThere is no deity but God, Muhammad is the messenger of God.
لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱل‍لَّٰهُ مُحَمَّدٌ رَسُولُ ٱل‍لَّٰهِ عَلِيٌّ وَلِيُّ ٱل‍لَّٰهِلا اله الا ال‍له محمد رسول ال‍له على ولى ال‍لهThere is no deity but God, Muhammad is the messenger of God, Ali is the vicegerent of God. {{small|(Usually recited by Shia Muslims)}}
أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱل‍لَّٰهُ وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ ٱل‍لَّٰهِاسهد اں لا اله الا ال‍له واسهد اں محمدا رسول ال‍لهI bear witness that there is no deity but God, and I bear witness that Muhammad is the messenger of God.
أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا ٱل‍لَّٰهُ وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ ٱل‍لَّٰهِ وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ عَلِيًّا وَلِيُّ ٱل‍لَّٰهِاسهد اں لا اله الا ال‍له واسهد اں محمدا رسول ال‍له واسهد اں علىا ولى ال‍لهI bear witness that there is no deity but God, and I bear witness that Muhammad is the messenger of God, and I bear witness that Ali is the vicegerent of God. {{small|(Usually recited by Shia Muslims)}}
ٱل‍لَّٰهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَىٰ مُحَمَّدٍ وَآلِ مُحَمَّدٍال‍لهم صل على محمد وال محمدO God, bless Muhammad and the Progeny of Muhammad.
ٱل‍لَّٰهُمَّ صَلِّ عَلَىٰ مُحَمَّدٍ وَآلِ مُحَمَّدٍ وَعَجِّلْ فَرَجَهُمْ وَٱلْعَنْ أَعْدَاءَهُمْال‍لهم صل على محمد وال محمد وعحل ڡرحهم والعں اعداهمO God, bless Muhammad and the Progeny of Muhammad, and hasten their alleviation and curse their enemies. {{small|(Usually recited by Shia Muslims)}}
ٱل‍لَّٰهُمَّ عَجِّلْ لِوَلِيِّکَ ٱلْفَرَجَ وَٱلْعَافِيَةَ وَٱلنَّصْرَال‍لهم عحل لولىک الڡرح والعاڡىه والںصرO God, hasten the alleviation of your vicegerent (i.e. Imam Mahdi), and grant him vitality and victory. {{small|(Usually recited by Shia Muslims)}}
لَا سَيْفَ إِلَّا ذُو ٱلْفَقَارِ وَلَا فَتَىٰ إِلَّا عَلِيٌّلا سىڡ الا دو الڡٯار ولا ڡٮى الا علىThere is no sword but the Zu al-Faqar, and there is no youth but Ali. {{small|(Usually recited by Shia Muslims)}}

See also

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

  • [http://www.unesco.org/webworld/nominations/en/uzbekistan/reading.htm Some pages from the famous Saint Petersburg-Samerkand-Tashkent Koran]. The fourth to seventh images are written in the Kufic script
  • [http://www.usna.edu/Users/humss/bwheeler/quran/maili.html A page in the earliest script] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020223914/https://www.usna.edu/Users/humss/bwheeler/quran/maili.html |date=2020-10-20 }}, known as ma'il

Category:Quranic orthography

Category:Arabic words and phrases

Category:Writing systems without word boundaries